Central stations or central railway stations emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as railway stations that had initially been built on the edge of city centres were enveloped by urban expansion and became an integral part of the city centres themselves. [1] [2] As a result, "Central Station" is often, but not always, part of the proper name for a railway station that is the central or primary railway hub for a city.
Central stations emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century during what has been termed the "Railway Age". [1] [3] Initially railway stations were built on the edge of city centres but, subsequently, with urban expansion, they became an integral part of the city centres themselves. [1] [2]
For example, the first centralized railway terminal in Germany was Hanover Hauptbahnhof, built in 1879. This set the precedent for other major German cities. Frankfurt followed in 1888 and Cologne in the 1890s. Classic German central railway station architecture "reached its zenith" with the completion of Hamburg Hauptbahnhof in 1906 and Leipzig Hauptbahnhof in 1915. [4]
In Europe, it was normal for the authorities to exercise greater control over railway development than in Britain [5] and this meant that the central station was often the focal point of town planning. "Indeed, in most large continental cities the station was deliberately fronted by a square to set it off." [6] During the 1880s "world leadership in large station design passed to Germany, where state funding helped secure the building of central stations on a lavish scale." [7] By contrast, British entrepreneurialism led to a great diversity of ownership and rights and a lack of centralised coherence in the construction of major stations. [8]
In time the urban expansion that put many of these stations at the heart of a city, also hemmed them in so that, although they became increasingly central to the town or city, they were further away from airports or, in some cases, other transport hubs such as bus stations leading to a lack of interoperability and interconnectivity between the different modes of transport. [9]
A revival of fortunes for central stations arose during the 1980s, boosted by the advent of high speed rail and light rail services, that saw opportunities being seized for upgrading central stations and their facilities to create large intermodal transport hubs simultaneously serving many modes of transport, while providing a range of modern facilities for the traveller, [9] creating a "city within a city." [10]
Today, central stations, particularly in Europe, act as termini for a multitude of rail services - suburban, regional, domestic and international - provided by national carriers or private companies, on conventional rail networks, underground railways and tram systems. These services are often divided between several levels. In many cases, central railway stations are collocated with bus stations as well as taxi services. [1]
Central railway stations are not just major transportation nodes but may also be "a specific section of the city with a concentration of infrastructure but also with a diversified collection of buildings and open spaces" [11] which makes them "one of the most complex social areas" of the city. [2] This has drawn in railway business - freight and local industry using the marshalling yards - and commercial business - shops, cafes and entertainment facilities. [1]
The reinvigoration of central stations since the 1980s has been, in part, due to the rise of high speed rail services. But countries have taken different approaches. France gave greater weight to 'peripheral stations', stations external to cities and new high speed lines. Germany and Italy went for the modification of existing lines and central stations. Spain opted for a hybrid approach with new high speed railway lines using existing central stations. [12]
"Central Station" is a common proper name for a railway station that is the central or primary railway hub for a city, for example, Manchester Central, [13] which is not to be confused with those stations in which "Central" appears in name not because they were "central" in the sense above but because they were once served by railway companies with "Central" as part of their name. For example, Leicester Central railway station was owned by the Great Central Railway, and Central Station (Chicago) was owned by the Illinois Central Railroad.
When translating foreign station names, "Central Station" is commonly used if the literal meaning of the station's name is "central station", "principal station" or "main station". An example of the last is the Danish word hovedbanegård. Travel and rail sources such as Rough Guides, [14] Thomas Cook European Timetable and Deutsche Bahn's passenger information [15] generally use the native name, but tourist, travel and railway operator websites [16] [17] as well as the English publications of some national railway operators often use "Central Station" or "central railway station" instead. [18] [19]
Non-English names for "Central Station" include:
Non-English terms that literally mean "principal station" or "main station" are often translated into English as "Central":
The following are examples of stations from around the world where "Central Station" is part of their name in English or can be translated as such from their native language.
Three stations in Belgium are named "-Central" (Dutch Centraal).
There are three stations with "central" in their names:
The following stations are named "main station" (hlavní nádraží, abbreviated hl.n.):
The following stations are named "střed", indicating their central location between other stations serving the town:
In addition to the above, Praha Masarykovo nádraží was named "Praha střed" from 1953 until 1990.
Two Danish stations, as follows, have names often translated as "Central".
Both stations bear the title of Hovedbanegård in Danish, which literally translated means main-(rail)way-yard, but which actually refers to the infrastructure complexity, size and importance. A station of lesser importance is calld a banegård. However a city can have several banegårde as well as a hovedbanegård, and several cities and towns that have a banegård such as Aalborg do not have a hovedbanegård. Thus, Copenhagen Central Station is not the most central in Copenhagen, nor is it the most central that serves a broad range of routes, that would be Nørreport Station, which has been translated into English as Nørreport Metro Station. Copenhagen Central Station is however the most important, with its many more platforms and historic facilities (that has now been moved to other locations, in response to changed need from modern locomotives, wagons and coaches),[ clarification needed ] and despite serving almost the same amount of regional and intercity trains as Nørreport, it allows for longer stops and with much more room for passengers to traverse the station along serving international trains.
