1912 United States presidential election in Tennessee

Last updated February 22, 2024

The 1912 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose twelve representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee was divided according to political loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne ^[1] voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight.^[2] Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction.^[3] After the disfranchisement of the state’s African-American population by a poll tax was largely complete in the 1890s,^[4] the Democratic Party was certain of winning statewide elections if united,^[5] although unlike the Deep South Republicans would almost always gain thirty to forty percent of the statewide vote from mountain and Highland Rim support.

In the early 1910s, the state Democratic Party was divided over the issue of prohibition. One faction, known as the “Independent Democrats,” wanted the state's Four Mile Law (which banned the sale of liquor within four miles of any school) to apply statewide, while the other faction, known as the “Regular Democrats,” wanted the state's larger cities to be exempt from this law. In 1910, the Independent Democrats fled the party and formed a coalition, known as the “Fusionists,” with Republicans, helping to elect Governor Ben W. Hooper,^[6] although the Republicans did not gain at other levels.

With the national Republican Party deeply split, divisions between the dominant eastern wing and the “black-and-tan” western wing of the state Republican Party were opened up as Theodore Roosevelt and governor of California Hiram Johnson planned “lily-whitism” for the South with the “Bull Moose” party after Roosevelt broke from the GOP.^[7] The “black-and-tan” wing being revitalised by Memphis banker and businessman Robert R. Church, Jr. ^[8] remained loyal to incumbent President William Howard Taft (R–Ohio), ad running mate Columbia University President Nicholas Murray Butler, though it had many fewer votes due to disenfranchisement.

Pollsters always conceded Tennessee to Democratic nominees Princeton University President Woodrow Wilson and governor of Indiana Thomas R. Marshall.^[9]

Analysis

In the end Wilson achieved just under 53 percent of the popular vote, a figure very similar to that which Democrats had achieved in Tennessee over the previous four elections.^[10] Despite the appeal of Roosevelt’s lily-white policy in the many emerging sundown towns or counties of East Tennessee,^[11] the “Bull Moose” candidate finished third in the state, 2.55 percentage points behind incumbent President Taft.^[10]

As of the 2020 presidential election ^[update], this is the last election in which Hawkins County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, as well as the last election in which Blount County, Washington County, Sevier County, Carter County, Jefferson County, Henderson County, Grainger County, Scott County, Unicoi County, and Johnson County did not vote for the Republican candidate.^[12]

Results

1912 United States presidential election in Tennessee^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Woodrow Wilson	133,021	52.80%
	Republican	William Howard Taft (incumbent)	60,475	24.00%
	Progressive	Theodore Roosevelt	54,041	21.45%
	Socialist	Eugene V. Debs	3,564	1.41%
	Prohibition	Eugene W. Chafin	832^{[lower-alpha 1]}	0.33%
Total votes			251,933	100%

