PGRMC1

Last updated
PGRMC1
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases PGRMC1 , HPR6.6, MPR, progesterone receptor membrane component 1, Dap1, IZA, 25-Dx
External IDs OMIM: 300435; MGI: 1858305; HomoloGene: 48457; GeneCards: PGRMC1; OMA:PGRMC1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

10857

53328

Ensembl

ENSG00000101856

ENSMUSG00000006373

UniProt

O00264
Q6IB11

O55022

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006667
NM_001282621

NM_016783

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001269550
NP_006658
NP_006658.1

NP_058063

Location (UCSC) Chr X: 119.24 – 119.24 Mb Chr X: 35.86 – 35.87 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (abbreviated PGRMC1) is a protein which co-purifies with progesterone binding proteins in the liver and ovary. [5] [6] In humans, the PGRMC1 protein is encoded by the PGRMC1 gene. [7]

Contents

The sole biochemical function of PGRMC1 is heme-binding. [8] [9] PGRMC1 shares key structural motifs with cytochrome b5. [10] PGRMC1 binds and activates P450 proteins, [11] [12] [13] which are important in drug, hormone and lipid metabolism. PGRMC1 also binds to PAIR-BP1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor RNA-binding protein-1). [6] However, its expression outside of the reproductive tract and in males suggests multiple functions for the protein. These may include binding to Insig (insulin-induced gene), [14] which regulates cholesterol synthesis. [15]

Expression

PGRMC1 is highly expressed in the liver and kidney in humans [7] with lower expression in the brain, lung, heart, skeletal muscle and pancreas. [7] [16] [17] In rodents, PGRMC1 is found in the liver, lung, kidney and brain. [16] [17] PGRMC1 is over-expressed in breast tumors and in cancer cell lines from the colon, thyroid, ovary, lung, and cervix. [18] [19] Microarray analyses have detected PGRMC1 expression in colon, lung and breast tumors. [20] [21] [22]

PGRMC1 expression is induced by the non-genotoxic carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat liver, [17] but this induction is specific to males. [23] PGRMC1 is expressed in the ovary and corpus luteum, where its expression is induced by progesterone [24] and during pregnancy, [25] respectively. PGRMC1 is expressed in various regions of the brain (hypothalamic area, circumventricular organs, ependymal cells of the lateral ventricles, meninges), [16] [26] including regions known to facilitate lordosis. [16]

Binding to heme and cytochrome P450s

The PGRMC1 yeast homologue, Dap1 (damage associated protein 1), binds heme [9] [27] through a penta-coordinate mechanism. [9] [28] Yeast cells lacking the DAP1 gene are sensitive to DNA damage, [29] and heme-binding is essential for damage resistance. [27] Dap1 is also required for a critical step in cholesterol synthesis in which the P450 protein Erg11/Cyp51 removes a methyl group from lanosterol. [11] [27] [29] [30] Erg11/Cyp51 is the target of the azole antifungal drugs. As a result, yeast cells lacking the DAP1 gene are highly sensitive to antifungal drugs [11] [27] [29] This function is conserved between the unrelated fungi S. cerevisiae and S. pombe . Dap1 also regulates the metabolism of iron in yeast. [30]

In yeast and humans, PGRMC1 binds directly to P450 proteins, including CYP51A1, CYP3A4, CYP7A1 and CYP21A2. [11] PGRMC1 also activates Cyp21 when the two proteins are co-expressed, [12] [13] indicating that PGRMC1 promotes progesterone turnover. Just as Dap1 is required for the action of Erg11 in the synthesis of ergosterol in yeast, PGRMC1 regulates the Cyp51-catalyzed demethylation step in human cholesterol synthesis. [11] Thus, PGRMC1 and its homologues bind and regulate P450 proteins, and it has been likened to “a helping hand for P450 proteins”. [31]

Roles in signaling and apoptosis

The yeast PGRMC1 homologue is required for resistance to damage. [29] PGRMC1 also promotes survival in human cancer cells after treatment with chemotherapy. [6] [8] In contrast, PGRMC1 promotes cell death in cancer cells after oxidative damage. [32] PGRMC1 alters several known survival signaling proteins, including the Akt protein kinase and the cell death-associated protein IκB. [32] Progesterone inhibits apoptosis in immortalized granulosa cells, and this activity requires PGRMC1 and its binding partner, PAIR-BP1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor RNA-binding protein-1). [6] However, PAIR-BP1 is not a progesterone binding protein, and the component of the PGRMC1 complex that binds to progesterone is unknown.

PGRMC1 was originally thought to represent a progesterone receptor of some sort and to bind to progesterone, but subsequently thought has moved towards PGRMC1 acting as a downstream mediator of some other progesterone-binding protein. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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