Woiwurrung–Taungurung language

Last updated

Woiwurrung–Taungurung
Region Victoria
Ethnicity Woiwurrung, Wurundjeri, Taungurung, ?Ngurelban, etc.
Pama–Nyungan
Dialects
  • Woiwurrung
  • Taungurung
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
wyi   Woiwurrung
dgw   Daungwurrung
Glottolog woiw1237
AIATSIS [1] S36 , S37
ELP
Kulin Map.PNG
The five Kulin nations. Woiwurrung proper is in yellow, Taungurung is in the northeast in green.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Marn grook football, played by speakers of Woiwurrung from the Wurundjeri clan, c. 1857 Marn grook football.jpg
Marn grook football, played by speakers of Woiwurrung from the Wurundjeri clan, c.1857
Welcome sign on Medley building, University of Melbourne Welcome Wominjeka.jpg
Welcome sign on Medley building, University of Melbourne

Woiwurrung (sometimes spelt Woiwurrong, Woiworung, Wuywurung) and Taungurung (Taungurong, DaungwurrungDhagung-wurrung, Thagungwurrung) are Aboriginal languages of the Kulin nation of Central Victoria. Woiwurrung was spoken by the Woiwurrung and related peoples in the Yarra River basin, and Taungurung by the Taungurung people north of the Great Dividing Range in the Goulburn River Valley around Mansfield, Benalla and Heathcote. They are often portrayed as distinct languages, but they were mutually intelligible. [2] Ngurai-illamwurrung (Ngurraiillam) may have been a clan name, a dialect, or a closely related language. [3]

Contents

Phonology

The following is the Woiwurrung dialect:

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Dental Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive b / p ɡ / k ɟ / c / d / t ɖ / ʈ
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ
Lateral l ɭ
Rhotic r ɽ
Glide w j

It is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap, or tap and approximant. Vowels in Woiwurrung are /a e i o u/. [4]

Pronouns

In the case of the Woiwurrung pronouns, the stem seems to be the standard ngali (you and I), but the front was suffixed to wa-, so wa+ngal combines to form wangal below. [5] In Kulin languages there is no grammatical gender. [6]

Person Singular Dual Plural
Woi.IPAEng.Woi.IPAEng.Woi.IPAEng.
1st Inc. Wangal[wa.ŋal]We two (you)Wanganyin[wa.ŋa.ɲin]We (& you)
1st Exc. Wan[wan]IWangan[wa.ŋan]We two (not you)Wanganyinyu[wa.ŋa.ɲi.ɲu]We (not you)
2nd Warr[war]YouWabul[wa.bul]You twoWat gurrabil
Wat gurrabilla
Wat balak
Wat wurdundhu
[wat ɡu.ra.bil]
[wat ɡu.ra.bil.la]
[wat ba.lak]
[wat wu.ɖun.d̪u]
You
3rd Munyi[mu.ɲi]He/She/ItMunyi gurrabil[mu.ɲi ɡu.ra.bil]Those twoMalu gurrabila[ma.lu ɡu.ra.bi.la]They

Other vocabulary

Number and sign system

A numbering system was used when Wurundjeri clans sent out messengers to advise neighbouring clans of upcoming events, such as a ceremony, corroboree, a challenge to fight or Marn grook ball game. Messengers carried a message stick with markings to indicate the number and type of people involved and a prop to indicate the type of event, such as a ball for a Marn grook event. The location of meeting was spoken, but neighbouring clans might not use the same language, so a sign language was used to indicate the number of days in the future when the people should assemble. The number was indicated by pointing to a location on the body from 1 to 16. After 16, at the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. [8]

NumeralSpoken numberSign of the numberLiteral meaning
1bubupi-muningyalittle fingerchild of the hand
2bulato-ravelthird fingerlittle larger
3bulatomiddle fingerlarger
4urnung-melukforefingerurnung means a direction, meluk means a large grub found in some eucalypti
5babungyi-muningyathumbthe mother of the hand
6krauelwrist-joint
7ngurumbulthe divergence of the radial tendonsa fork
8jeraubilthe swelling of the radial muscles
9thamburthe inside of the elbow-jointa round place
10berbertbicepsthe ringtail possum and also the name of the armlet made from the pelt of that animal, worn on the bicep during festive occasions
11wulungshoulder-joint
12krakerapthe collar-bonethe place where the bag hangs by its band
13gurnbertthe neckreed necklace, or place where the reed necklace is worn
14kurnagorthe lobe of the earthe point or end of a hill, or of a spur or ridge
15ngarabulthe side of the skulla range or the ridge of a hill
16bundialtop of the headthe cutting-place, the place where the mourner cuts himself with some sharp instrument, from budagra meaning to cut
17+From the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. 17 is the other side of the skull.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wurundjeri</span> Aboriginal Australian people who inhabited the Melbourne area before colonisation

The Wurundjeripeople are an Australian Aboriginal people of the Woiwurrung language group, in the Kulin nation. They are the traditional owners of the Yarra River Valley, covering much of the present location of Melbourne. They continue to live in this area and throughout Australia. They were called the Yarra tribe by early European colonists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kulin nation</span> Indigenous Australian ethnic group

The Kulin nation is an alliance of five Aboriginal nations in south central Victoria, Australia. Their collective territory extends around Port Phillip and Western Port, up into the Great Dividing Range and the Loddon and Goulburn River valleys.