Results by county

1912 United States presidential election in Tennessee by county^[13]^[14]
County	Thomas Woodrow Wilson Democratic		William Howard Taft Republican		Theodore Roosevelt Progressive		Eugene Victor Debs Socialist		Margin		Total votes cast
County	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	Total votes cast
Anderson	597	25.52%	539	23.04%	1,148	49.08%	55	2.35%	-551^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-23.56%	2,339
Bedford	2,305	59.39%	1,474	37.98%	96	2.47%	6	0.15%	831	21.41%	3,881
Benton	1,095	53.00%	652	31.56%	289	13.99%	30	1.45%	443	21.44%	2,066
Bledsoe	464	37.00%	379	30.22%	401	31.98%	10	0.80%	63^{[lower-alpha 2]}	5.02%	1,254
Blount	836	26.83%	870	27.92%	1,410	45.25%	0	0.00%	-540^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-17.33%	3,116
Bradley	645	38.21%	485	28.73%	548	32.46%	10	0.59%	97^{[lower-alpha 2]}	5.75%	1,688
Campbell	554	26.37%	302	14.37%	1,193	56.78%	52	2.48%	-639^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-30.41%	2,101
Cannon	1,184	63.32%	631	33.74%	48	2.57%	7	0.37%	553	29.57%	1,870
Carroll	1,653	40.80%	1,362	33.62%	967	23.87%	69	1.70%	291	7.18%	4,051
Carter	478	13.11%	1,243	34.08%	1,926	52.81%	0	0.00%	-683^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-18.73%	3,647
Cheatham	1,096	70.30%	317	20.33%	123	7.89%	23	1.48%	779	49.97%	1,559
Chester	636	46.29%	312	22.71%	388	28.24%	38	2.77%	248^{[lower-alpha 2]}	18.05%	1,374
Claiborne	903	34.61%	589	22.58%	1,098	42.09%	19	0.73%	-195^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-7.47%	2,609
Clay	718	57.30%	440	35.12%	83	6.62%	12	0.96%	278	22.19%	1,253
Cocke	597	31.21%	757	39.57%	549	28.70%	10	0.52%	-160	-8.36%	1,913
Coffee	1,705	73.59%	521	22.49%	63	2.72%	28	1.21%	1,184	51.10%	2,317
Crockett	1,297	48.31%	852	31.73%	509	18.96%	27	1.01%	445	16.57%	2,685
Cumberland	489	37.44%	372	28.48%	434	33.23%	11	0.84%	55^{[lower-alpha 2]}	4.21%	1,306
Davidson	9,517	76.25%	1,428	11.44%	1,330	10.66%	206	1.65%	8,089	64.81%	12,481
Decatur	758	45.42%	405	24.27%	491	29.42%	15	0.90%	267^{[lower-alpha 2]}	16.00%	1,669
DeKalb	1,394	48.40%	1,219	42.33%	265	9.20%	2	0.07%	175	6.08%	2,880
Dickson	1,689	67.97%	448	18.03%	293	11.79%	55	2.21%	1,241	49.94%	2,485
Dyer	1,469	66.26%	318	14.34%	348	15.70%	82	3.70%	1,121^{[lower-alpha 2]}	50.56%	2,217
Fayette	830	84.52%	59	6.01%	93	9.47%	0	0.00%	737^{[lower-alpha 2]}	75.05%	982
Fentress	399	33.78%	444	37.60%	317	26.84%	21	1.78%	-45	-3.81%	1,181
Franklin	2,172	79.33%	370	13.51%	164	5.99%	32	1.17%	1,802	65.81%	2,738
Gibson	2,671	63.20%	1,002	23.71%	518	12.26%	35	0.83%	1,669	39.49%	4,226
Giles	3,081	60.44%	1,596	31.31%	419	8.22%	2	0.04%	1,485	29.13%	5,098
Grainger	841	33.88%	741	29.85%	900	36.26%	0	0.00%	-59^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-2.38%	2,482
