Virginia's 8th congressional district

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Virginia's 8th congressional district
Virginia's 8th congressional district (since 2023).svg
Virginia's 8th congressional district
Interactive map of district boundaries since 2023
Representative
Distribution
  • 99.71% urban [1]
  • 0.29% rural
Population (2023)769,124 [2]
Median household
income		$125,354 [3]
Ethnicity
Cook PVI D+26 [4]
Virginia's 8th congressional district from January 3, 2023 Virginia's 8th congressional district (from 2023).png
Virginia's 8th congressional district from January 3, 2023

Virginia's 8th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district located just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. It comprises several populous cities and suburbs in Northern Virginia, including all of Alexandria, Arlington, and Falls Church, as well as parts of Fairfax County. Democrat Don Beyer has held the seat since 2015. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+26, it is the most Democratic district in Virginia. [4]

Contents

The 8th district is heavily influenced by the federal government in neighboring Washington, with nearly a quarter of its working population employed in the public sector. Though commuting into the nation's capital for work is common, several government agencies have their headquarters in the 8th district. The most prominent of these are the United States Department of Defense (located in the Pentagon) and the Central Intelligence Agency. Their presence has established a flourishing aerospace and defense industry in the area, with Northrop Grumman being one of the district's top private sector employers. Other major corporations are also located within its boundaries, most notably AES.

The seat has long been a liberal stronghold, having backed every Democratic presidential nominee since 1992. But those margins have grown dramatically; in 2020, Joe Biden carried the 8th district by over 55 points. Once a popular destination for white flight, the district has seen an influx of Asian, Black, and Hispanic residents in recent years and is now majority nonwhite. [5] It also has the nation's fifth-highest share of individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher, in large part due to the nearby government presence.

Recent election results from statewide races

YearOfficeResults [6]
2008 President Obama 68% - 31%
2009 Governor Deeds 60% - 40%
2012 President Obama 68% - 32%
2013 Governor McAuliffe 68% - 27%
Lt. Governor Northam 73% - 36%
Attorney General Herring 70% - 29%
2014 Senate Warner 67% - 31%
2016 President Clinton 72% - 21%
2017 Governor Northam 76% - 23%
Lt. Governor Fairfax 75% - 25%
Attorney General Herring 75% - 25%
2018 Senate Kaine 78% - 19%
2020 President Biden 77% - 21%
Senate Warner 76% - 24%
2021 Governor McAuliffe 72% - 27%
Lt. Governor Ayala 73% - 27%
Attorney General Herring 73% - 27%
2024 President Harris 73% - 24%
Senate Kaine 75% - 25%

Demographics

As of 2000, the district has 643,503 residents, 13.7% are African American, 9.5% are Asian, 16.4% are Hispanic and 64.5% are white. [7]

Virginia's eighth congressional district is traditionally a Democratic stronghold, most notably in the urban communities of Arlington and Alexandria.

Composition

For the 118th and successive Congresses (based on redistricting following the 2020 census), the district contains all or portions of the following counties and communities: [8]

ArlingtonCounty (1)

Arlington

FairfaxCounty (24)

Annandale, Bailey's Crossroads, Belle Haven, Fort Belvoir, Fort Hunt, Franconia (part; also 11th), Groveton, Hayfield, Huntington, Hybla Valley, Idylwood, Kingstowne, Lake Barcroft, Lincolnia, Mason Neck, McLean (part; also 11th), Mount Vernon, North Springfield, Pimmit Hills, Rose Hill, Seven Corners, Springfield (part; also 11th), West Falls Church, Woodlawn

Independent cities (2)

Alexandria, Falls Church

Elections since 1960

1960s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1960
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Howard W. Smith (inc.) 42,809 75.7
Republican Lawrence M. Traylor13,41023.7
Write-ins3640.6
Total votes56,583 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1962
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Howard W. Smith (inc.) 20,931 98.7
Write-ins2671.3
Total votes21,198 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1964
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Howard W. Smith (inc.) 49,440 69.4
Independent Floyd Caldwell Bagley 21,81330.6
Write-ins4<0.1
Total votes71,257 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1966
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican William L. Scott 50,782 57.2
Democratic George Rawlings 37,92942.7
Write-ins21<0.1
Total votes88,732 100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1968
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican William L. Scott (inc.) 68,167 64.9
Democratic Andrew H. McCutcheon49,73135.1
Write-ins1<0.1
Total votes141,853 100.00
Republican hold