The Boonwurrung people are an Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation, who are the traditional owners of the land from the Werribee River to Wilsons Promontory in the Australian state of Victoria. Their territory includes part of what is now the city and suburbs of Melbourne. They were called the Western Port or Port Philip tribe by the early settlers, and were in alliance with other tribes in the Kulin nation, having particularly strong ties to the Wurundjeri people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marn Grook</span> Indigenous Australian football game

Marn Grook, marn-grook or marngrook is the popular collective name for traditional Indigenous Australian football games played at gatherings and celebrations by sometimes more than 100 players. From the Woiwurung language of the Kulin people, it means "ball" and "game".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taungurung</span>

The Taungurung people, also spelt Daung Wurrung, are an Aboriginal people who are one of the Kulin nations in present-day Victoria, Australia. They consist of nine clans whose traditional language is the Taungurung language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coranderrk</span> Former Aboriginal reserve, now heritage site, in Victoria, Australia

Coranderrk was an Aboriginal reserve run by the Victorian government between 1863 and 1924, located around 50 kilometres (31 mi) north-east of Melbourne. The residents were mainly of the Woiwurrung, Bunurong and Taungurung peoples, and the first inhabitants chose the site of the reserve.

Pitta Pitta is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It was spoken around Boulia, Queensland.

The Australian Aboriginal counting system was used together with message sticks sent to neighbouring clans to alert them of, or invite them to, corroborees, set-fights, and ball games. Numbers could clarify the day the meeting was to be held and where. The messenger would have a message "in his mouth" to go along with the message stick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Djadjawurrung</span> Aboriginal Australian people in Victoria

Dja Dja Wurrung, also known as the Djaara or Jajowrong people and Loddon River tribe, are an Aboriginal Australian people who are the traditional owners of lands including the watersheds of the Loddon and Avoca rivers in the Bendigo region of central Victoria, Australia. They are part of the Kulin alliance of Aboriginal Victorian peoples. There are 16 clans, which adhere to a patrilineal system. Like other Kulin peoples, there are two moieties: Bunjil the eagle and Waa the crow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kulin languages</span> Pama–Nyungan language group of Australia

The Kulin languages are a group of closely related languages of the Kulin people, part of the Kulinic branch of Pama–Nyungan.

Dhauwurd Wurrung is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the Gunditjmara people of the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Keerray Woorroong is regarded by some as a separate language, by others as a dialect. The dialect continuum consisted of various lects such as Kuurn Kopan Noot, Big Wurrung, Gai Wurrung, and others. There was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different linguists and researchers. The group of languages is also referred to as Gunditjmara language and the Warrnambool language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aboriginal Victorians</span> Indigenous people of the Australian state of Victoria

Aboriginal Victorians, the Aboriginal Australians of Victoria, Australia, occupied the land for tens of thousands of years prior to European settlement. Aboriginal people have lived a semi-nomadic existence of fishing, hunting and gathering, and farming eels in Victoria for at least 40,000 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kulinic languages</span> Pama–Nyungan language branch of Australia

The Kulinic languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family in Victoria (Australia). They are:

Wanggamala, also spelt Wanggamanha, Wangkamahdla, Wangkamadla, Wangkamanha, Wangkamana, Wonkamala, Wongkamala, Wonkamudla, and other variants, is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family, previously spoken in the Northern Territory around Hay River and to the south of the Andegerebinha-speaking area.

The Boonwurrung language, also anglicised as Bunurong, Bun wurrung, and other variant spellings, is an Aboriginal Australian language traditionally spoken by the Boonwurrung people of the Kulin nation of central Victoria prior to European settlement in the colony of Victoria. The last remaining traditional native speakers died in the early 20th century; however there is an active revival movement under way in the Boonwurrung community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Djadjawurrung language</span> Kulin language spoken in Australia

Djadjawurrung is an Aboriginal Australian language spoken by the Dja Dja Wurrung people of the Kulin nation of central Victoria. Djadjawurrung was spoken by 16 clans around Murchison, the central highlands region, east to Woodend, west to the Pyrenees, north to Boort and south to the Great Dividing Range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woiwurrung</span>

The Woiwurrung, also spelt Woi-wurrung, Woi Wurrung, Woiwurrong, Woiworung, Wuywurung, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Woiwurrung language group, in the Kulin alliance.

The Kurung were identified as an indigenous Australian group of the State of Victoria by Norman Tindale. The theory that they constituted an independent tribe has been challenged with modern scholarship generally considering them a clan, associated to one of two major tribes. Their language is unconfirmed.

The Pallanganmiddang, otherwise known as the Waywurru, were an Indigenous Australian people of North-eastern Victoria, in the state of Victoria, Australia. Recent scholarship has suggested that In Norman Tindale's classic study his references to a Djilamatang tribe and their language arguably refer in good part to the Pallanganmiddang

Tarneit Plains is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 25 km (16 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Melton local government area.

References

  1. S36 Woiwurrung–Taungurung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies   (see the info box for additional links)
  2. Barry Blake 1991: 31
  3. S83 Ngurai-illamwurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  4. Hercus (1969).
  5. Barry J. Blake. 1991 Woiwurrung In: The Aboriginal Language of Melbourne and Other Sketches, ed. R. M. W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake, pp. 31–124, OUP, Handbook of Australian Languages 4
  6. Blake, Barry. "Dialects of Western Kulin, Western Victoria Yartwatjali, Tjapwurrung, Djadjawurrung" (PDF). VCAA. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  7. Oxford Dictionary of English , p 2,054.
  8. Howitt, Alfred William (1901). "Chapter 11"  . Native Tribes of South-East Australia. McMillan. p. 701 via Wikisource.

Further reading