| Keyword | Middle Korean | Old Japanese | Proposed
Proto-Japanese-Korean |
|---|
| abandons | stú
("scoops it out, removes a part from the whole") | sute
("abandons it, throws it away") | *sɨtu
("abandons it, throws it out") |
| adds | kwop
("doubles, increases it two-fold") | kupape
("adds it") | *kop
("increases it in number by adding") |
| (adjectivizer) | k
("adjectivizing suffix on nominals") | ka
("property suffix on nominals") | *k
("adjectivizing suffix on nominals")
+ *a
("deverbal") |
| avoids | skúy
("shuns, avoids; is unwilling") | sake
("avoids, dodges") | *səka
("avoids") |
| bamboo | táy
("bamboo")
?< *taGVy | takey
("bamboo") | *takəj |
| basket | kwulek
("[mesh] basket") | kwo
("basket") | *kura / *kuwa
("basket") |
| bear | kwom
("bear")
< Proto-Korean *komá | kuma
("bear") | *koma
("bear") |
| below | aláy
("below") | aye
("falls to the ground") | *ar
("below") |
| bestows | kwomá
("reverence"),
kwómáw
("honored, thankful") | kubar / kumar
("apportions and bestows") | *kuma
("bestows") |
| bird | say
("bird") | sagi
("heron; suffix in bird names") | *saŋi
("bird") |
| bites | kemelí
("leech"),
kam-spol
("licks it up, sucks up food") | kam
("bites") | *kamɨ
("bites") |
| body | mwóm
("body") < Old Korean *muma | mu- / mwi
("body") | *mom
("body") |
| boils it | nóy
("smoke, vapor") | ni
("boils it") | *nəj
("boils it") |
| bottom | stáh
("ground") | sita
("below, bottom") | *sita
("bottom") |
| box | pakwoní
("basket") | pakwo
("box") | *pako
("box") |
| brings into life | wum
("a sprout, a shoot, a growth") | um
("gives birth to, brings into life") | *um
("brings into life") |
| bundles | mwusk
("binds it into a bundle") | musub
("binds it into a bundle") | *musu
("binds, bundles it") |
| buries it | wumúl
("well"),
wúmh
("grain pit dug out of the ground"),
wumwuk-ho
("is hollow") | ume
("buries it in the ground") | *umu
("buries it in the ground") |
| cage | wulí
("cage") | wori
("cage") | *orɨj
("cage") |
| carbon | swusk
("charcoal") | susu
("soot") | *susu
("soot; carbon") |
| carries on back | ep
("bears, carries on the back") | op
("bears on the back") | *əp
("carries on back") |
| carves a line | kuzu
("draws a line, rules") | kizam
("carves"),
kisage
("shaves stone") | *kinsɨ
("carves, cuts a line") |
| cat | kwoy
("cat") | nekwo
("cat") | *ko
("cat") |
| ceremony | kwús
("exorcism, shamanistic ceremony") | kusi
("is strange, mysterious, otherwordly") | *kusuj
("shamanistic ceremony") |
| changes | kaph
("returns it, pays it back") | kap
("buys it"),
kape
("exchanges, changes it"),
kapar
("it changes") | *kap
("it changes, changes hands") |
| cheek | pwól
("cheek") | popo < *po-po
("cheek") | *por
("cheek") |
| chicken | tolk
("chicken") | tori
("bird, chicken") | *tərəŋ
("chicken") |
| closes it | tat
("closes it") | tat
("interrupts, cuts off, finishes it") | *tat
("closes it") |
| cloth | swowom
("cotton") | swo
("clothing; cloth; hemp") | *so
("cloth") |
| cloudy | skí
("gets dusty, cloudy") | sike
("sky gets cloudy") | *siki
("gets cloudy") |
| collects | kat
("collects it, gathers it in") | kate
("joins it, mixes it, adds it in") | *kat
("collects") |
| comes | ká
("goes") | ko
("comes") | *kə
("comes") |
| confines | kalm
