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Democracy |
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The Democracy Ranking is an index compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award, an Austria-based non-partisan organization. [1] [2] Democracy Ranking produces an annual global ranking of liberal democracies. The applied conceptual formula, which measures the quality of democracy, integrates democracy and other characteristics of the political system with the performance of non-political dimensions (gender, economy, knowledge, health, and environment). Democracy Ranking has emphasized a broader understanding of democracy, creating a conceptual link between politics and the output and performance of society. The Democracy Ranking has compared several-year intervals, delivering ranking results, which show how ranking positions and score levels have developed recently. Referring to that information, a Democracy Improvement Ranking has been regularly released.
Source: [3]
Rank | Country | Score | Political System | Economy | Environment | Gender Equality | Health | Knowledge | Gender Comprehensive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Norway | 87.1 | 99.2 | 84.7 | 59.9 | 84.7 | 84.3 | 61.4 | 92.1 |
2 | Switzerland | 86.7 | 92.2 | 80.5 | 82.6 | 81.2 | 88.2 | 73.5 | 85.6 |
3 | Sweden | 86.2 | 97.4 | 67.4 | 71.4 | 85.3 | 84.8 | 66.2 | 91.0 |
4 | Finland | 86.0 | 99.7 | 63.7 | 60.6 | 84.7 | 82.1 | 70.2 | 92.4 |
5 | Denmark | 85.1 | 94.3 | 69.5 | 78.1 | 82.8 | 81.4 | 67.6 | 87.3 |
6 | Netherlands | 83.3 | 93.6 | 69.7 | 59.3 | 81.9 | 84.9 | 68.7 | 86.5 |
7 | New Zealand | 81.4 | 92.2 | 63.3 | 66.3 | 82.8 | 81.3 | 59.1 | 86.8 |
8 | Germany | 81.3 | 90.2 | 71.1 | 60.5 | 78.0 | 85.3 | 67.2 | 83.9 |
9 | Ireland | 80.9 | 91.5 | 63.2 | 71.9 | 75.8 | 79.4 | 61.5 | 84.2 |
10 | Australia | 80.5 | 87.6 | 69.8 | 59.9 | 83.6 | 83.6 | 70.0 | 84.8 |
11 | Belgium | 80.3 | 90.5 | 61.5 | 55.5 | 81.3 | 84.0 | 68.0 | 85.1 |
12 | Canada | 79.9 | 89.7 | 68.3 | 56.3 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 62.0 | 84.9 |
13 | Austria | 79.9 | 85.5 | 69.1 | 66.4 | 80.2 | 86.6 | 69.1 | 82.0 |
14 | United Kingdom | 79.6 | 87.8 | 62.3 | 70.6 | 80.6 | 79.8 | 64.1 | 83.5 |
15 | France | 78.2 | 85.2 | 59.2 | 69.8 | 78.1 | 86.3 | 62.6 | 82.0 |
16 | United States | 76.5 | 84.2 | 71.5 | 49.1 | 78.7 | 83.0 | 62.3 | 80.5 |
17 | Slovenia | 75.9 | 83.7 | 54.6 | 62.4 | 79.9 | 79.3 | 64.5 | 82.6 |
