The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new port was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major port of India that handles 75percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest container port. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including the Mauryan empire, Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, and Keladi Nayaks. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956.
Mangalore is one of the fastest developing cities in India. The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Mangalore is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil.
Mangalore is included as one of the cities in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of 22m (72ft) above mean sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its own International Airport which is around 15km from the city centre.
Etymology
1652 Sanson Map of India
Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple,[8] or a synonym of the goddess Tara of the VajrayanaBuddhist sect.[9] According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar[10] renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition.[11] Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.[10][12] She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way.[12] When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.[13][10] The city was named for the temple.[14]
One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715CE when Pandyan King Chettian called the city Mangalapuram.[11] The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.[11] According to K.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345CE during Vijayanagara rule.[15] Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as Mangalapura.[15] During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').[15] In the Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city).[15] Mangalore was historically an important centre of Indian Ocean trade on the Malabar coast.[16] Hence, it was also known by the name Manjalūr in Arabic.[16] During British rule from 1799, the anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation.[15] According to historian George M. Moraes, however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.[17]:2 The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652Sanson Map of India.[18]
Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.[19] In Tulu, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.[20] In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal and the Beary name for the city is Maikala.[21] In Malayalam, the city is called "Mangalapuram".[19] Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1November 2014.[22]
Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.[23] During the first century CE, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,[24] while Greek second-century historian Ptolemy referenced a place named "Nitra".[25] These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore.[25] In his sixth-century work Christian Topography, Cosmas Indicopleustes (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.[26][27]
Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.[35] In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha.[10] From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers.[36] From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14thcentury, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,[37]:17[38][39] who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[37] An Old Malayalam inscription (part of the Ramanthali inscriptions which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore. It can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, in the North Malabar region of Kerala.[40]
During the 1130sand1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.[41] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.[42][43]:30 By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.[37]:17
During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur.[37][44] Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.[37]:19 In 1448 Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore en route to the Vijayanagara court.[45][43]:31 The Italian traveller Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.[37]:20
Foundation and early modern history
Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, Viceroy of Portuguese India, established Portuguese factories in Mangalore in 1526, which lasted until 1695.A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken over by the British East India CompanyThe tower at Light House Hill, Hampankatta, served as a lookout for the British.
In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at the nearby St Mary's Islands, just after his arrival at Koyilandy, Kozhikode.[49] The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.[50]Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,[51] whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and Mappila trade.[37] In 1524, Vasco da Gama ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of Kozhikode had agents at Mangalore and Basrur.[37] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.[46] The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.[37]:20
In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.[37] By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.[52] The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast.[53][54][55]
After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.[37]:27 They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system[37] and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.[56][39] The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.[37]:30 The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624.[57] In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[47]
In 1763, Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore,[58] which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767to 1783,[59] but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".[60][61] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11March 1784.[62] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.[15][63][64]
Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.[66] After European missionaries arrived in the early 19thcentury, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.[67] The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834was an important step towards industrialisation.[68] Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangalore tiles.[35] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,[69]:5 which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency.[69]:6
Later modern and contemporary history
On 23May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).[17]:178 The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.[70] Mangalore was linked to the Southern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[71] Mangalore was a major source of educated workers to Bombay, Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.[35]
The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.[72][73]:415 Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.[35][74] Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.[75][76] The late 20thand early 21stcenturies saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.[77][78]
Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at 12°52′N74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.[79] It has an average elevation of 22m (72ft) above mean sea level.[80] The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.[81]
A schematic map showing tourist attractions in Mangalore city
Mangalore is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.[79] As a municipal entity the city spans 170km2 (65.64sqmi).[2] The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.[82] The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.[83] Coconut, palm, and ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.[82]