("hides it, puts it away, keeps it, treasures it") | karame
("arrests it, catches and confines it") | *karama
("confines it") |
| congeals | kel
("thickens, congeals; is rich, thick") | kor
("it thickens, congeals") | *kərɨ
("it thickens, congeals") |
| correct | mac
("is correct"),
maskaw
("is correct") | masa
("correct, upright") | *masa
("correct, upright") |
| countryside | wúy ánh
("countryside") | wi naka
("countryside") | *uj
("countryside") + inside |
| daytime | nác
("daytime; afternoon") < Early Middle Korean *nacay | natu
("summer") | *nacu
("daytime") |
| deep inside | swop / swok
("deep inside")
?< *swowók | oku
("deep inside, interior") | *owoku
("deep inside") |
| dissolves / lonely | súl
("disappears, dissolves, rusts"),
sulgwú
("makes it dissolve, rusts"),
sulphu
("is sad"),
sulh
("is sad") | sabwi
("rusts"),
sabu, EMJ sabi
("is sad, lonely") | *sɨr
("dissolves; sad, lonely") |
| drags | kuzu
("drags, draws, pulls") | kozi
("pulls out by the roots") | *kɨnsɨ
("drags out") |
| drawn in | pemúli
("gets drawn in"),
pemúl
("surrounds, encircles"),
pemúl
("intrudes in") | pame
("throws it in, drops it in") | *pamɨ
("it gets drawn in") |
| drops | twú
("keeps, leaves it as is, places it down") | otos
("drops it"),
oti
("it drops down"),
otor
("is low") | *ɨtɨ
("drops, puts down") |
| each | mata
("each one, every") | mata
("again; every"),
mata-si
("all, complete") | *mata
("each, every") |
| edge | pask
("outside") | pasi
("outside edge") | *pasi
("edge") |
| empties | sku, pskú
("puts it out, turns off, extinguishes, quenches it") | suk
("empties, is empty") | *sukɨ
("empties") |
| end | patáng, modern korean patak
("sole, bottom") | pate
("limit, end"),
patas
("makes it an end") | *pataŋ
("end") |
| enfolds | mek
("eats, holds in the mouth; harbors, takes in, has inside") | mak
("enfolds, rolls up, encircles") | *mek or *mak
("enfolds") |
| et cetera | (i)yá / (i)yé
("whether, or") | ya
("also, and the like") | *ja
("whether; et cetera") |
| evergreen | swól
("pine") | sugwi
("cryptomeria [japanese cedar]") | *suŋor
("evergreen") |
| exchanges | kaph
("repays")
kaps
("price")
< *kap
("exchanges") | kap
("buys") | *kap
("exchanges") |
| exhausts | cwuk
("dies") | tukwi
("is exhausted, used up") tukus
("exhausts it, uses it up") | *cuk
("is exhausted")
+ Proto-Japanese *wo
("active marker") |
| expresses emotion | noch
("face, expression") | natuk
("expresses emotion; is fond of") | *nəcuk
("expresses emotion") |
| extremity | kiph
("is deep") | kipa
("extremity") | *kipa
("depth, extremity") |
| faces | mwok
("neck") | muk
("turn one"s head, faces") | *mok
("faces") |
| faint | kaskaw
("is close to"),
kezúy
("almost") | kasu-ka
("faint"),
kasu
("barely") | *kasu
("faint") |
| farm field | path
("farm field") | pata, patake
("farm field") | *pata
("farm field") |
| fat | pwutúlew
("soft"),
modern korean pwutwung
("chubby") | putwo
("fat") | *puto
("fat") |
| ferments | sek
("rots, ferments") | saka / sakey
("alcohol, rice wine") | *sek
("ripens, grows [rotten]") |
| fills | tam
("fills it up") | tamar
("it fills up"),
tame
("fills it") | *tama
("fills it") |
| fire | púl
("fire") | pwi / po
("fire") | *pɨr
("fire") |
| flattens it | tatóm