18 | Japan | 75.5 | 79.8 | 57.1 | 63.8 | 82.0 | 87.7 | 65.8 | 78.8 |
19 | Spain | 75.3 | 83.1 | 42.4 | 75.2 | 76.8 | 85.0 | 58.1 | 80.8 |
20 | Portugal | 74.8 | 85.1 | 45.2 | 67.8 | 74.4 | 80.3 | 54.1 | 79.7 |
21 | Uruguay | 73.5 | 83.3 | 52.2 | 78.5 | 73.8 | 71.5 | 43.2 | 77.0 |
22 | Lithuania | 72.5 | 81.2 | 55.0 | 70.8 | 76.1 | 68.0 | 49.1 | 78.6 |
23 | Estonia | 72.5 | 84.8 | 60.5 | 31.7 | 79.7 | 72.3 | 56.5 | 81.2 |
24 | Chile | 72.0 | 81.4 | 51.2 | 67.3 | 76.9 | 76.8 | 41.4 | 78.4 |
25 | Czech Republic | 72.0 | 79.4 | 60.5 | 57.2 | 74.9 | 76.1 | 54.5 | 76.4 |
26 | Israel | 71.9 | 72.8 | 60.9 | 65.0 | 78.2 | 81.4 | 69.3 | 74.7 |
27 | Poland | 71.4 | 80.5 | 53.5 | 66.6 | 74.9 | 71.9 | 44.2 | 77.4 |
28 | Italy | 71.1 | 75.4 | 48.7 | 72.9 | 73.8 | 84.0 | 54.8 | 75.6 |
29 | Hong Kong | 70.7 | 60.9 | 77.2 | 91.4 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 54.1 | 71.5 |
30 | Latvia | 70.6 | 78.8 | 53.8 | 71.6 | 76.2 | 66.3 | 44.3 | 78.4 |
31 | Costa Rica | 70.2 | 80.2 | 44.7 | 79.0 | 70.1 | 73.1 | 34.5 | 74.9 |
32 | South Korea | 70.2 | 69.1 | 62.8 | 57.4 | 78.6 | 82.4 | 75.2 | 72.5 |
33 | Cyprus | 69.1 | 77.1 | 46.2 | 67.1 | 73.0 | 76.5 | 43.3 | 74.5 |
34 | Slovakia | 68.0 | 75.2 | 51.5 | 64.2 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 47.1 | 71.3 |
35 | Croatia | 67.0 | 73.6 | 39.1 | 72.2 | 69.9 | 73.1 | 47.8 | 72.7 |
36 | Singapore | 65.9 | 52.2 | 90.5 | 78.1 | 86.6 | 79.7 | 63.1 | 65.5 |
37 | Greece | 65.4 | 68.1 | 32.9 | 66.2 | 69.4 | 84.3 | 60.3 | 69.9 |
38 | Panama | 65.3 | 71.7 | 53.2 | 75.9 | 67.7 | 69.7 | 28.3 | 72.5 |
39 | Mauritius | 65.1 | 73.3 | 50.7 | 75.3 | 62.5 | 64.1 | 31.6 | 67.1 |
40 | Romania | 65.0 | 70.0 | 52.0 | 73.2 | 69.4 | 66.7 | 38.4 | 70.4 |
41 | Bulgaria | 64.4 | 70.4 | 49.7 | 58.5 | 71.7 | 70.4 | 41.5 | 72.7 |
42 | Hungary | 64.0 | 67.9 | 52.1 | 60.0 | 71.0 | 71.1 | 46.0 | 69.2 |
43 | Argentina | 63.9 | 67.4 | 46.4 | 66.5 | 73.7 | 68.5 | 47.4 | 73.5 |
44 | Brazil | 62.5 | 66.9 | 46.0 | 71.2 | 69.6 | 64.2 | 39.4 | 69.6 |
45 | Trinidad and Tobago | 61.1 | 71.3 | 60.1 | 38.9 | 68.0 | 55.2 | 32.0 | 70.8 |
46 | Serbia | 60.6 | 67.9 | 29.9 | 60.2 | 61.9 | 70.5 | 44.0 | 66.4 |
47 | Peru | 60.0 | 61.9 | 52.4 | 75.4 | 71.0 | 61.5 | 30.4 | 67.7 |
48 | Jamaica | 60.0 | 69.0 | 35.0 | 62.5 | 61.6 | 65.8 | 29.6 | 64.8 |
49 | Mongolia | 59.8 | 72.8 | 45.7 | 37.9 | 68.7 | 55.6 | 25.9 | 72.4 |
50 | El Salvador | 58.7 | 63.9 | 47.1 | 75.6 | 63.1 | 59.0 | 22.9 | 64.2 |
51 | Ghana | 57.8 | 71.6 | 41.9 | 76.4 | 53.1 | 31.9 | 16.9 | 62.2 |
