Effects of pornography on young people

Last updated

Adolescents turn to pornography for learning amplified by insufficient sex education, arousal, mating motivations, coping mechanisms, alleviating boredom, entertainment, and to explore their sexual and gender identities. However, they may also encounter content that disturbs them. Without adequate support, they learn to navigate disconcerting material, developing the skills to seek out content that affirms their sexuality while avoiding that which causes discomfort. Without alternative narratives, they think it leads to harmful attitudes about women, sex, LGBTQ people, and people of color, and unrealistic expectations. [1] The use of pornography by adolescents is associated with certain sexual attitudes and behaviors, but causal relationships remain unclear. It can be assumed that adolescents are not passive "fools" or "victims". The typical adolescent consumer of pornography is male, in advanced stages of puberty, sensation-seeking, and often grapples with weak or disrupted family relationships.

Contents

Definition and classification

The definition of pornography in research varies, with different terms used, such as "X-rated" or "erotica", and some studies refrain from providing a specific definition. [2]

Background

Gender stereotypical beliefs and permissive behaviors

Gender stereotypical beliefs are understood as a belief that traditional, stereotypical ideas about male and female gender roles and gender relations dominate. These beliefs cover, progressive attitudes towards gender roles, conceptions of women as sexual objects, gender stereotypical beliefs about power imbalance in sexual relationships, and beliefs about gender equality. Pornography consumption prediced stronger stereotype beliefs over time, but not acceptance of rape myths or gendered sexual roles in emerging adulthood, [3] and is overall linked to less progressive sexual beliefs, but the beliefs are low. [4]

Permissive sexual behaviors are understood as a positive attitude towards casual sex, often outside of non-binding situations, and romantic relationships. Use of Internet pornography predicted permissive attitudes, and the use is associated with permissive sexual behaviors, however, the impact is generally low. It is, therefore, possible to speak of a relationship between more frequent pornography use and less strict (rather than more permissive) sexual attitudes. [4]

Demography

When adolescents view pornography, it may be intentional through, for example, independent searching, or unintentional, such as through advertising on the Internet or spam emails. Wyszukiwanie.svg
When adolescents view pornography, it may be intentional through, for example, independent searching, or unintentional, such as through advertising on the Internet or spam emails.

When adolescents view pornography, it may be intentional (e.g.) independent searching or unintentional (e.g.) advertising on the Internet or spam emails. [4] The incidence of use ranges from 7% to 98%, depending on the study and the group studied. [4] Methodological differences, technological changes, and cultural context have been cited as reasons for this difference. [4] Male adolescents with autism viewed pornography less often than neurotypical adolescents (ASD 41% vs. neurotypical 76%) and/or masturbated less regularly with pornography (ASD 39% vs. neurotypical 76%). In contrast, no difference was found among female adolescents. [5] Age of first use ranges from 6 to 19 years for heterosexual adolescents, with an average age of 11 years for boys and 12 years for girls. [6] First use of pornography ranges from 6 to 17 years for LGBTQ adolescents. [6] The frequency of use among LGBTQ youth in the literature is often contradictory, with some studies reporting higher frequency than heterosexual youth and others not. [6] How many adolescents come into contact with violence in pornography is unclear; in one survey, about three percent of adolescents have consumed pornography with violence. [4] In another survey, this figure was 29% for boys and 16% for girls. [7] In the U.S., the most common forms of pornography among urban, low-income, black, and Hispanic youth were depictions of heterosexual sex, and in rarer cases, more extreme forms of pornography, such as humiliation, bestiality, bondage, and bukkake. [4]

Some youth tended to overestimate their own ability to critically evaluate pornography and to ignore ethical concerns about the pornography industry. [1]

Girls are more repulsed by pornography and view it as silly and disgusting, having a negative attitude, [4] and some felt that performers were forced to perform certain acts. [1] While men tend to be less critical and reluctant to discuss the gender-specific effects of pornography. [1]

Motivations

Adolescents turn to internet pornography for various reasons, including: [8] [9] [6]

