Dhammachakra Pravartan Din

Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din
Deekshabhoomi Stupa in Nagpur, the site of Ambedkar's 1956 mass conversion
Observed by	Ambedkarite Buddhists
Type	Buddhist, cultural
Significance	Celebrates the Anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar's mass conversion to Buddhism and the founding of Navayana
Date	October 14 or October 15 (Vijayadashami)
Duration	1–2 days
Frequency	Annual

Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din or Dhammachakra Anuvartan Diwas (translation: Dhamma Wheel's Promulgation Day) is an annual observance celebrated by Ambedkarite Buddhists in India on 14 or 15 October (corresponding to Vijayadashami in the Hindu lunar calendar). It commemorates the historic mass conversion to Buddhism led by B. R. Ambedkar on 14–15 October 1956 at Deekshabhoomi in Nagpur, Maharashtra, where approximately 600,000 Dalits renounced Hinduism and embraced Buddhism, marking the formal founding of Navayana as a socially engaged movement against the caste system. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} The event symbolizes the "setting in motion of the Wheel of Dhamma" in a modern context, echoing the Buddha's first discourse while emphasizing social justice and equality.

The day draws millions of participants to Deekshabhoomi for prayers, processions, and conversion ceremonies, with thousands converting annually—such as 65,000 in 2018 and over 67,500 in 2019—reinforcing its role in Buddhist revival in India. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]}

The observance is also referred to as "Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din" to highlight the vow-taking aspect, where converts recite Ambedkar's 22 religious vows renouncing Hindu deities and affirming Buddhist integrity. ^{[10] [11] [12]}

Terminology

The dhammacakka , which can be translated as "Dhamma-Wheel," is a Buddhist symbol referring to Buddha's teaching of the path to enlightenment. Pavattana (Pāli) can be translated as "turning" or "rolling" or "setting in motion." ^{[note 1]}

The term "Dhammachakra" is a modern hybrid transliteration blending the Pāli dhamma (धम्म) with the Sanskrit cakra (चक्र; wheel), commonly used in Indian English and Hindi contexts, particularly within Navayāna Buddhism. In contrast, classical scholarly transliterations prefer the full Pāli Dhammacakka or Sanskrit Dharmacakra. ^{[15] [16]}

Background

B. R. Ambedkar, born into a Mahar Dalit family in 1891, faced discrimination despite his education at Columbia University and the London School of Economics. As the principal architect of the Indian Constitution and a champion of Dalit rights, he founded organizations like the Independent Labour Party (1936) and the Scheduled Castes Federation (1942) to combat untouchability. ^[17] At the 1935 Yeola Conference, Ambedkar declared his intent to leave Hinduism, stating, "I was born a Hindu, but I will not die a Hindu," after concluding that the caste system was inherent and irreformable. ^[18]

After two decades of comparative study of world religions, Ambedkar selected Buddhism for its emphasis on equality, rationality, and non-violence, free from superstition and caste hierarchy. He prepared for the 1956 conversion by drafting the 22 Vows and completing The Buddha and His Dhamma , a modern reinterpretation of Buddhist teachings as a guide for social emancipation. ^[19]

The 1956 mass conversion

On 14 October 1956, Ambedkar, along with nearly 380,000 followers—primarily Dalits from Maharashtra—gathered at Deekshabhoomi, a site chosen for its symbolic resonance with ancient Buddhist stupas. Ambedkar administered the Three Refuges (in Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha) and the 22 religion vows, which explicitly reject Hindu deities, rituals, and caste, while pledging fidelity to Buddhist principles like the Five Precepts and social justice. ^[20] The following day, 15 October, saw an additional 220,000 conversions, totaling around 600,000 participants. ^[21]

This event, occurring six weeks before Ambedkar's death on 6 December 1956, ignited the Dalit Buddhist movement and led to the growth of Navayāna, with Buddhism's population in India surging from 181,000 in 1951 to over 3 million by 1961. ^[22]

Observance

Celebrations center at Deekshabhoomi, where a massive stupa built in 1978 commemorates the event. Participants engage in:

• Processions and rallies: Featuring Ambedkar's blue flag, Buddha statues, and chants of "Jai Bhim" (Hail Ambedkar).
• Conversion ceremonies: Led by monks or lay leaders, with recitation of the 22 Vows; recent years have seen 50,000–70,000 new converts annually.
• Cultural programs: Speeches, bhajans (devotional songs), and seminars on Ambedkar's writings.
• Nationwide events: Observed in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and other states with Ambedkarite communities, often including blood donation drives and anti-caste awareness campaigns.