1970s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1970
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican William L. Scott (inc.) 68,167 63.8
Democratic Darrell Stearns38,68036.2
Write-ins8<0.1
Total votes106,855 100.00
Republican hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1972
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris 60,446 44.4
Democratic Robert F. Horan51,44437.8
Independent William Durland 18,65413.7
Independent Robert E. Harris5,5534.1
Write-ins2<0.1
Total votes136,099 100.00
Republican hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1974
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Herbert Harris 53,074 57.6
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.)38,99742.4
Write-ins11<0.1
Total votes92,082 100.00
Democratic gain from Republican
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1976
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Herbert Harris (inc.) 83,245 51.6
Republican James R. Tate68,72942.6
Independent Michael D. Cannon9,2925.8
Write-ins61<0.1
Total votes161,327 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1978
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Herbert Harris (inc.) 56,137 50.5
Republican Jack Herrity52,39647.1
Independent Charles Coe2,6322.4
Write-ins5<0.1
Total votes111,170 100.00
Democratic hold

1980s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1980
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris 95,624 48.8
Democratic Herbert Harris (inc.)94,53048.3
Independent Deborah Frantz5,7292.9
Write-ins14<0.1
Total votes195,897 100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1982
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.) 69,620 49.7
Democratic Herbert Harris 68,07148.6
Independent Austin Morrill2,3731.7
Write-ins6<0.1
Total votes140,070 100.00
Republican hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1984
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.) 125,015 55.8
Democratic Richard L. Saslaw 97,25043.4
Independent Donald W. Carpenter1,8140.8
Write-ins12<0.1
Total votes224,091 100.00
Republican hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1986
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.) 72,670 61.8
Democratic James H. Boren44,96538.2
Write-ins20<0.1
Total votes117,655 100.00
Republican hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.) 154,761 62.3
Democratic David Brickley93,56137.7
Write-ins78<0.1
Total votes248,400 100.00
Republican hold

1990s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1990
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran 88,475 51.7
Republican Stanford Parris (inc.)76,36744.6
Independent Robert Murphy5,9583.5
Write-ins3210.2
Total votes171,121 100.00
Democratic gain from Republican
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1992
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 138,542 56.1
Republican Kyle E. McSlarrow 102,71741.6
Independent Alvin West5,6012.3
Write-ins2660.1
Total votes247,126 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1994
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 120,281 59.3
Republican Kyle E. McSlarrow 79,56839.3
Independent R. Ward Edmonds1,8580.9
Independent William Jones8680.4
Write-ins98<0.1
Total votes202,673 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1996
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 152,334 66.4
Republican John Otey64,56228.1
Reform R. Ward Edmonds6,2432.7
Independent Sarina Grosswald5,2392.3
Independent Charles Severance7400.3
Write-ins3030.1
Total votes229,421 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 1998
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 97,545 66.7
Republican Demaris H. Miller48,35233.1
Write-ins3900.3
Total votes146,287 100.00
Democratic hold

2000s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2000
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 164,178 63.3
Republican Demaris H. Miller88,26234.1
Independent Ronald V. Crickenberger3,4831.3
Independent Rick Herron2,8051.1
Write-ins4710.2
Total votes259,199 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2002
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 102,759 59.8
Republican Scott C. Tate64,12137.3
Independent Ronald V. Crickenberger4,5582.7
Write-ins3610.2
Total votes171,799 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2004
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 171,986 59.7
Republican Lisa Marie Cheney106,23136.9
Independent Jim Hurysz9,0043.1
Write-ins6980.2
Total votes287,919 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2006
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 144,700 66.4
Republican Tom M. O'Donoghue66,63930.6
Independent Jim Hurysz6,0942.8
Write-ins4760.2
Total votes217,909 100.00
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2008
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 222,986 67.9
Republican Mark W. Ellmore97,42529.7
Independent Greens J. Ron Fisher6,8292.1
Other Write-in candidates 9570.3
Total votes328,197 100
Democratic hold