Effects

Addiction and individual distress

Problematic pornography use (PPU) or pornography addiction, is understood as a pattern of pornography viewing which causes significant distress to the individual personally, relationally, socially, educationally, or occupationally. The prevalence of PPU by adolescents, lies at under 5%. Frequent users of pornography are more likely to show symptoms of PPU. Higher levels of depressive symptomatology in adolescent boys, and sexual interest, predicted increase in compulsive use of pornographic material over time. Baseline levels and subsequent growth in pornography use subsequently predicted higher levels of PPU, independent of religiosity, negative emotions, and impulsivity. Higher frequency of pornography use is associated with higher probability of suffering from CSB. LGBTQ-Adolescents aren't more likely to develop PPU. [3]

Blurring with reality

Adolescents generally view pornography neither as (socially) realistic nor a useful source of sexual information compared to real-life experiences. However, more frequent consumption of pornography can lead to a perception of it as being "less unrealistic." [4] Some find it to be a reliable source of information if useful content is present. [4] They exhibit "porn literacy," showing critical thinking skills which teens say can be put to better use the older you are and the more experience you have. [1]

The differences between pornography and real sexual situations, according to the adolescents, were: Messages about sex, the body, pleasure, and "risky" sexual acts, the lack of emotion, exaggerated appearance and performance, long duration of sex, the speed of sex, [11] sexual aggression, [4] the roles of women and men in pornography, [10] the inappropriate portrayals of marginalized identities, [1] the loveless content, [10] and the abstinence from condoms [11] [10] were described as unrealistic and misleading. [10] Teens described the content as more show than real sex. This was also echoed by youth who have not seen pornography. Some youth were concerned that other consumers (but not themselves), might draw false lessons or unrealistic expectations [1] (through the third-person effect) from pornography [10] and might experience physical harm from replicating pornography. [10]

Compared to adults

The impact of pornography on adolescents versus adults is still unclear. Risky sexual behavior and certain gender stereotypes linked to pornography were observed in adults, but not in adolescents. Both groups showed a connection between pornography and permissive sexual attitudes. [4] It is suggested that adolescents' brains might be more sensitive to explicit material, but due to a lack of research this question cannot be answered definitively. [12]

Guilt, shame, punishment

Arab Adolescents grapple with complex emotions regarding pornography. Some experience guilt and shame, struggling to reconcile the emotional and physiological benefits of pornography with their criticisms of the ethics of pornography and the lack of social acceptance of pornography and sexuality in general. [1] Support mechanisms for discussing negative experiences with pornography are lacking. Many parents avoid conversations about it, and adolescents fear punishment if caught so that adults are perceived as ambivalent or uncertain if they had any questions or curiosity about pornography. Some parents avoid conversations about pornography and sex. [1] Peer discussions on the topic are also limited. Some adolescents who participated in studies were only able to discuss their concerns in the studies they participated in because they would not have had the opportunity to do so before. These studies acted as interventions. [1]

Open communication and good relationships are seen as crucial in helping adolescents control their consumption. Better conversations about sex and pornography are believed to improve attitudes about sex, reduce stigma, and prevent abuse, reduce the motivation to consume pornography and to show trust and respect to young people. Some adolescents believe that they have the skills to avoid unwanted pornographic content and to mitigate conflicting feelings and potential consequences that may result from viewing pornography. Along with this, they described being able to avoid unwanted content and deal with their negative feelings. Without such discussions and other perspectives, adolescents feel that that leads to pressure to engage in certain sexual acts, lower self-esteem, mismatched expectations, and disappointment in a sexual experience or unnecessary physical pain, normalization of violence, harassment, coercion, and assault. Some women experienced coercion and harassment. [1]

Positive effects

Adolescent sexual self-exploration covers a range of factors including sexual insecurity, depression through pornography, [2] self-objectification and the internalization of beauty ideals, body monitoring, [4] adolescent self-image and body image, [13] preoccupation with sexual issues, sexual dissatisfaction, sexual self-development, sexual arousal, and sexual experiences. [4] Research suggests a connection between pornography use and these aspects, but definitive correlations have not been established. [4] The use of pornography by young people has shown associations with reduced anxiety related to early sexual experiences, higher sexual satisfaction in firm and loose relationships, and increased comfort in discussing sex. Some individuals find that viewing bodies in pornography, especially in amateur content, can boost self-esteem. [1]