("smooths cloth, trims it, rubs it together"),
modern korean tatumicil
("beating cloth out to smooth it") | tatam
("folds it up, layers it"),
tatami
("mat, flattened thing") | *tatəm
("folds, flattens it"),
tatəm-i
("flattening") |
| fork | motoy
("joint, knuckle") | mata
("fork, bend; crotch") | *mataj or *mətaj
("fork, bend") |
| full | michu / micho
("reaches it") | mit
("gets full, reaches its limit") | *mica
("reaches, gets full") |
| gathers a crowd | múli / mwuli / mwúl
("crowd") | mure
("gathers a crowd") | *mur(u)
("gathers a crowd") |
| gets | et
("gets it") | atar
("gets it") | *atɨ
("gets it") |
| goes out | ná
("goes out; is born") | nar
("becomes") | *na
("goes out") |
| grabs | az
("grabs it") | asar
("scavenges it") | *asa
("grabs it") |
| harbors | phwúm
("embraces, harbors") | pukum
("harbor, comprise, contain") | *pukum
("embraces, harbors") |
| hatchet | nát
("sickle, scythe") | nata
("machete; small, thick bladed instrument") | *natə
("bladed instrument for chopping plants") |
| heart | kwokoyyang
("heart or core of vegetable, pith"),
kwokáy
("head") | kokoro
("seat of feeling / thought; emotion") | *kəkərə
("the heart, core, essence") |
| heats with fire | tahí
("makes a fire, heats with fire") | tak
("heats with fire") | *taka
("heats with fire") |
| high | talak
("loft, attic") | take / taka
("height") | *takar
("height") |
| holds | motó, moti
("is long-lasting, is durable; keeps things") | mot
("holds") | *mətə
("holds") |
| hot | tew
("hot") tos / toso / tusu
("hot"),
tusi
("warmly") | atu-si
("hot") | *ətu
("hot") |
| husk | kephí
("husk, bark") | kabi
("husk") | *kaŋpiri
("husk") |
| imposes | sikhó
("orders, commands"),
sikpu
("wants [to do]") | sik
("imposes, lays out, takes a position, commands") | *sik
("makes, imposes") |
| indeed | kús
("certainly, without fail") | koso
("indeed, verily, without fail") | *kɨsə
("indeed")
= *kɨ
("this")
+ *sə
("that, that thing") |
| inserts | pak
("inserts it, fills it") | pak
("puts on, slips on [lower body clothing, footwear])" | *pak
("puts it through") |
| (interrogative) | ká
(interrogative suffix for yes/no questions) | ka (interrogative suffix (kmp); distal demonstrative) | *ka
("that [distal]"; interrogative suffix problematizing an identification) |
| island | syem
("island") | sima
("island"),
sime
("closes it off") | *sima
("enclosed area; island") |
| jar | twok
("jar, pot") | tuki
("cup, saucer [for alcohol]") | *toki
("jar") |
| just | tamón / tamóyn
("only, just") | damwi
("just, about") | *tam
("just") |
| late | nuc
("is late") | noti
("later, afterwards") | *nɨc
("is late") |
| loves | kwoy
("is loved") | kwopwi
("loves") | *kopo
("loves it") |
| lurks | swúm
("hides, lurks in (of animals)") | sum
("lives, resides in") | *sum
("lurks, resides") |
| magpie | kachí
("magpie") | kasa-sagi
("magpie") | *kacɨ
("magpie"),
+ *saŋi
("bird") |
| meshes | elk
("binds, ties up, meshes together"),
modern korean wolk
("weaves together") | or
("weaves") | *ər
("ties with string, rope, meshes") |
| mold | kwomphwúy
("mildew, mold grows") | kabwi
("mildew, mold") | *kənpom |
| mother | émí / émanim
("mother") | omo
("mother") | *əmə
("mother") |
| mows | kal
("plows it, cultivates it") | kar