52 | Philippines | 57.7 | 64.0 | 44.9 | 77.3 | 59.1 | 50.0 | 25.8 | 64.1 |
53 | Colombia | 57.3 | 58.0 | 46.3 | 79.0 | 65.9 | 61.8 | 30.3 | 63.7 |
54 | Namibia | 57.2 | 68.9 | 37.9 | 73.9 | 52.0 | 44.4 | 19.2 | 63.6 |
55 | Albania | 56.9 | 58.5 | 36.0 | 64.0 | 65.8 | 68.4 | 42.2 | 63.3 |
56 | Tunisia | 56.6 | 61.6 | 41.6 | 71.8 | 52.0 | 62.2 | 30.0 | 57.4 |
57 | Georgia | 56.4 | 58.7 | 40.9 | 68.9 | 65.8 | 66.3 | 28.8 | 61.9 |
58 | Botswana | 56.3 | 64.6 | 43.6 | 73.0 | 53.9 | 40.7 | 28.3 | 60.2 |
59 | Dominican Republic | 55.9 | 61.3 | 37.8 | 70.9 | 56.5 | 58.3 | 29.1 | 59.9 |
60 | Mexico | 55.7 | 55.6 | 50.0 | 71.1 | 65.1 | 67.1 | 25.8 | 62.3 |
61 | Moldova | 55.6 | 57.9 | 47.9 | 61.5 | 63.3 | 62.6 | 31.4 | 63.0 |
62 | Ecuador | 55.5 | 55.0 | 45.8 | 70.8 | 70.0 | 66.2 | 26.9 | 65.4 |
63 | Bolivia | 55.4 | 61.6 | 44.8 | 62.6 | 66.0 | 48.2 | 24.3 | 65.7 |
64 | Senegal | 55.3 | 66.1 | 37.3 | 67.7 | 54.7 | 43.9 | 18.9 | 61.8 |
65 | India | 54.8 | 63.6 | 46.6 | 68.6 | 50.9 | 45.9 | 18.1 | 57.5 |
66 | Nicaragua | 54.0 | 55.5 | 41.8 | 71.7 | 67.3 | 62.9 | 18.5 | 64.0 |
67 | Timor-Leste | 53.7 | 56.8 | 39.3 | 93.7 | 50.3 | 46.4 | 23.0 | 54.8 |
68 | Indonesia | 53.5 | 56.7 | 47.4 | 72.9 | 57.5 | 47.7 | 25.8 | 57.7 |
69 | Paraguay | 53.0 | 53.8 | 44.6 | 65.9 | 62.9 | 60.6 | 27.0 | 60.2 |
70 | Ukraine | 52.3 | 54.3 | 42.8 | 29.7 | 72.3 | 62.9 | 43.6 | 65.3 |
71 | South Africa | 52.2 | 70.5 | 26.9 | 48.6 | 35.9 | 30.6 | 27.8 | 57.1 |
72 | Malawi | 52.1 | 57.4 | 33.9 | 96.1 | 52.5 | 38.7 | 12.7 | 56.4 |
73 | Benin | 51.7 | 63.3 | 44.0 | 62.2 | 47.3 | 26.5 | 20.1 | 54.9 |
74 | North Macedonia | 51.3 | 53.4 | 27.1 | 66.7 | 53.8 | 67.3 | 31.4 | 54.6 |
75 | Turkey | 50.6 | 42.6 | 51.2 | 71.5 | 62.9 | 64.0 | 42.8 | 53.7 |
76 | Malaysia | 50.4 | 41.1 | 60.4 | 61.4 | 69.3 | 62.3 | 45.2 | 53.7 |
77 | Papua New Guinea | 49.9 | 54.7 | 42.1 | 75.6 | 54.5 | 36.0 | 17.4 | 54.4 |
78 | Tanzania | 49.5 | 53.7 | 41.5 | 68.7 | 61.3 | 40.3 | 15.1 | 60.8 |
79 | Guatemala | 49.0 | 48.2 | 50.8 | 66.1 | 58.1 | 57.1 | 17.0 | 54.3 |
80 | Sri Lanka | 49.0 | 42.7 | 46.8 | 83.8 | 63.1 | 62.1 | 20.5 | 55.3 |
81 | Sierra Leone | 48.3 | 56.5 | 40.8 | 93.9 | 44.1 | 12.8 | 9.5 | 51.1 |
82 | Bangladesh | 48.1 | 47.0 | 40.4 | 74.4 | 60.2 | 51.7 | 19.6 | 55.1 |
83 | Madagascar | 48.1 | 50.4 | 40.5 | 87.4 | 57.2 | 38.9 | 4.5 | 55.7 |
84 | Kuwait | 47.9 | 36.1 | 85.8 | 48.2 | 64.3 | 63.3 | 36.9 | 49.6 |
85 | Honduras | 47.7 | 44.4 | 42.6 | 67.7 | 58.0 | 61.9 | 25.2 | 52.6 |