Sexual behavior

Sexual behavior in adolescents refers to: [4]

Adolescent pornography consumption predicted greater sexual engagement, greater sexual insecurity, and greater sexual dissatisfaction, and is linked to sexual intercourse (anal sex, oral sex, sexual encounters, sexual desire, earlier sexual initiation, sex with prostitutes/partners/friends), [3] more experience with casual sex, and a higher likelihood of exercise or experiencing especially among female adolescents. However, there isn't any evidence connecting frequent pornography consumption to a wider range of sexual practices. Meaningful evidence linking pornography and sexual risk behaviors is lacking. [14]

It's important to note that these findings are rough, incomplete approximations. On average, adolescents did not have frequent sexual intercourse. This means that porn use among adolescents is more likely to be related to a low frequency of these behaviors rather than their massive occurrence. The extent of sexual aggression and victimization varies. Pornography use is also associated with higher likelihood of talking online about sex with strangers, and fantasizing about trying to copy sexual acts seen in pornography, [3] with some adolescents mimicking what they see. [4] No definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding unprotected or paid sex, [3] but teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases have been associated with pornography use. [14]

Women as sexual objects

A 2021 review which compiled evidence from other empirical sources such as surveys found that representations of women in pornography may lead adolescent boys to view women as sexual objects, with disregard and disrespect for gender equality. [15] The review, however, does not claim anywhere proving a causal relationship of consuming pornography and changing views of sexual objectification or gender inequality. [15]

Global legal definitions of pornography have evolved over time in different countries. In Austria, it is self-contained depictions of sexual acts, distorted in a graphic manner, and devoid of any external context of relationships in life. [16] Similarly is in the United States a sexually explicit material judged to be obscene if, the average person, applying contemporary community standards, finds that the work as a whole appeals to prurient interest, the work depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and the work taken as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. [17]

The ages when it is legal to watch pornography are different vy region, for example in Indonesia it's completely forbidden to use pornography, [18] in the EU minors are not allowed to access pornography, [19] while in Austria's Pornography Act permits depictions that could stimulate lust or mislead sexual drive for those over 16 on a national level, [20] but Austria's states forbid respectively material harmful to youth, [21] pornography [22] or depictions disregarding human dignity [23] under 18. Switzerland generally permits pornography for those over 16. [24]

Austria

Efforts to protect youth from the effects of pornography date to the 18th century. [16] In the 20th century, laws were passed regulating materials which "endanger the moral welfare of youth" as far back as 1929. This culminated in the 1950 Pornography Act, where the focus shifted from mere depictions of nudity to profiting from it, and was broadened to include stimulation of any sexual feeling at all; the Act is still the basis of Austrian pornography legislation. [16] Social changes in the 1970s resulted in refinements defining which depictions were considered as pornographic based on the standard of an "average person"'s reaction. Case law permitted certain materials to be sold in certain shops as long as the customer's age could be verified, and in 2000 a court permitted broadcasting after midnight as long as a warning message preceded the program. [16]

Research issues

Methods and ethics

Surveys are the main method for studying the effects of pornography on adolescents, due to legal and/or ethical constraints preventing experimental research. [4] In these surveys, young individuals openly discuss their pornography use, for one study author, this indicated a "shift in the position (of pornography) as perverse, deviant, or shameful." [1] The research is based on establishing correlations, which allows for making assumptions about causality but doesn't conclusively prove it (a correlation does not imply causality). This means that it is not possible to draw conclusions about whether the contexts are a consequence or a cause of viewing pornography. [2] It could for example be, that consuming pornography causes certain beliefs or if it's the other way around, or if multiple factors contribute to a particular belief. There's also the possibility that the observed correlation is coincidental. [2]

Venues

Most studies come from affluent countries like the Netherlands and Sweden, making it challenging to generalize the findings to more sexually conservative nations. [4] Research on pornography often concentrates on potential negative effects, largely neglecting positive ones, [2] this can be justified by theoretical considerations and by cultural concerns of the public. [4] Public debates about adolescents' pornography use often oversimplify how it influences them, assuming that adolescents are uncritical consumers while adults are seen as more discerning. [4] It's unclear which adolescents are most affected by these associations, and there's limited information about the impact on LGBTQ youth. [4] Some behaviors linked to pornography, like casual sex, permissive attitudes, anal sex, or a larger number of partners, may have associated risks under certain circumstances, but they're not inherently harmful. Studies vary in their findings, making it uncertain whether research can definitively answer all questions about the impact of pornography on adolescents. [2]