("mows, harvests it") | *kara
("mows it") |
| much | manhó
("is many") man
("only, just") | mane-si, (s)amane-si
("many times, many") | *mana
("much")
+ *i
("be") |
| now | imúy, imuysye
("already") | ima
("now") | *imaj / *ima
("being interval; now") |
| odor | kwusu
("is pleasantly odorous") | kusa-si
("is smelly") | *kusa
("odor") |
| only | spwun
("only, just") | sapey
("if only, just") | *sapɨn
("only, just") |
| opens | akwoy
("hole, place where things come open or come apart") | ak
("it opens up") | *ak
("it opens") |
| picks up | tul
("holds up, raises") | tor
("picks up") | *tɨr
("picks up") |
| pigeon | pitwulí, pitwulki
("pigeon") | patwo
("pigeon") | *pato
("pigeon") |
| place | tóy
("place") | te
("place [suffix]") | *təj
("place [suffix]") |
| prepares water | kóm
("bathes (a bath)") | kum
("draws water") | *kɨmo
("draws, prepares water") |
| proceeds | pek
("is next, is after") | poka
("other, besides") | *pək
("comes after"),
*pəka
("that which has come after") |
| rain | *mah
("east-asian rainy season, rain") | ama / ame
("rain") | *əmaŋ
("rain") |
| raptor | may
("eagle; suffix in bird names") | mey
("suffix in bird names") | *mari
("predatory bird; suffix in bird names") |
| rubs | moncí, moní
("strokes, touches it") | mom
("kneads, rubs") | *məm
("touches, rubs") |
| same | kóthó, kót, kotho
("is similar, same") | (no) goto si
("is similar, same") | *kətə
("same") |
| sea | patáh
("sea") | wata
("sea") | *wat-a
("that which has been crossed; sea") |
| seaweed(1) | mól
("seaweed") | mo, mey
("seaweed") | *mər
("seaweed") |
| section | kic
("a divided share") | kida / kita
("counter for cuts, sections; measurement of fabric and plots of land") | *kinca
("a cut, section") |
| sent out | pwonáy
("releases, sends it") | panas / panat
("releases it") | *pə-na
("see + go out") |
| sets it down | swuy
("it rests") | suwe
("sets it, sets it down") | *suwu
("sets it down") |
| shape | kací
("kind, sort, variety") | kata
("shape, form") | *kacaj / kaca
("shape") |
| shines | pozóy
("is shiny, is dazzled") | posi
("star") | *pəsə
("shines") |
| shuts in | kóm
("shuts [the eyes], closes [the eyes]") | komor
("is shut inside") | *kəmə
("shuts it in) |
| sidelines | yehúy / yehoy
("be separated from (a loved one)") | yoke
("avoids it, averts it") | *jəkə-i
("sidelines; is aside") |
| (simple past tense) | ke
("perfective verb marker") | ki
("simple past marker") | *kə
("past tense verb marker"),
< *kə
("comes") |
| situation | pa
("place, situation, condition") | pa (conditional verb suffix; nominal topic/focus marker) | *pa
("place; situation") |
| skewers | kwoc
("skewers, stabs it") kwoc
("skewer") | kusi
("skewer") | *koc
("skewers it"),
*koc-i
("a skewer") |
| skin | kaphól
("sheath"),
kepcil
("bark") | kapa
("skin") | *kapa
("skin") |
| small bamboo | sasól
("bamboo branch, stick for drawing lots") | sasa
("bamboo grass, small bamboo") | *sasa
("small bamboo") |
| small piece | cwokak
("piece, shard") | sukwo-si
("little bit") | *cok
("is a small piece") |
| snake | póyyám / póyam
("snake") | peymi
("snake") | *pəjami
("snake") |
| soaks through | súmúy
("permeates it, soaks through it") | some
("dyes it") | *sɨmɨ