86 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 47.5 | 49.5 | 20.5 | 56.1 | 53.4 | 69.9 | 28.2 | 53.5 |
87 | Liberia | 47.4 | 50.3 | 39.6 | 91.2 | 44.9 | 33.6 | 13.0 | 48.1 |
88 | Nepal | 47.1 | 45.5 | 46.9 | 61.4 | 67.0 | 54.6 | 14.2 | 56.5 |
89 | Lesotho | 46.9 | 62.5 | 24.3 | 76.3 | 26.3 | 13.1 | 16.4 | 45.5 |
90 | Kenya | 46.4 | 49.4 | 35.9 | 71.9 | 53.4 | 34.7 | 20.6 | 53.5 |
91 | Armenia | 46.0 | 41.5 | 32.0 | 60.0 | 61.1 | 63.8 | 35.0 | 51.3 |
92 | Zambia | 45.5 | 50.1 | 32.3 | 73.4 | 57.3 | 31.0 | 10.4 | 53.5 |
93 | Burkina Faso | 45.3 | 46.2 | 41.8 | 91.8 | 47.3 | 25.5 | 15.9 | 46.0 |
94 | Niger | 43.2 | 49.4 | 40.0 | 72.1 | 33.3 | 32.5 | 7.2 | 39.6 |
95 | Kyrgyzstan | 43.0 | 39.1 | 37.3 | 51.0 | 64.7 | 56.3 | 24.9 | 53.1 |
96 | Russian Federation | 43.0 | 27.1 | 58.3 | 51.2 | 72.7 | 60.7 | 51.2 | 50.8 |
97 | Lebanon | 42.9 | 32.8 | 45.1 | 48.6 | 57.9 | 74.3 | 39.6 | 45.6 |
98 | Morocco | 42.5 | 35.1 | 43.0 | 69.5 | 48.7 | 59.0 | 29.6 | 40.6 |
99 | Mozambique | 42.5 | 53.5 | 23.3 | 65.2 | 35.4 | 20.9 | 12.2 | 47.3 |
100 | Venezuela | 42.2 | 31.4 | 33.3 | 60.6 | 68.2 | 62.9 | 39.4 | 52.9 |
101 | Mali | 39.5 | 36.8 | 38.5 | 99.2 | 33.8 | 23.8 | 16.1 | 33.7 |
102 | Guinea | 39.4 | 35.2 | 41.6 | 92.1 | 41.3 | 26.0 | 17.2 | 38.0 |
103 | Togo | 39.4 | 40.2 | 38.4 | 65.1 | 53.4 | 28.6 | 7.2 | 48.4 |
104 | Nigeria | 39.3 | 41.4 | 46.3 | 73.6 | 34.5 | 13.9 | 17.7 | 38.0 |
105 | Haiti | 39.0 | 36.4 | 36.3 | 67.6 | 57.0 | 39.3 | 7.9 | 46.5 |
106 | Bahrain | 38.6 | 18.2 | 71.5 | 50.7 | 64.4 | 66.9 | 41.9 | 39.6 |
107 | China | 38.3 | 21.9 | 47.7 | 53.9 | 67.9 | 66.0 | 38.3 | 45.5 |
108 | Côte d'Ivoire | 38.1 | 40.4 | 42.3 | 69.8 | 33.5 | 13.3 | 19.7 | 35.5 |
109 | Egypt | 35.7 | 24.8 | 32.7 | 70.6 | 45.3 | 55.5 | 29.2 | 34.2 |
110 | Pakistan | 34.9 | 32.4 | 41.5 | 61.5 | 34.6 | 38.8 | 10.7 | 31.7 |
111 | Libya | 29.5 | 15.8 | 32.2 | 57.1 | 45.0 | 58.2 | 23.4 | 29.6 |
112 | Yemen | 22.5 | 10.2 | 28.9 | 70.4 | 20.9 | 38.7 | 14.9 | 14.4 |
"The Democracy Ranking is interested in contributing to the global enhancement of the Quality of Democracy in a world-wide understanding and approach." [4]
The Democracy Ranking initiative applies the following conceptual formula for defining democracy and measuring the quality of democracy:
This approach includes also the output of democracies. Democracy Ranking refers to countries (country-based democracies) with a population of one million or more and that are classified by Freedom House as "free" or at least as "partly free" (see also the Freedom House report). The Democracy Ranking makes explicit the "theoretical basis", which governs the theoretical self-understanding of the Democracy Ranking. [6]