Obstacles

There are considerable ethical problems with performing some kinds of research on the effects of pornography use on minors. [25] For example, Rory Reid (UCLA) declared, "Universities don't want their name on the front page of a newspaper for an unethical study exposing minors to porn." [26] [27]

The PhD thesis of Marleen J.E. Katayama-Klaassen (2020), at the University of Amsterdam, found a low correlation between pornography and significant effects on youth, and could not show causality. [28] Miranda Horvath, researcher in a 2013 study regarding minors and pornography, also stated: "But it is not possible to establish causation from correlational studies, and to say whether pornography is changing or reinforcing attitudes." [29] [30]

Validity

Peter and Valkenburg's (2016) systematic review concluded that: its positive conclusions are tentative, and causality cannot be shown. [4] Brown and Wisco's (2019) systematic review concluded similar findings as them. [12]

Future goals

An umbrella review stated on this aspect of the types of pornography teens use: "More research is needed on the types of pornography teens use, rather than relying on speculation and opinion. It should be assumed that adolescents are not passive "fools" or "victims" but are critical of social norms (such as the social expectation to disapprove of pornography) and depictions in pornography that are misogynistic, showing fetishization of lesbians, transgender people, and non-binary people which is only made for cisgender heterosexual men's pleasure which perpetuates male dominance and the oppression of women, is racist, homophobic, transphobic, or violent, non-consensual, lack love or intimacy, follow beauty ideals, show little neglected groups, and show superficial depictions that only refer to sexual acts and genitals." [2] [1]

See also

Works cited

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex education</span> Instruction on human sexuality issues

Sex education, also known as sexual education, sexualityeducation or sex ed, is the instruction of issues relating to human sexuality, including human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, safe sex and birth control, sexual health, reproductive health, emotional relations and responsibilities, age of consent, and reproductive rights. Sex education that includes all of these issues is known as comprehensive sexuality education, and, especially in more socially conservative countries and parts of the United States, is often opposed to abstinence-only sex education, which only focuses on sexual abstinence. Sex education may be provided as part of school programs, public health campaigns, or by parents or caregivers. In some countries it is known as "Relationships and Sexual Health Education".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transphobia</span> Anti-transgender prejudice

Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender roles. Transphobia is a type of prejudice and discrimination, similar to racism, sexism, or ableism, and it is closely associated with homophobia. Transgender people of color can experience many different forms of discrimination simultaneously.

The sex-positive movement is a social and philosophical movement that seeks to change cultural attitudes and norms around sexuality, promoting the recognition of sexuality as a natural and healthy part of the human experience and emphasizing the importance of personal sovereignty, safer sex practices, and consensual sex. It covers every aspect of sexual identity including gender expression, orientation, relationship to the body, relationship-style choice, and reproductive rights. Sex-positivity is "an attitude towards human sexuality that regards all consensual sexual activities as fundamentally healthy and pleasurable, encouraging sexual pleasure and experimentation." It challenges societal taboos and aims to promote healthy and consensual sexual activities. The sex-positive movement also advocates for comprehensive sex education and safe sex as part of its campaign. The movement generally makes no moral distinctions among types of sexual activities, regarding these choices as matters of personal preference.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homosexuality and psychology</span> Homosexuality as studied by the field of psychology

The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the DSM-I in 1952, but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Premarital sex</span> Sexual activity before marriage

Premarital sex is sexual activity which is practiced by people before they are married. Premarital sex is considered a sin by a number of religions and also considered a moral issue which is taboo in many cultures. Since the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, it has become accepted by certain liberal movements, especially in Western countries. A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered particularly unacceptable in "Muslim Majority Countries", such as Malaysia, Jordan and Pakistan, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany, and France expressing less than 10% disapproval.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opposition to pornography</span> Overview of opposing views to pornography

Reasons for opposition to pornography include religious objections and feminist concerns, as well as alleged harmful effects, such as pornography addiction. Pornography addiction is not a condition recognized by the DSM-5, or the ICD-11. Anti-pornography movements have allied disparate social activists in opposition to pornography, from social conservatives to harm reduction advocates. The definition of "pornography" varies between countries and movements, and many make distinctions between pornography, which they oppose, and erotica, which they consider acceptable. Sometimes opposition will deem certain forms of pornography more or less harmful, while others draw no such distinctions.

A sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity, orientation or practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society. Primarily used to refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual, or non-heterosexual individuals, it can also refer to transgender, non-binary or intersex individuals.

In media discourse, sexual content is material depicting sexual behavior. The sexual behavior involved may be explicit, implicit sexual behavior such as flirting, or include sexual language and euphemisms.

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) is a sex education instruction method based on a curriculum that aims to give students the holistic knowledge, attitudes, skills, and values to make healthy and informed choices in their sexual lives. The intention is that this understanding will help students understand their body and reproductive processes, engage in safer sex by reduce incidents of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV and HPV, reduce unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, as well as lowering rates of domestic and sexual violence.

Adolescent sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feelings. Interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset of puberty, and sexuality is often a vital aspect of teenagers' lives. Sexual interest may be expressed in a number of ways, such as flirting, kissing, masturbation, or having sex with a partner. Sexual interest among adolescents, as among adults, can vary greatly, and is influenced by cultural norms and mores, sex education, as well as comprehensive sexuality education provided, sexual orientation, and social controls such as age-of-consent laws.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Situational sexual behavior</span> Sexual behavior that differs from that which the person normally exhibits

Situational sexual behavior is a type of sexual behavior which differs from that which the person normally exhibits, due to a social environment that in some way permits, encourages, or compels the behavior in question. This can include situations where a person's preferred sexual behavior may not be possible, so rather than refraining from sexual activity completely, they may engage in substitute sexual behaviors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Questioning (sexuality and gender)</span> Process of self-exploration

The questioning of one's sexual orientation, sexual identity, gender, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT ; the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of pornography</span> Influence of pornography on an individual and their intimate relationships

Pornography has been defined as any material in varying forms, including texts, video, photos or audio that is consumed for sexual satisfaction and arousal of an individual or partnership. The effects of pornography on individuals or their intimate relationships depend on the type of pornography used and differs from person to person. The consumption of pornographic material could have both positive and negative outcomes.

Sexual script theory is a theory introduced by sociologists John H. Gagnon and William Simon in their 1973 book Sexual Conduct. Its basic principle states that all social behavior, including sexual behavior, is socially scripted. The idea is that sexual scripts are guidelines for appropriate sexual behavior and sexual encounters. Sexual behavior and encounters become behavior that is learned as well as instinctive. Each partner in consensual encounters acts as if they are an actor in a play or film following a script, rather than acting on impulse alone. Research on sexual scripts and sexual script theory has concluded that sexual scripts are gendered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT sex education</span> Sex education relevant to those who are LGBT

LGBT sex education is a sex education program within a school, university, or community center that addresses the sexual health needs of LGBT people.

The media and American adolescent sexuality relates to the effect the media has on the sexuality of American adolescents and the portrayal thereof.

Adolescent sexuality in Canada is not as well documented as adolescent sexuality in the United States; despite the proximity of the two nations, Canada has its own unique culture and generalizations about Canadian adolescent sexuality based on American research can be misleading. Because of this, several surveys and studies have been conducted which acquired information on Canadian adolescent sexuality. Surveys which provide this information include the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY). According to information drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey and the National Population Health Survey, in 2005 43% of teens aged 15 to 19 reported that they had had sexual intercourse at least once.

The exploitation of women in mass media is the use or portrayal of women in mass media such as television, film, music, and advertising as objects or sexual beings, in order to increase the appeal of media or a product to the detriment of the women being portrayed, and women in society. This process includes the presentation of women as sexual objects and the setting of feminine beauty ideals that women are expected to reflect. Sexual exploitation of women in the media dates back to 19th century Paris, in which ballerinas were exposed to harassment and objectification. The most often criticized aspect of the use of women in mass media is sexual objectification, but dismemberment can be a part of the objectification as well. The exploitation of women in mass media has been criticized by feminists and other advocates of women's rights, and is a topic of discussion in feminist studies and other fields of scholarship.