("it soaks through") |
| sour | soy, swuy
("turns sour") | suyur
("turns sour") | *sɨju
("turns sour") |
| speaks | íp
("mouth") | ip
("says") | *ip
("speaks") |
| spider | kemúy
("spider") | kumo
("spider") | *komo
("spider") |
| splits it | kask
("trims, cuts it") | sak
("splits it") | *sak
("splits it by cutting") |
| stale | kwut
("is hard") | kutar
("gets old, stale, rotten") | *kut
("gets stale, hard") |
| suits for use | psú
("uses it") | pusap
("suits, is suitable") | *pusa
("uses it; suits it for use") |
| sun | hóy
("sun; year") | ka / key
("day"),
koyomi
("calendar") | *xəj
("sun") |
| swamp | nwup
("swamp, bog") | numa
("swamp, bog") | *nu
("swamp, wet") |
| swells | pulu / pull
("gets full, (stomach) swells") | puye
("increases, swells", puyas
("makes it increase") | *purɨr
("swells") |
| takes in | tothwó
("fights"),
thi
("strikes"),
tho
("takes in, receives") | tatak ("strikes"),
tatakap
("fights") | *takə
("takes in, receives"),
*ta(r)takə
("strikes") |
| that (mesial) | so
("the fact, the thing"; complementizer) | so
("that [mesial]") | *sə
("that [mesial]"; complementizer)) |
| this | ku
("that (mesial)") | ko
("this (proximal)") | *kɨ
("this (proximal)") |
| time period | woláy
("long time") | wori
("period of time, time") | *orɨj ("period of time") |
| time when | cek, cey
("time when") | toki
("time when") | *ceki
("time when") |
| together | tamós
("together") | tomo
("together; companion") | *təmə ("together")
+ pk *s
("substantive") |
| uproar | sa(g)wónaw
("is rough, wild, fierce") | sawak
("is noisy, bustling"),
sawa'-sawa
("noisy") | *sawə
("uproarious") |
| vacant | pwuy
("is empty") | pima
("open, spare time") | *pi
("vacant") |
| valued | pum
("matters, bears a connection to") | pome
("praises it") | *pɨm
("is valued") |
| walks | ke:t- ("walks") | kati
("walking") | *katu
("walks") |
| wasp | pátólí
("yellowjacket") | pati
("bee") | *pator
("wasp") |
| waterlogged | mol
("soaks it in liquid") | mor
("leaks"),
mor
("fills up") | *mər
("gets filled with water, water-logged") |
| wears | kís
("lapel, collar; outer layer of cloth") | ki
("wears on the body") | *ki
("wears on the body") |
| weaves | pcó
("weaves together") | pata
("loom; woven cloth") | *pəca
("weaves") |
| wet highland | swúp, swuphúl, swúh
("forest") | sapa ("swamp, mountain, marsh, glen") | *sɨpa
("wet highland") |
| what | musúk
("what") musu
("what, which [prenoun])")
< *musuk | mosi
("perchance"; adverb introducing polar interrogatives) | *mɨsɨŋ
("which") |
| whether | na
("whether, or, although") | na
("whether or, both, and") | *na
("whether") |
| wild field | nwón
("wet field") | nwo
("wild field, plain") | *non or *no
("wild field") |
| wishes | pólá-
("wishes it") | por-
("wishes it") | *pə-ara-
("wishes it") |
| woman | myenól, myenólí, myenúlí
("daughterinlaw") | mye
("woman, wife")
< Proto-Japanese *me | *me
("woman") |
| wood | kuluh
("tree stump") | kwi
("tree, wood") < *kəj | *kɨr
("wood") |
| word | kolochí
("instructs, teaches"),
kol
("words, speaking"),
ilkhot/l
("calls out") | koto
("word; thing"),
katar
("tells") | *kətə
("word; thing [non-concrete]") |
| wraps | cwúm, cwumekwúy
("fist") | tum
("grasps, wraps") | *cum
("wraps, grasps in hand") |
|