The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to 30km (18.64mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.[84] The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[81] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.[85]
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the southwest monsoon.[86] It receives about 95percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.[86] Humidity is approximately 75percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.[87] The maximum average humidity is 93percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56percent in January.[87] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[88] The driest and least humid months are from December to February.[89] During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34°C (93°F) and drop to about 19°C (66°F) at night.[90] The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur is 15.6°C (60°F) on 8January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9°C (61°F) on 19November 1974.[91] According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40°C (104°F).[92] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.[93] The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.[94] The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8mm (13in) on 22June 2003.[91] In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52mm (198in).[95]
Climate data for Mangalore (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981)
Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.[100] The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore.[101] The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.[74] It handles 75percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[102] The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of ₹4.47 billion (US$53.56million) during 2012–13[103] and ₹27.91 billion (US$334.41million)during December 2018[update].[104] During 2012–13, MRPL and MCF contributed ₹501 million (US$6.00million) and ₹373 million (US$4.47million), respectively, to the state's revenue.[103] Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.[105] Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and timber.[106]
Syngene International which is a contract research arm of Biocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore.[141][142] Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[143] The traffic at this port was 122,000tonnes during the years 2003–04.[144] New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017–18.[145] Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.[146] Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.[102][100] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.[147][148] The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.[100]
In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159.[3] According to the 2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63percent.[150] About 8.5percent of the population was under the age of six years.[150] The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7percent and 1.2percent respectively.[152] About 7726people lived in slums in Mangalore city which was 1.55percent of the total population.[153][154] The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015[update].[6]
Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.[19] The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangalapuram in Malayalam, and Mangaluru in Kannada.[19] Among most of the residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it.[19] There are also smaller communities of Tuluva Jains,[165]Gujaratis,[35]Tamils,[166] and Marathis.[167]Tulu is a predominant language in Mangalore and Kannada is the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, Tulu is spoken as a first language by 33.7% of the population, Konkani by 14.03%, Kannada by 12.45%, Malayalam by 5.64%, and other languages are spoken by 34.18%.[151] Unlike other cities in Karnataka where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangalore, and Konkani is the second most spoken language in Mangalore.[151]
Mangalore has a city area of 170km2 (65.64sqmi).[2] Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.[168] Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.[169] The MCC council consists of 60elected representatives which are called corporators, one from each of the city's 60wards.[170][171] A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.[172] MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh.[168]Mangalore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.[173][174][175] The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.[176] The 44projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).[177]
The city is served by various hospitals such as the KMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),[185] AJ Hospital, and Wenlock Hospital.[186] Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of KMC Mangalore has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.[187] Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.[188] From 2017 to 2019, around 240foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.[188] Approximately50per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018and2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the United States.[188] At Yenepoya Hospital, 68foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.[188] The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the Gulf countries. Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangalore.[188]
Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14km (9mi) from Mangalore.[194][195][196] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.[195] The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company Suez Environnement.[197][198] Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.[199] The city generates an average of 175tonnesperday of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.[200]
Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about 13km (8mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre.[230] It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.[231][232] It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.[233][234] New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.[235] This airport is accredited by the Airports Council International (ACI) under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.[236] State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.[237]
Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[247][248]Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.[249] Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.[250] KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state.[251] KSRTC JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits.[252]
Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,[260] and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers.[261] The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port.[262] The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.[263][74]Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.[264]
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore. Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance[265] while Pilivesha (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[266]Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara.[267]
Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[267] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as Kolkai (sung during Kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings).[268] The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.[267]
The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[272] The Jain Milan, a committee that consists of Jain families, organises the annual Jain food festival,[273] while Mosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community.[274] Special night prayers called Taraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of Ramadan.[275]