Greene	2,076	41.75%	1,650	33.18%	1,242	24.97%	5	0.10%	426	8.57%	4,973
Grundy	529	61.58%	122	14.20%	87	10.13%	121	14.09%	407	47.38%	859
Hamblen	722	48.39%	427	28.62%	325	21.78%	18	1.21%	295	19.77%	1,492
Hamilton	4,394	50.96%	1,493	17.32%	2,454	28.46%	281	3.26%	1,940^{[lower-alpha 2]}	22.50%	8,622
Hancock	427	36.50%	659	56.32%	84	7.18%	0	0.00%	-232	-19.83%	1,170
Hardeman	1,323	69.09%	320	16.71%	264	13.79%	8	0.42%	1,003	52.38%	1,915
Hardin	738	31.85%	955	41.22%	592	25.55%	32	1.38%	-217	-9.37%	2,317
Hawkins	1,026	40.52%	828	32.70%	660	26.07%	18	0.71%	198	7.82%	2,532
Haywood	1,069	87.69%	34	2.79%	88	7.22%	28	2.30%	981^{[lower-alpha 2]}	80.48%	1,219
Henderson	738	33.90%	473	21.73%	947	43.50%	19	0.87%	-209^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-9.60%	2,177
Henry	2,526	65.44%	941	24.38%	282	7.31%	111	2.88%	1,585	41.06%	3,860
Hickman	1,288	56.49%	868	38.07%	111	4.87%	13	0.57%	420	18.42%	2,280
Houston	586	64.47%	172	18.92%	65	7.15%	86	9.46%	414	45.54%	909
Humphreys	1,283	69.54%	343	18.59%	189	10.24%	30	1.63%	940	50.95%	1,845
Jackson	1,344	57.49%	743	31.78%	251	10.74%	0	0.00%	601	25.71%	2,338
James	202	25.93%	169	21.69%	408	52.37%	0	0.00%	-206^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-26.44%	779
Jefferson	514	25.66%	540	26.96%	940	46.93%	9	0.45%	-400^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-19.97%	2,003
Johnson	256	11.56%	933	42.14%	1,025	46.30%	0	0.00%	-92^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-4.16%	2,214
Knox	4,069	40.73%	1,984	19.86%	3,816	38.19%	122	1.22%	253^{[lower-alpha 2]}	2.53%	9,991
Lake	499	75.04%	122	18.35%	31	4.66%	13	1.95%	377	56.69%	665
Lauderdale	1,020	55.83%	186	10.18%	593	32.46%	28	1.53%	427^{[lower-alpha 2]}	23.37%	1,827
Lawrence	1,504	46.81%	878	27.33%	783	24.37%	48	1.49%	626	19.48%	3,213
Lewis	370	57.28%	126	19.50%	144	22.29%	6	0.93%	226^{[lower-alpha 2]}	34.98%	646
Lincoln	2,651	77.27%	672	19.59%	98	2.86%	10	0.29%	1,979	57.68%	3,431
Loudon	415	38.04%	322	29.51%	348	31.90%	6	0.55%	67^{[lower-alpha 2]}	6.14%	1,091
Macon	787	35.26%	1,251	56.05%	183	8.20%	11	0.49%	-464	-20.79%	2,232
Madison	2,702	65.36%	1,036	25.06%	316	7.64%	80	1.94%	1,666	40.30%	4,134
Marion	810	45.28%	463	25.88%	442	24.71%	74	4.14%	347	19.40%	1,789
Marshall	1,551	76.59%	376	18.57%	87	4.30%	11	0.54%	1,175	58.02%	2,025
Maury	2,309	68.70%	615	18.30%	389	11.57%	48	1.43%	1,694	50.40%	3,361
McMinn	912	42.36%	667	30.98%	557	25.87%	17	0.79%	245	11.38%	2,153
McNairy	1,155	41.67%	616	22.22%	1,001	36.11%	0	0.00%	154^{[lower-alpha 2]}	5.56%	2,772
Meigs	517	50.79%	337	33.10%	163	16.01%	1	0.10%	180	17.68%	1,018
Monroe	1,136	48.63%	721	30.86%	475	20.33%	4	0.17%	415	17.77%	2,336