Two Finnish stations can be translated to central:
The German word for "central station" is Hauptbahnhof (literally "main railway station"); historically Centralbahnhof and Zentralbahnhof were also used. Geographically central stations may be named Mitte or Stadtmitte ("city centre"), e.g. Koblenz Stadtmitte station. In most German cities with more than one passenger station, the principal station is usually the Hauptbahnhof; [14] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] some German sources translate this as "central station" [20] [21] [24] [26] [27] [28] although stations named Hauptbahnhof may not be centrally located.
While using Hauptbahnhof in its journey planner [29] and passenger information, in English-language publications Deutsche Bahn uses variously Hauptbahnhof, [30] Main [31] and Central. [31] [32]
The following stations historically bore the name Centralbahnhof or Zentralbahnhof as part of their proper name (See Centralbahnhof):
In the Netherlands, a centraal station (abbreviated CS), in its original sense, was a railway station served by several railway companies; so it had the same meaning as a union station in the USA. Since the various private railways were merged in the early 20th century into a national railway, the term came to mean, in everyday language, the main railway station of a city.
Since the 2000s, the rule is that a city's principal station may be called "Centraal" if it has more than a certain number of passengers per day (currently 40.000). This meant that Almere Centraal had to be demoted to "Almere Centrum"; however, Leiden was renamed "Leiden Centraal". Additionally, stations with international high-speed trains may be given the name Centraal; this applies to Arnhem. Breda was intended to receive the epithet after renovation in 2016, but since high speed services do not yet call there, it is still called Breda.
Non-railway signage, such as on buses or roads, sometimes indicates Centraal or CS even when a city's main railway station is not actually so named.
Eight stations have the word Centraal:
There are also stations with the word Centrum, which indicates the station is in the city centre:
The designation "main station" (Dworzec główny, abbreviated to " Gł.") is used in many Polish cities to indicate the most important passenger or goods station, for instance Szczecin Główny. However, there is an exception:
Warszawa Centralna railway station is the principal station in Warsaw, but Warszawa Główna railway station (reopened in March 2021) is the terminus for several train services.
The following stations are named "main station" (dworzec główny):
The adjective "main" is thus not used[ clarification needed ] only for stations in a few capitals of voivodeships, including: Białystok, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Katowice and Łódź.
In Sweden the term "central station" (Centralstation, abbreviated to Central or C) is used to indicate the primary station in towns and cities with more than one railway station. Many are termini for one or more lines. However, the term can also occur in a broader sense, even being used for the only railway station in a town. In some cases, this is because other stations have closed; but in others the station is called "central" even though there has only ever been one. In these cases, the term "central" was used to highlight the level of service provided, due to the station's importance in the network, particularly at important railway junctions.
As in Germany, the most important station in Zürich is Zürich Hauptbahnhof, which is sometimes translated as central station. [50]
Additionally, Basel SBB railway station was originally known as the Centralbahnhof or, in English, Basle Central Station [51] [52] [53] and is still sometimes referred to today as the Centralbahnhof or Basel/Basle Central Station. [54] [55] [56]
Many railway stations in Britain that use 'Central' are not principal stations, and are called Central to distinguish them from other stations with different names, or for prestige. In some cases, a station originally owned by the Great Central Railway in locations served by more than one station was called Central. Town also appears: for example Edenbridge Town distinguishes it from Edenbridge station.
One of the few principal stations in Britain that is called 'Central' and truly is in the centre of the city it serves is Glasgow Central. Though Glasgow was once served by four principal terminus stations, all within the city centre, only one was called 'Central'. With a few exceptions such as the Argyle line, Glasgow Central serves all stations south of the city while Glasgow Queen Street is the principal station for all services north of the city. Likewise, Cardiff Central is located in the city centre and is the mainline hub of the South Wales rail network, which includes 19 other stations in Cardiff itself, including another principal city centre station, Cardiff Queen Street.
Not all the stations in the following list still exist.
In the United States, several "Central" stations were built by railways called "Central", the best known example being Grand Central Station in New York City, which is so named because it was built by the New York Central Railroad.
This contrasts with a union station, which, in the past, served more than one railway company (the equivalent term in Europe is a joint station). The government-funded Amtrak took over the operation of all intercity passenger rail in the 1970s and 1980s.
In Brazil, "Central Station" is called as "Estação Central" and can be a place that integrates bus or train.
The stations in special and first classes, with numerous trunk lines passing and tens of thousands of passengers boarding and alighting each day, could be regarded as a "central station" in respective cities.
Sentral is the Malay spelling for the English word central.
In South Korea, major railway stations of the city don't usually have additional names besides the name of the respective city, like these examples below.
However, some stations do have a term 중앙(Jungang)(literally. Central) in their names to differentiate the original station. These stations are usually located in closer locations to the city centre.