In 2020 and 2021, observances were subdued due to the COVID-19 pandemic, shifting to virtual formats, but resumed fully by 2022. ^{[23] [24]}

Significance

Dhammachakra Pravartan Din embodies Ambedkar's vision of Buddhism as a "New Vehicle" (Navayāna) for dismantling caste hierarchies and promoting liberty, equality, and fraternity—principles he imagined from the French Revolution into Buddhist framework. ^[25] It reinforces Dalit identity, rejects hinduism, and sustains Buddhist revival, with Navayāna comprising about 87% of India's 8.4 million Buddhists (2011 Census). ^[26] The day also inspires global Dalit and anti-caste movements, underscoring Buddhism's adaptability to social reform. ^[27]

See also

• Ambedkar Jayanti
• Ambedkarism
• Dalit Buddhist movement
• Deekshabhoomi
• Navayana
• Buddha's Birthday
• Marathi Buddhists

Notes

1. English translations of this sutta's full title include:
   • "Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dhamma" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1843–7)
   • "Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth" (Piyadassi, 1999)
   • "Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth" (Ñanamoli, 1993)
   • "Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion" (Thanissaro, 1993) (Geshe Tashi Tsering, 2005) [13]
   • "The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth" (Ajahn Sucitto, 2010) ^[14]
   • "Turning the Wheel of Dhamma" (Dhamma, 1997).
   • "The Four Noble Truths Sutra" (Geshe Tashi Tsering, 2005) ^[13]

References

1. "53rd Dhammachakra Anuvartan day celebrated in Nagpur". Daily News and Analysis . 28 September 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
2. "धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिन साधेपणाने".
3. Queen, Christopher S. (2000). Engaged Buddhism in the West. Simon and Schuster. pp. 524–525. ISBN   978-0-86171-159-8.
4. Dahat, Pavan (4 October 2015). "Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
5. "63rd Dhamma Chakra Anuvartan Din celebrated in City with great fervor and spirit". Nagpur Oranges. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
6. "करोनाचं सावट; 'या' दिवशी दीक्षाभूमीवर 'असं' चित्र कधीच दिसलं नाही".
7. "Dhammachakra Pravartan Din with a difference".
8. "63rd Dhamma Chakra Anuvartan Din celebrated in City with great fervor and spirit". 9 October 2019.
9. Dahat, Pavan (4 October 2015). "Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din". The Hindu . Retrieved 12 August 2017.
10. "Ambedkar's 22 Vows". Deekshabhoomi Official. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
11. "दीक्षाभूमीवर पार पडला 63 व्या धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिनाचा मुख्य सोहळा".
12. "अकोला जिल्ह्यातील धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिन सोहळ्याचा इतिहास". 9 October 2019.
13. Geshe Tashi Tsering 2005, Kindle Location 174. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGeshe_Tashi_Tsering2005 (help)
14. Sucitto 2010, p. 193. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSucitto2010 (help)
15. Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 256. ISBN   978-0-691-15786-3.
16. "Buddhism & Jainism – Causes for Growth". 15 March 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
17. Dirks, Nicholas B. (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. pp. 267–268. ISBN   978-0-691-08895-2.
18. Ambedkar, B. R. (2014). Annihilation of Caste (reprint ed.). Navayana Publishing. pp. 45–50. ISBN   978-8189059177.{{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
19. Rathore, Aakash Singh; Verma, Ajay (2011). The Buddha and His Dhamma: A Critical Edition. Oxford University Press. pp. xv–xx. ISBN   978-0198068679.
20. "53rd Dhammachakra Anuvartan day celebrated in Nagpur". Daily News and Analysis. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
21. Dahat, Pavan (4 October 2015). "Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
22. "Religion Data". Census of India. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
23. "Dhammachakra Pravartan Day was celebrated in a simple manner". Maharashtra Times. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
24. "Dhammachakra Pravartan Din with a difference". The Hitavada. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
25. Jacobsen, Jeff (2015). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Brill. p. 361. ISBN   978-90-04-27128-9.
26. "87% of Buddhists in India are Neo-Buddhists: Census". IndiaSpend. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
27. Blackburn, Anne M. (2015). Buddha's Daughters: Gender and Bodily Peace in Sri Lankan Buddhism. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 120–122. ISBN   978-0-674-72703-4.{{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)