Hookup culture is one that accepts and encourages casual sex encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, without necessarily including emotional intimacy, bonding or a committed relationship. It is generally associated with Western late adolescent sexuality and, in particular, United States college culture. The term hookup has an ambiguous definition because it can indicate kissing or any form of physical sexual activity between sexual partners. The term has been widely used in the U.S. since at least 2000. It has also been called nonrelationship sex, or sex without dating.

LGBT psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process, parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBT community.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Peterson, Amy J.; Silver, Gillian K.; Bell, Heather A.; Guinosso, Stephanie A.; Coyle, Karin K. (2023-04-03). "Young People's Views on Pornography and Their Sexual Development, Attitudes, and Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Qualitative Research". American Journal of Sexuality Education. 18 (2): 1, 6, 11, 13, 14–26, 28. doi:10.1080/15546128.2022.2096163. ISSN   1554-6128. S2CID   250470819.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Raine, Gary; Khouja, Claire; Scott, Rachel; Wright, Kath; Sowden, Amanda J. (2020-12-06). "Pornography use and sexting amongst children and young people: a systematic overview of reviews". Systematic Reviews. 9 (1): 9, 10. doi: 10.1186/s13643-020-01541-0 . ISSN   2046-4053. PMC   7720575 . PMID   33280603.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Mestre-Bach, Gemma; Chiclana-Actis, Carlos (2022). "Factors associated with adolescent pornography use a narrative review". Psicosomática y Psiquiatría. 21. Spain: 7–11. doi:10.34810/PsicosomPsiquiatrnum210502. ISSN   2565-0564.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Peter, Jochen; Valkenburg, Patti M. (2016-05-03). "Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 Years of Research". The Journal of Sex Research. 53 (4–5): 2, 7–12, 15, 17. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441 . ISSN   0022-4499. PMID   27105446.
  5. ↑ Young, Susan; Cocallis, Kelly (2023-06-02). "A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Neurodiversity and Psychosexual Functioning in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 19: 1379–1395. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S319980 . PMC   10243356 . PMID   37287894.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bőthe, Beáta; Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie-Pier; Bergeron, Sophie; Demetrovics, Zsolt (2019-12-01). "Problematic and Non-Problematic Pornography Use Among LGBTQ Adolescents: a Systematic Literature Review". Current Addiction Reports. 6 (4): 10–12. doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00289-5. ISSN   2196-2952. S2CID   204851036.
  7. ↑ Gunnoo, Adam; Powell, Christopher (2023-10-01). "The Association Between Pornography Consumption and Perceived Realism in Adolescents: A Meta-analysis". Sexuality & Culture. 27 (5): 2. doi: 10.1007/s12119-023-10095-x . ISSN   1936-4822.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Grubbs, Joshua B.; Wright, Paul J.; Braden, Abby L.; Wilt, Joshua A.; Kraus, Shane W. (2019-04-03). "Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: a systematic review and integration". Annals of the International Communication Association . 43 (2): 7, 5–11, 12–27, 18. doi:10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045. ISSN   2380-8985. S2CID   150764824.
  9. ↑ Short, Mary B.; Black, Lora; Smith, Angela H.; Wetterneck, Chad T.; Wells, Daryl E. (2012-01-16). "A Review of Internet Pornography Use Research: Methodology and Content from the Past 10 Years". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 15 (1): 2, 9. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0477. ISSN   2152-2715. PMID   22032795.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Litsou, Katerina; Byron, Paul; McKee, Alan; Ingham, Roger (2021-03-04). "Learning from pornography: results of a mixed methods systematic review". Sex Education. 21 (2): 13, 15–16, 17. doi:10.1080/14681811.2020.1786362. hdl: 10453/141753 . ISSN   1468-1811. S2CID   225632900.