Montgomery	1,638	67.32%	514	21.13%	199	8.18%	82	3.37%	1,124	46.20%	2,433
Moore	694	84.43%	116	14.11%	11	1.34%	1	0.12%	578	70.32%	822
Morgan	466	28.17%	312	18.86%	841	50.85%	35	2.12%	-375^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-22.67%	1,654
Obion	2,152	75.17%	455	15.89%	193	6.74%	63	2.20%	1,697	59.27%	2,863
Overton	1,531	60.73%	743	29.47%	181	7.18%	66	2.62%	788	31.26%	2,521
Perry	664	56.32%	379	32.15%	94	7.97%	42	3.56%	285	24.17%	1,179
Pickett	411	45.67%	355	39.44%	134	14.89%	0	0.00%	56	6.22%	900
Polk	867	42.69%	533	26.24%	622	30.63%	9	0.44%	245^{[lower-alpha 2]}	12.06%	2,031
Putnam	1,867	58.69%	923	29.02%	386	12.13%	5	0.16%	944	29.68%	3,181
Rhea	692	45.38%	253	16.59%	552	36.20%	28	1.84%	140^{[lower-alpha 2]}	9.18%	1,525
Roane	570	29.26%	482	24.74%	826	42.40%	70	3.59%	-256^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-13.14%	1,948
Robertson	2,287	74.57%	513	16.73%	142	4.63%	125	4.08%	1,774	57.84%	3,067
Rutherford	3,406	68.57%	1,217	24.50%	280	5.64%	64	1.29%	2,189	44.07%	4,967
Scott	160	9.74%	123	7.49%	1,234	75.15%	125	7.61%	-1,074^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-65.41%	1,642
Sequatchie	354	57.56%	139	22.60%	83	13.50%	39	6.34%	215	34.96%	615
Sevier	341	9.17%	967	26.00%	2,410	64.80%	1	0.03%	-1,443^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-38.80%	3,719
Shelby	6,732	64.11%	589	5.61%	2,951	28.10%	228	2.17%	3,781^{[lower-alpha 2]}	36.01%	10,500
Smith	1,863	62.90%	915	30.89%	184	6.21%	0	0.00%	948	32.01%	2,962
Stewart	1,312	64.06%	485	23.68%	54	2.64%	197	9.62%	827	40.38%	2,048
Sullivan	2,413	57.07%	538	12.72%	1,265	29.92%	12	0.28%	1,148^{[lower-alpha 2]}	27.15%	4,228
Sumner	2,477	72.94%	769	22.64%	89	2.62%	61	1.80%	1,708	50.29%	3,396
Tipton	987	55.29%	564	31.60%	222	12.44%	12	0.67%	423	23.70%	1,785
Trousdale	544	68.86%	211	26.71%	35	4.43%	0	0.00%	333	42.15%	790
Unicoi	170	13.87%	280	22.84%	765	62.40%	11	0.90%	-485^{[lower-alpha 3]}	-39.56%	1,226
Union	404	21.12%	307	16.05%	1,192	62.31%	10	0.52%	-788^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-41.19%	1,913
Van Buren	225	58.44%	106	27.53%	30	7.79%	24	6.23%	119	30.91%	385
Warren	1,745	74.26%	339	14.43%	250	10.64%	16	0.68%	1,406	59.83%	2,350
Washington	1,531	35.89%	1,134	26.58%	1,592	37.32%	9	0.21%	-61^{[lower-alpha 2]}	-1.43%	4,266
Wayne	435	24.10%	971	53.80%	390	21.61%	9	0.50%	-536	-29.70%	1,805
Weakley	2,810	63.03%	1,265	28.38%	350	7.85%	33	0.74%	1,545	34.66%	4,458
White	1,222	64.72%	330	17.48%	279	14.78%	57	3.02%	892	47.25%	1,888
Williamson	2,205	71.75%	797	25.94%	62	2.02%	9	0.29%	1,408	45.82%	3,073
Wilson	2,325	70.35%	682	20.64%	292	8.84%	6	0.18%	1,643	49.71%	3,305
Totals	133,021	52.71%	60,475	23.96%	54,041	21.41%	3,564	1.41%	72,546	28.75%	252,353