2010s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2010
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 116,293 61.0
Republican Jay Patrick Murray 71,10837.3
Independent Greens J. Ron Fisher2,7041.4
Other Write-in candidates 4920.2
Total votes233,368 100
Turnout 233,368 of 476,01149.0
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th Congressional District election, 2012 [9]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jim Moran (inc.) 226,847 64.6
Republican Jay Patrick Murray 107,37030.6
IndependentJason Howell10,1802.9
Independent Greens Janet Murphy5,9851.7
Write-in8050.2
Total votes351,187 100
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th Congressional District election, 2014 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer 128,102 63.1
Republican Micah Edmond63,81031.4
IndependentGwendolyn Beck5,4202.7
Libertarian Jeffrey Carson4,4092.2
Independent Greens Gerry Blais9630.5
Write-in3720.2
Total votes203,076 100
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2016
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer (inc.) 246 653 68.4
Republican Charles A. Hernick98,38727.3
Independent Julio Gracia14,6644.0
Write-ins9720.2
Total votes360,676 100
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2018
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer (inc.) 247,137 76.1
Republican Thomas Oh76,89923.7
Write-ins7120.2
Turnout 324,74854.6
Total votes324,748 100
Democratic hold

2020s

Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2020
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer (inc.) 301,454 76.0
Republican Jeff Jordan95,36524.0
Write-in9260.2
Total votes396,819 100
Democratic hold
Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2022
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer (inc.) 197,760 73.5
Republican Karina Lipsman66,58924.8
Independent Teddy Fikre4,0781.5
Write-in5090.2
Total votes268,936 100
Democratic hold


Virginia's 8th congressional district election, 2024 [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Don Beyer (inc.) 274,593 71.52
Republican Jerry Torres94,67624.66
Independent Bentley Hensel3,6560.95
Independent David Kennedy9,9562.59
Write-in1,0340.27
Total votes383,915 100