The Democracy Ranking understands and measures democracies in a multi-dimensional framework and approach. By this, the Democracy Ranking contributes to a further development of measurement of democracy. According to the ranking, democracy consists of six dimensions (one political, five non-political), with different weights for the overall quality of democracy. Their weights are distributed accordingly:
The theoretical basis of the Democracy Ranking encourages a broader approach for explaining and measuring democracy while covering and integrating non-political dimensions. This is enabled by an understanding that democracy represents not only a concept of the political system, but also a concept that extends to society and the context of society, and includes interfaces between politics, society, economy, and even the environment. Politics (policy) has or should have a responsibility for economic (socioeconomic) performance. Furthermore, there is also a need that democracy reflects the context of the (natural) environment.
Concepts of democracy turn out to be more demanding, the more they move from a mainly electoral democracy (emphasizing elections and political rights) to a liberal democracy (also encompassing civil liberties), and further extending to a liberal democracy of an advanced high quality. In that logic, the Democracy Ranking reflects and requires a "demanding type" of democracy.
Methodically, the Democracy Ranking does not create new indicators, but relies on already existing indicators that are being released regularly by renowned international and/or private non-profit organizations. The Democracy Ranking draws on available indicators according to a distinct conceptual formula and six-fold dimensional structure, thus providing a theoretically based conceptual design (a basic concept) of how to combine and aggregate these indicators. Depending on the source, the content of the indicators varies, extending from peer review assessment (Democracy indices) to indicators that capture performance (e.g., socioeconomic behavior). The Democracy Ranking initiative acknowledges the work of organizations such as Freedom House, the World Bank, and also the United Nations Development Program (more specifically the Human Development Index).