Notes

↑ Prohibition votes were not separated by county but listed only as a statewide total.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 In this county where Roosevelt ran ahead of Taft, margin given is Wilson vote minus Roosevelt vote and percentage margin Wilson percentage minus Roosevelt percentage.
1 2 3 4 5 6 In this county where Wilson ran third behind both Taft and Roosevelt, margin given is Taft vote minus Roosevelt vote and percentage margin Taft percentage minus Roosevelt percentage.

Related Research Articles

The 1912 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. This was the first time that Arizona and New Mexico took part in a presidential election having been admitted to the Union earlier in the year. Voters chose 38 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Montana took place on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 5, 1912, and all contemporary forty-eight states participated as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Voters chose three electors to represent them in the Electoral College, which voted for President and Vice President.

The 1912 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 5, 1912. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Voters chose 45 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 18 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 5, 1912. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 24 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Maine was won by the Democratic nominees, New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall. Wilson and Marshall defeated incumbent President William Howard Taft, and his running mate Vice President James S. Sherman and Progressive Party candidates, former President Theodore Roosevelt and his running mate California Governor Hiram Johnson.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Utah was held on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Alabama voters chose twelve representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Georgia voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. With the exception of a handful of historically Unionist North Georgia counties – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns – Georgia since the 1880s had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. Disfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and most poor whites had made the Republican Party virtually nonexistent outside of local governments in those few hill counties, and the national Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction. The only competitive elections were Democratic primaries, which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1912 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 15 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

The 1892 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 8, 1892. All contemporary 44 states were part of the 1892 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

The 1908 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 3, 1908. All contemporary 46 states were part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

References

↑ Wright, John K. (October 1932). "Voting Habits in the United States: A Note on Two Maps". Geographical Review. 22 (4): 666–672.
↑ Key (Jr.), Valdimer Orlando; Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1949), pp. 282-283
↑ Lyons, William; Scheb (II), John M.; Stair, Billy. Government and Politics in Tennessee. pp. 183–184. ISBN 1572331410.
↑ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
↑ Grantham, Dewey W. (Fall 1995). "Tennessee and Twentieth-Century American Politics". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 54 (3): 210–229.
↑ Langsdon, Phillip (2000). Tennessee: A Political History. Franklin, Tennessee: Hillsboro Press. pp. 287–295.
↑ Link, Arthur S. (January 1947). "The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912". The Journal of Negro History . The University of Chicago Press. 32 (1): 81–99.
↑ Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. p. 292. ISBN 1107158435.
↑ "Taft Shows Increasing Strength in a Number of Sections and May "Nose Out" the Colonel for Second Place". The Cincinnati Enquirer . October 20, 1912. p. 19.
1 2 3 "1912 Presidential Election Results – Tennessee".
↑ Loewen, James A. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. pp. 72–74. ISBN 0743294483.
↑ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
↑ "1912 Presidential Election Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
↑ "Popular Vote for Eugene V. Debs, 1912". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[notseparated-13] Prohibition votes were not separated by county but listed only as a statewide total.

[RooseveltdTaft-16] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 In this county where Roosevelt ran ahead of Taft, margin given is Wilson vote minus Roosevelt vote and percentage margin Wilson percentage minus Roosevelt percentage.

[RooseveltdWilson-17] 1 2 3 4 5 6 In this county where Wilson ran third behind both Taft and Roosevelt, margin given is Taft vote minus Roosevelt vote and percentage margin Taft percentage minus Roosevelt percentage.

[1] Wright, John K. (October 1932). "Voting Habits in the United States: A Note on Two Maps". Geographical Review. 22 (4): 666–672.

[2] Key (Jr.), Valdimer Orlando; Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1949), pp. 282-283

[3] Lyons, William; Scheb (II), John M.; Stair, Billy. Government and Politics in Tennessee. pp. 183–184. ISBN 1572331410.

[Emerging208210-4] Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246

[5] Grantham, Dewey W. (Fall 1995). "Tennessee and Twentieth-Century American Politics". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 54 (3): 210–229.

[langsdon-6] Langsdon, Phillip (2000). Tennessee: A Political History. Franklin, Tennessee: Hillsboro Press. pp. 287–295.

[7] Link, Arthur S. (January 1947). "The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912". The Journal of Negro History . The University of Chicago Press. 32 (1): 81–99.

[8] Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. p. 292. ISBN 1107158435.

[9] "Taft Shows Increasing Strength in a Number of Sections and May "Nose Out" the Colonel for Second Place". The Cincinnati Enquirer . October 20, 1912. p. 19.

[results-10] 1 2 3 "1912 Presidential Election Results – Tennessee".

[11] Loewen, James A. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. pp. 72–74. ISBN 0743294483.

[how-12] Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016

[Geoelections-14] "1912 Presidential Election Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)

[GeoelectionsII-15] "Popular Vote for Eugene V. Debs, 1912". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[lower-alpha 1]

[13]

[14]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]