Also, there are Jungang metro stations which are named after the neighborhood name, Jungang-dong.
Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station in Berlin, Germany. It came into full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006. It is located on the site of the historic Lehrter Bahnhof, and on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway. The station is owned by DB InfraGO, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG, and is classified as a Category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and four in Berlin, the others being Berlin Gesundbrunnen, Berlin Südkreuz and Berlin Ostbahnhof.
Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof or Nuremberg Central Station is the main railway station serving the city of Nuremberg in Germany. It is the largest station in Franconia and belongs to the 20 stations in the highest category of importance allocated by DB Station&Service.
München Hauptbahnhof or Munich Central Station is the main railway station in the city of Munich, Germany. It is one of the three stations with long-distance services in Munich, the others being Munich East station and Munich-Pasing station (München-Pasing). München Hauptbahnhof sees about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany, such as Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and two in Munich, the other being München Ost. The mainline station is a terminal station with 32 platforms. The subterranean S-Bahn with 2 platforms and U-Bahn stations with 6 platforms are through stations.
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, or Hamburg Central Railway Station in English, is the main railway station of the city of Hamburg, Germany. Opened in 1906 to replace four separate terminal stations, today Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is operated by DB Station&Service AG. With an average of 550,000 passengers a day, it is Germany's busiest railway station and the second-busiest in Europe after the Gare du Nord in Paris. It is classed by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 railway station.
Köln Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station of Cologne, Germany. The station is an important local, national and international transport hub, with many ICE, Eurostar and Intercity trains calling there, as well as regional Regional-Express, RegionalBahn and local S-Bahn trains. EuroNight and Nightjet night services also call at the station. It has frequent connections to Frankfurt by way of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line, which starts in southern Cologne. On an average day, about 280,000 travellers frequent the station, making it the fifth busiest station in Germany.
Hamburg-Altona is a railway station in Hamburg, Germany, situated to the west of the city's main station, in the district which bears its name.
Mainz Hauptbahnhof is a railway station for the city of Mainz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is used by about 60,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore by far the busiest station in Rhineland-Palatinate. The station was a trial area for a CCTV scheme using automated face recognition.
Wien Südbahnhof was Vienna's largest railway terminus. It closed in December 2009 and was demolished in 2010 to be replaced with a new station, Wien Hauptbahnhof. It was located in Favoriten, in the south-east of the city. The East-bound rail services of Südbahnhof remained in operation until 2012 at a temporary train station "Südbahnhof (Ostbahn)".
Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station in Chemnitz in Germany.
The Berlin Stadtbahn is the historic east-west elevated railway of Berlin. It runs from Ostbahnhof in the east to Charlottenburg in the west, connecting several of the most major sights of the German capital. The line is protected cultural heritage since 1995. It is often defined more simply as the slightly longer route between Ostkreuz and Westkreuz, although this is not technically correct.
Basel SBB railway station is the central railway station in the city of Basel, Switzerland. Opened in 1854, and completely rebuilt in 1900–1907, it is Europe's busiest international border station. Basel SBB is owned by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The other major railway station is Basel Badischer Bahnhof, operated by the German railway company Deutsche Bahn, on the north side of the Rhine from the city centre.
Olten railway station is a major hub railway station in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, at the junction of lines to Zürich, Bern, Basel, Lucerne and Biel. As a result, Olten is a railway town and was also the site of the main workshop of the Swiss Central Railway, which became a major workshop for the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). It is the southern terminus of the Basel Regional S-Bahn S3 and S9 lines, the northern terminus of the Lucerne S-Bahn S8 line, and the western terminus of the Aargau S-Bahn S26 line.
Winterthur railway station is the principal railway station of Winterthur, in the Swiss canton of Zürich. The station is listed on the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National Significance.
Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station in Salzburg, capital of the federal state of Salzburg in Austria. It is the most important station in the agglomeration of Salzburg, and a major transportation hub in western Austria.
Zug railway station serves the municipality of Zug, the capital city of the canton of Zug, Switzerland.
Cottbus Hauptbahnhof (German) or Chóśebuz głowne dwórnišćo is one of the main railway stations of the German state of Brandenburg. It was called Cottbus station until 9 December 2018. It is located just south of central Cottbus. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a Category 2 station.
The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague. In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Brno and Vienna to Villach. It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna. Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993, services discontinued in 2014.
S15 is a planned second north-south route for the Berlin S-Bahn, which will connect Berlin Hauptbahnhof to the Berlin Ringbahn to both north and south. The first section is under construction and is expected to go into operation in the first quarter of 2025.
Buchs SG railway station is a railway station in Buchs, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is an intermediate stop on the Chur–Rorschach line and western terminus of the Feldkirch–Buchs line to Austria and Liechtenstein. It is served by local and long-distance trains. As the station is located just north of the crossing of the Rhine between Switzerland and Liechtenstein, long-distance trains traveling between Zürich and points east must reverse direction.
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