The work of the Democracy Ranking is being reflected in academic discourse [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] and in coverage by international media. [15] [16]
The Democracy Ranking analyzes several-year intervals, revealing relative ranking positions as well as changes of score levels over time. Typically, more than hundred countries are being compared in context of a specific Democracy Ranking. Based on ranking results and their shifts, a Democracy Improvement Ranking is being carried out, with a full result release. The Democracy Improvement Ranking places the emphasis on increases or decreases of the ranking scores of democracies. Individual annual rankings of the Democracy Ranking are also published in separate book volumes. [17]
In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.
Economic freedom, or economic liberty, is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions. This is a term used in economic and policy debates as well as in the philosophy of economics. One approach to economic freedom comes from the liberal tradition emphasizing free markets, free trade, and private property under free enterprise. Another approach to economic freedom extends the welfare economics study of individual choice, with greater economic freedom coming from a larger set of possible choices. Other conceptions of economic freedom include freedom from want and the freedom to engage in collective bargaining.
The capability approach is a normative approach to human welfare that concentrates on the actual capability of persons to achieve lives they value rather than solely having a right or freedom to do so. It was conceived in the 1980s as an alternative approach to welfare economics. In this approach, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum combine a range of ideas that were previously excluded from traditional approaches to welfare economics. The core focus of the capability approach is improving access to the tools people use to live a fulfilling life.
The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual Human Development Index report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
Gerardo L. Munck is a political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is professor of political science and international relations at the University of Southern California.
The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG), established in 2007, provides an assessment of the quality of governance in African countries. The IIAG is compiled by 81 indicators and 265 variables from 54 data projects, coming from 47 independent African and international data sources. Published every two years, the IIAG is one of the world’s most comprehensive collections of data on African governance.
Canada ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education levels, gender equality, public services, public security and environmental sustainability. It ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability, healthcare services and foreign direct investment.
Christian Welzel is a German political scientist at the Leuphana University Lueneburg and director of research at the World Values Survey Association. He is known for the model of cultural dimensions which measures emancipative values and secular values.
The OECD Better Life Index, created in May 2011 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, is an initiative pioneering the development of economic indicators which better capture multiple dimensions of economic and social progress.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for the measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report 20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure to quantify the loss of achievement within a country due to gender inequality. It uses three dimensions to measure opportunity cost: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. The new index was introduced as an experimental measure to remedy the shortcomings of the previous indicators, the Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), both of which were introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report.
Measures of gender equality or inequality are statistical tools employed to quantify the concept of gender equality.
Government competitiveness is a new concept created by Tobin Im, a scholar of public administration and a professor at the Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University. Since 2011, Center for Government Competitiveness (CGC) at Seoul National University has developed the Government Competitiveness (GC) index which evaluates government achievements in the various fields and furthermore provides policy recommendations to increase competitiveness of government in the future.
Isabell Lorey is a political theorist at the European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies and professor at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Kassel.
The V-Dem Institute is an independent research institute founded by Professor Staffan I. Lindberg in 2014 that studies the qualities of government. The institute is funded by a number of government organizations, World Bank and several research institutions. The headquarters of the project is based at the department of political science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
The Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) is a measure of the development status and governance of political and economic transformation processes in developing and transition countries around the world. The BTI has been published biennially by the Bertelsmann Stiftung since 2005, most recently in 2022 on 137 countries. The index measures and compares the quality of government action in a ranking list based on self-recorded data and analyzes successes and setbacks on the path to constitutional democracy and a market economy accompanied by sociopolitical support. For this purpose, the "Status Index" is calculated on the general level of development with regard to democratic and market-economy characteristics and the "Management Index" on the political management of decision-makers.
The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are a dataset that describe qualities of different governments published by V-Dem Institute. This dataset is published on an annual basis and is publicly available and free. In particular, the V-Dem dataset is popular among political scientists and describes the characteristics of political regimes worldwide. In total, datasets released by the V-Dem Institute include information on hundreds of indicator variables describing all aspects of government, especially on the quality of democracy, inclusivity, and other economic indicators. An R package automatically bundles new data.
Democracy indices are quantitative and comparative assessments of the state of democracy for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.