Aati, a festival worshiping Kalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar.[276] Festivals such as Karavali Utsav (coastal festival) and Kudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.[277]Bhuta Kola (spirit worship) is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night.[278]Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in Kerala.[279][280]Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[281]Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,[282][283] a religious and spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.[284]
Neer dosa, a variant of dosa and pundi (rice ball), are native to Mangalore
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.[285] Coconut, curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries.[286] Well-known Mangalorean dishes include kori rotti, neer dosa, pundi (rice ball), patrode, golibaje and Mangalore buns.[287] Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like bangude pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), boothai gasi (sardine semi-gravy), anjal fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, and Chicken Ghee Roast.[288][289] Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.[290] The Konkani Hindu community's specialties include daali thoy (lentil curry), bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry), val val (coconut-milk-based curry), ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry),[291]avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad), kadgi chakko (raw jackfruit-coconut curry), paagila podi (spine gourd fries), and chane gashi (chickpea curry).[292][293] Mangalorean Catholics' dish sanna-dukra maas (sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; dukra maas—pork), pork bafat, sorpotel,[294] and mutton biryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.[295] Pickles such as happala, sandige, and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore.[296][297]Shendi (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[267] Vegetarian cuisine, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.[298]
The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel Doordarshan provides national and local television coverage.[311] Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.[312] Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.[313] Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;[314] these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.[315] Tulu channels are Namma Kudla[316] and Posa Kural.[317] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3MHz.[318] Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3FM, Big 92.7 FM[319] and Red 93.5 FM.[320]Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.[321]
Mangalore is home to the Tulu film industry which releases one film per month on average.[322] Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The Cleansing Rites).[323] Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[223] Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.[324][325]
Football is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.[337] Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the Independence Day Cup, which is played on Independence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.[338] Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.[339]Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city.[340] Mangalore is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.[341][342][343] Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and gymkhanas in Mangalore.[344] Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has an 18-hole golf course[345] at Vamanjoor.[346]U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.[347]
Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated in Moodabidri, 34km (21mi) north-east of Mangalore.[360] The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in Boloor on the banks of Gurupura River;[361] visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.[362]Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12km (7.5mi) from Mangalore city centre.[363] The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[364]Kadri Park, Tagore Park[365] at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park[366] at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,[367]Tannirbavi Tree Park,[368]Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady,[369] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150ha),[346][370] has a zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa),[371] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,[372] science centre,[373] and a 50-acre (20ha) 18-hole golf course.[345][374][375][376][377] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3Dplanetarium in India with an 8Kresolution display.[372]
The Tulu language is a Dravidian language whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India and also in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu.
Dakshina Kannada district is located in the state of Karnataka in India, with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi district to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking.
Tulu Nadu or Tulunad, is a region and proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva', speakers of Tulu, a Dravidian language, are the preponderant ethnic group of this region. The proposed region, which once existed as the district South Canara, encompasses the undivided territory of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and Kasargod of Kerala.
Mysore division, officially Mysuru division, is an administrative division in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is one of four administrative divisions in Karnataka, the others being Bangalore division, Belagavi division, and Kalaburagi division. Mysore division comprises eight districts of Karnataka, namely, Chamarajanagar, Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore and Udupi district. The city of Mysore is the administrative headquarters of the division. Mysore division covers parts of historical Old Mysore region and southern part of Coastal Karnataka.The total area of the division is 43,503 sq.km. The total population as of 2011 census is 12,563,598.
The Tulu people or Tuluvas are an ethno-linguistic and ethno-cultural group from Southern India. They are native speakers of the Tulu language and the region they traditionally inhabit is known as Tulu Nadu. This region comprises the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod district in Kerala, with Mangalore, Karnataka being the commercial hub. The Census report of 2011 reported a population of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers living in India.
Udupi district is an administrative subdivision in the Karnataka state of India, with the district headquarters in the city of Udupi. It is situated in the Canara old north Malabar coastal region. There are seven taluks, 233 villages and 21 towns in Udupi district. The three northern tehsils of Udupi, Kundapur and Karkala, were partitioned from Dakshina Kannada district to form Udupi district on 25 August 1997. Moodabidri was officially declared as new tehsil (taluk) in 2018.
Mangalorean Catholics are an ethno-religious community of Latin Christians from the Diocese of Mangalore and the erstwhile South Canara area, by the southwestern coast of present-day Karnataka, India.
Cricket is by far the most popular sport in Karnataka with International cricket matches attracting a sizeable number of spectators who are willing to pay more than the standard ticket price to get a chance to watch the match. The sports related infrastructure is mainly concentrated in Bangalore which also played host to the 4th National Games of India in the year 1997. Bangalore is also the location of the Sports Authority of India (SAI) which is the premier sports institute in the country. Karnataka is sometimes referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of high standards in swimming compared to other states.