List of members representing the district

RepresentativePartyYearsCong
ress		Electoral history
District established March 4, 1789
Josiah-parker.png
Josiah Parker
(Macclesfield)		 Anti-Administration March 4, 1789 –
March 3, 1793		 1st
2nd 		Elected in 1789.
Re-elected in 1790.
Elected to Virginia 11th District
Thomas Claiborne.jpg
Thomas Claiborne
(Brunswick County)		 Anti-Administration March 4, 1793 –
March 3, 1795		 3rd
4th
5th 		Elected in 1793.
Re-elected in 1795.
Re-elected in 1797.
Lost re-election.
Democratic-Republican March 4, 1795 –
March 3, 1799
Samuel Goode (Virginia Congressman).jpg
Samuel Goode
(Chesterfield County)		 Democratic-Republican March 4, 1799 –
March 3, 1801		 6th Elected in 1799.
[ data missing ]
Thomas Claiborne.jpg
Thomas Claiborne
(Brunswick County)		 Democratic-Republican March 4, 1801 –
March 3, 1803		 7th Elected in 1801.
Redistricted to the 17th district .
Walter Jones
(Hayfield)		 Democratic-Republican March 4, 1803 –
March 3, 1811		 8th
9th
10th
11th 		Elected in 1803.
Re-elected in 1805.
Re-elected in 1807.
Re-elected in 1809.
Retired.
John Hungerford
(Leedstown)		 Democratic-Republican March 4, 1811 –
November 29, 1811		 12th Elected in 1811.
Lost election contest.
John Taliaferro
(Fredericksburg)		 Democratic-Republican November 29, 1811 –
March 3, 1813		 12th Won election contest.
Redistricted to the 9th district and lost re-election.
Joseph Lewis Jr.
(Upperville)		 Federalist March 4, 1813 –
March 3, 1817		 13th
14th 		Redistricted from the 7th district and re-elected in 1813.
Re-elected in 1815.
Retired.
Charles F. Mercer.jpg
Charles F. Mercer
(Aldie)		 Federalist March 4, 1817 –
March 3, 1823		 15th
16th
17th 		Elected in 1817.
Re-elected in 1819.
Re-elected in 1821.
Redistricted to the 14th district .
Burwell Bassett
(Williamsburg)		 Democratic-Republican (Crawford) March 4, 1823 –
March 3, 1825		 18th
19th
20th 		Redistricted from the 13th district and re-elected in 1823.
Re-elected in 1825.
Re-elected in 1827.
Lost re-election.
Jackson March 4, 1825 –
March 3, 1829
Richard Coke Jr.
(Williamsburg)		 Jackson March 4, 1829 –
March 3, 1833		 21st
22nd 		Elected in 1829.
Re-elected in 1831.
Retired.
Henry A Wise CDV.jpg
Henry A. Wise
(Accomac)		 Jackson March 4, 1833 –
March 3, 1837		 23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th 		Elected in 1833.
Re-elected in 1835.
Re-elected in 1837.
Re-elected in 1839.
Re-elected in 1841.
Redistricted to the 7th district .
Whig March 4, 1837 –
March 3, 1843
Willoughby Newton
(Hague)		 Whig March 4, 1843 –
March 3, 1845		 28th Elected in 1843.
Lost re-election.
RbrtMTHntr (rotated).jpg
Robert M. T. Hunter
(Lloyds)		 Whig March 4, 1845 –
March 3, 1847		 29th Elected in 1845.
Elected to U.S. Senate
Richard L. T. Beale - Brady-Handy.jpg
Richard L. T. Beale
(Hague)		 Democratic March 4, 1847 –
March 3, 1849		 30th Elected in 1847.
Retired.
Alexander R. Holladay
(Mansfield)		 Democratic March 4, 1849 –
March 3, 1853		 31st
32nd 		Elected in 1849.
Re-elected in 1851.
Retired.
Charles J. Faulkner 1806-1884 - Brady-Handy.jpg
Charles J. Faulkner, Sr.
(Martinsburg)		 Democratic March 4, 1853 –
March 3, 1859		 33rd
34th
35th 		Elected in 1853.
Re-elected in 1855.
Re-elected in 1857.
Appointed Minister to France.
Alexander Boteler.jpg
Alexander R. Boteler
(Shepherdstown)		 Opposition March 4, 1859 –
March 3, 1861		 36th Elected in 1859.
Retired.
District inactiveMarch 4, 1861 –
January 28, 1870		 36th
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st 		Civil War and Reconstruction
James King Gibson (Virginia Congressman).jpg
James K. Gibson
(Abingdon)		 Conservative January 28, 1870 –
March 3, 1871		 41st Elected in 1870.
Retired.
Congressman William Terry.jpg
William Terry
(Wytheville)		 Democratic March 4, 1871 –
March 3, 1873		 42nd Elected in 1870.
Lost re-election.
Eppa Hunton, photo portrait seated.jpg
Eppa Hunton
(Warrenton)		 Democratic March 4, 1873 –
March 3, 1881		 43rd
44th
45th
46th 		Elected in 1872.
Re-elected in 1874.
Re-elected in 1876.
Re-elected in 1878.
Retired.
BARBOUR, John S (BEP engraved portrait).jpg
John S. Barbour Jr.
(Alexandria)		 Democratic March 4, 1881 –
March 3, 1887		 47th
48th
49th 		Elected in 1880.
Re-elected in 1882.
Re-elected in 1884.
Retired.
WHF Lee LOC.jpg
William H. F. Lee
(Ravensworth)		 Democratic March 4, 1887 –
October 15, 1891		 50th
51st
52nd 		Elected in 1886.
Re-elected in 1888.
Re-elected in 1890.
Died.
VacantOctober 16, 1891 –
December 8, 1891		 52nd
ElishaEMeredith.jpg
Elisha E. Meredith
(Brentsville)		 Democratic December 9, 1891 –
March 3, 1897		 52nd
53rd
54th 		Elected to finish Lee's term.
Re-elected in 1892.
Re-elected in 1894.
Retired.
JohnFranklinRixey.jpg
John F. Rixey
(Brandy)		 Democratic March 4, 1897 –
February 8, 1907		 55th
56th
57th
58th
59th 		Elected in 1896.
Re-elected in 1898.
Re-elected in 1900.
Re-elected in 1902.
Re-elected in 1904.
Re-elected in 1906.
Died.
VacantFebruary 9, 1907 –
November 4, 1907		 59th
60th
CharlesCreightonCarlin.jpg
Charles C. Carlin
(Alexandria)		 Democratic November 5, 1907 –
March 3, 1919		 60th
61st
62nd
63rd
64th
65th 		Elected to finish Rixley's term.
Re-elected in 1908.
Re-elected in 1910.
Re-elected in 1912.
Re-elected in 1914.
Re-elected in 1916.
Re-elected in 1918.
Resigned.
VacantMarch 4, 1919 –
April 26, 1919		 66th
MOORE, R. WALTON. HONORABLE LCCN2016858497 (3x4a).jpg
R. Walton Moore
(Fairfax)		 Democratic April 27, 1919 –
March 3, 1931		 66th
67th
68th
69th
70th
71st 		Elected to finish Carlin's term.
Re-elected in 1920.
Re-elected in 1922.
Re-elected in 1924.
Re-elected in 1926.
Re-elected in 1928.
Retired.
Rep. Howard Smith LCCN2016877200 (cropped).jpg
Howard W. Smith
(Alexandria)		 Democratic March 4, 1931 –
March 3, 1933		 72nd Elected in 1930.
Redistricted to the at-large seat .
District inactiveMarch 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1935		 73rd
Rep. Howard W. Smith (D-VA) (cropped).jpg
Howard W. Smith
(Broad Run)		 Democratic January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1967		 74th
75th
76th
77th
78th
79th
80th
81st
82nd
83rd
84th
85th
86th
87th
88th
89th 		Redistricted from the at-large seat and re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Re-elected in 1942.
Re-elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Re-elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Re-elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Re-elected in 1962.
Re-elected in 1964.
Lost re-election.
William Lloyd Scott.jpg
William L. Scott
(Fairfax)		 Republican January 3, 1967 –
January 3, 1973		 90th
91st
92nd 		Elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
Elected to U.S. Senate.
Stanford Parris.jpg
Stanford Parris
(Fairfax Station)		 Republican January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1975		 93rd Elected in 1972.
Lost re-election.
Herbert Harris.jpg
Herbert E. Harris
(Alexandria)		 Democratic January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1981		 94th
95th
96th 		Elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Lost re-election.
Stanford Parris.jpg
Stanford Parris
(Fairfax Station)		 Republican January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1991		 97th
98th
99th
100th
101st 		Elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Lost re-election.
James Moran Official Congressional Portrait.jpg
Jim Moran
(Arlington)		 Democratic January 3, 1991 –
January 3, 2015		 102nd
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th
110th
111th
112th
113th 		Elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Re-elected in 2012.
Retired.
Rep. Don Beyer, official portrait (118th Congress).jpg
Don Beyer
(Alexandria)		 Democratic January 3, 2015 –
present		 114th
115th
116th
117th
118th
119th 		Elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.
Re-elected in 2024.