  11. 1 2 Ashton, Sarah; McDonald, Karalyn; Kirkman, Maggie (2018-03-24). "Women's Experiences of Pornography: A Systematic Review of Research Using Qualitative Methods". The Journal of Sex Research. 55 (3): 1, 7, 10. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1364337. ISSN   0022-4499. PMID   28933950. S2CID   25795327.
  12. 1 2 Brown, Jennifer A.; Wisco, Jonathan J. (2019-02-10). "The components of the adolescent brain and its unique sensitivity to sexually explicit material". Journal of Adolescence. 72 (1): 10–13. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.006. ISSN   0140-1971. PMID   30754014. S2CID   73442225.
  13. ↑ Paslakis, Georgios; Chiclana Actis, Carlos; Mestre-Bach, Gemma (2020-10-27). "Associations between pornography exposure, body image and sexual body image: A systematic review". Journal of Health Psychology. 27 (3): 743–760. doi:10.1177/1359105320967085. ISSN   1359-1053. PMID   33107365. S2CID   225083144.
  14. 1 2 Pathmendra, Pranujan; Raggatt, Michelle; Lim, Megan SC; Marino, Jennifer L.; Skinner, S. Rachel (2023-02-28). "Exposure to Pornography and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Systematic Review". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 25 (1): 7, 15. doi: 10.2196/43116 . PMC   10015350 . PMID   36853749.
  15. 1 2 Román García, Óscar; Bacigalupe, Amaia; Vaamonde García, Cristina (2021). "[Sexual and reproductive health effects of mainstream pornography use in adolescents]". Revista Española de Salud Pública. 95 (1). PMID   34267175. También es necesario tener en cuenta que puede existir una limitación de causalidad inversa relacionada con los hallazgos actuales sobre la posibilidad de que padecer algún determinado problema de salud mental o tener conductas de agresividad puede conllevar a un aumento de consumo de pornografía mainstream.[It is also necessary to keep in mind that there may be a reverse causality issue related to current findings on the possibility that having a certain mental health condition or exhibiting aggressive behaviors may lead to an increase in the consumption of mainstream pornography.]
  16. 1 2 3 4 Graupner, Helmut (2001-10-11). "Unzucht und Anstößigkeit Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen der Pornografie" (PDF). Österreichisches Institut für Familienforschung (ÖIF). p. 12, 13, 15-18, 24-28, 33-35.
  17. ↑ Diamond, Milton (2009-09-01). "Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 32 (5): 304–314. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004. ISSN   0160-2527. PMID   19665229.
  18. ↑ "Republic of Indonesia Law No. 44 Year 2008 on Pornography, Article 29 and 32" (in Indonesian). p. 3.
  19. ↑ "Richtlinie über audiovisuelle Mediendienste" [Audiovisual Media Services Directive]. EUR-Lex.
  20. ↑ "Pornographiegesetz" [Pornography law]. RIS (in German).
  21. ↑ "Tiroler Jugendschutzgesetz" [Tyrolean Youth Protection Act]. RIS.
  22. ↑ "Kärntner Jugendschutzgesetz" [Carinthian Youth Protection Act]. RIS.
  23. ↑ "Wiener Jugenschutzgesetz" [Vienna Youth Protection Act]. RIS.
  24. ↑ Fraysinger, Oskar. "Rechtliche Verantwortung bei Artikel 197 StGB" [Legal responsibility for Article 197 StGB]. Parlament.ch.
  25. ↑ Binik, Yitzchak M.; Mah, Kenneth; Kiesler, Sara (1999). "Ethical issues in conducting sex research on the internet". Journal of Sex Research. 36 (1). Informa UK Limited: 82–90. doi:10.1080/00224499909551971. ISSN   0022-4499.
  26. ↑ Segal, David (4 April 2014). "Does porn harm children?". Dallas News. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  27. ↑ Segal, David (28 March 2014). "Opinion - Does Porn Hurt Children?". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  28. ↑ M.J.E. Klaassen Samenvatting van de dissertatie Internetpornografie en seksuele attitudes van jongeren - Universiteit van Amsterdam, January 2020.
  29. ↑ Fidgen, Jo (2013-06-25). "Do we know whether pornography harms people?". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
  30. ↑ Horvath, Miranda A. H.; Alys, Llian; Massey, Kristina; Pina, Afroditi; Scally, Mia; Adler, Joanna R. (1 May 2013). "Basically... porn is everywhere: a rapid evidence assessment on the effects that access and exposure to pornography has on children and young people". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 7 March 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.