Industrial and commercial activities dominate Mangalore's economy. Mangalore is the only city in the state of Karnataka to have all modes of transport — air, road, rail and sea — as well as being one of only five cities in India to have both a major port and an international airport. Around 75% of India's coffee, timber and cashew nuts exports are handled by the New Mangalore Port. Mangalore International Airport is one of only two international airports in Karnataka; the other being Bangalore's Kempegowda International Airport. Mangalore is the fastest growing non-metropolitan area in South India and the second largest business centre in Karnataka. The city has some of the tallest buildings in South India, with many more under construction.
Mangalore district that was partitioned from the erstwhile South Canara, has been multicultural and is a little different from the prevalent culture of the Carnataca state of India. A native of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kudladakulu in Tulu, Kodyaalkar in Konknni, Manglurnavaru in Kannada& Maikaaltanga in Byari.
Mangaloreans are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of South Canara (Tulunaad) on the south western coast of Karnataka, India, particularly the residents native to Mangaluru.
Nalin Niranjan Shetty Kateel is an Indian politician who was the 9th State President of Bharatiya Janata Party of Karnataka from 20 August 2019 till 10 November 2023 and Member of Parliament from Dakshina Kannada constituency since 2009.
Tulu Nadu State movement is aimed at increasing Tulu Nadu's influence and political power through the formation of separate Tulu Nadu state from Karnataka and Kerala. Tulu Nadu is a region on the south-western coast of India. It consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and Kasargod district up to the Chandragiri river in Kerala. The Chandragiri River has traditionally been considered a boundary between Tulu Nadu and Kerala from the fourth century AD onwards. The first call for a separate Tulu Nadu state was made just after the Quit India Movement in 1942 by Srinivas Updhyaya Paniyadi, a banker and a press owner from Udupi. Mangalore is the largest and the chief city of Tulu Nadu. Tulu activists have been demanding a separate Tulu Nadu state since the late 2000s, considering language and culture as the basis for their demand.
Tulu cinema, also known as Coastalwood, is a part of Indian cinema. The Tulu film industry produces five to seven films annually. The first Tulu film was Enna Thangadi released in 1971. Earlier, these films were released in theatres across the Tulu Nadu region. Tulu film industry has grown to such an extent that films are being released simultaneously in Mangalore, Udupi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Middle East. The critically acclaimed Tulu film Suddha won the award for the best Indian Film at the Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema held in New Delhi in 2006. In 2011, the Tulu film Industry got a second lease of life with the release of the film Oriyardori Asal. The film turned out to be the biggest hit in Tulu film history to date. Chaali Polilu is the longest running film in Tulu film industry. This movie is the highest-grossing film in the Tulu film industry. It has successfully completed 470 days at PVR Cinemas in Mangalore.
Aravind Bolar is an Indian actor who primarily works in Tulu and Kannada-language films. Bolar began his career in Yakshagana, and he has acted in more than 100 plays and 50 plus films.
Ammembala Balappa was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist leader who is known for participating in the Quit India Movement in 1942. He played an important role in drafting the Declaration of land policy by the D. Devaraj Urs government during prime minister Indira Gandhi's tenure. He is also credited for founding the first Tulu language newspaper Tulu Siri in 1970.
D. Vedavyas Kamath is an Indian politician belonging to Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP). He was elected to the 15th Karnataka Assembly from Mangaluru City South constituency in Dakshina Kannada.
CHD Group is an Indian non-profit global health organisation headquartered in Mangalore. Founded on 27 June 2014, CHD Group works in the field of public health, disaster management, primary healthcare, road safety, women's health, skill development, monitoring and evaluation of programmes, implementing CSR programmes for corporate companies and livelihood for rural communities and partners with other Indian and foreign organisations, government ministries, diplomatic missions, United Nation agencies for capacity development, supportive supervision, technical support, CSR programme implementation and strengthening public health systems.
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