Historical district boundaries

The Virginia Eighth District started in 1788 covering the counties of Norfolk, Accomack, Northampton, Princess Anne, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Surry and Southampton. [12]

2003-2013 VA-8th District-109.gif
2003–2013
2013-2023 Virginia US Congressional District 8 (since 2013).tif
2013–2023

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Congressional Districts Relationship Files (state-based)". www.census.gov. US Census Bureau Geography. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  2. ↑ "My Congressional District". www.census.gov. Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
  3. ↑ "My Congressional District".
  4. 1 2 "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  5. ↑ Feinberg, Lawrence (March 11, 1981). "N.Va. Minority Population Grew Sharply in 1970s". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  6. ↑ https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::bc930c25-236f-46a7-bbe9-d8d77e21d011
  7. ↑ "Congressional District 8, Virginia - Fact Sheet". fastfacts.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  8. ↑ https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/cong_dist/cd118/cd_based/ST51/CD118_VA08.pdf
  9. ↑ "November 6, 2012 General Election Official Results". Virginia State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Election Results | Virginia Department of Elections". Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
  11. ↑ "November 5, 2024 General and Special Elections". Virginia Department of Elections. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
  12. ↑ Statute of 20 November 1788

Further reading

38°46′46″N77°08′23″W / 38.77944°N 77.13972°W / 38.77944; -77.13972

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