Japanese conjugation , like the conjugation of verbs of many other languages, allows verbs to be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function. In Japanese, the beginning of a word (the stem ) is preserved during conjugation, while the ending of the word is altered in some way to change the meaning (this is the inflectional suffix ). Japanese verb conjugations are independent of person, number and gender (they do not depend on whether the subject is I, you, he, she, we, etc.); the conjugated forms can express meanings such as negation, present and past tense, volition, passive voice, causation, imperative and conditional mood, and ability. There are also special forms for conjunction with other verbs, and for combination with particles for additional meanings.
Japanese verbs have agglutinating properties: some of the conjugated forms are themselves conjugable verbs (or i-adjectives), which can result in several suffixes being strung together in a single verb form to express a combination of meanings.
The imperfect(ive) , present or non‑past form is broadly equivalent to the present and future tenses of English. In Japanese, the imperfective form is used as the headword or lemma, hence the name dictionary form. The terms conclusive, concluding, final, predicative, etc. are used for any form that occurs at the end of a sentence, whether imperfect or perfect; and attributive, adnominal, adjectival, substantival, etc. for any form that occurs before a noun. However, in modern Japanese, only the imperfect makes this distinction between "conclusive" and "attributive" in certain cases, particularly in adjectives (more in the subsection below) and copulae; conclusives and attributives are more distinct in classical Japanese.
The imperfect, when used as a predicate (the "conclusive"), generally conveys a present time, an existent habit, a future time and the historical present, [1] which coincides with the simple present and various ways to express the future ("will do," "be going to do," "be doing") in English. However, for certain verbs, the simple imperfect does not suffice to express the same idea as the English "simple present," and the gerundive ‑te iru is required, thus gakusha ga sugurete iru (学者が優れている; 'the scholar excels'), not *gakusha ga sugureru (学者が優れる). Before a noun (the "attributive"), it may be the perfect ‑ta that expresses the "simple present," as in sugureta gakusha (優れた学者; 'a scholar who excels'). In yet more complex sentence, the simple imperfect is expected, such as Kono bun'ya de gakusha ga sugureru to sugu mitomerareru deshō (この分野で学者が優れるとすぐ認められるでしょう; 'If a scholar excels in this field he will be recognized at once'). Polysemous verbs may or may not require the gerund depending on the various senses that they possess. [2]
| English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Everybody dies. | Hito wa dare de mo kanarazu shinu (人は誰でも必ず死ぬ) | eternal fact |
| a person who loves nature | shizen o aisuru hito (自然を愛する人) | |
| I would sacrifice my life without hesitation for someone I loved. | Aisuru hito no tame nara inochi o sutete mo oshiku wa nai (愛する人のためなら命を捨てても惜しくはない) | |
| All the trains bound for Tokyo are terribly overcrowded. | Tōkyō e iku ressha wa dore mo hidoi komi yō desu (東京へ行く列車はどれもひどい混みようです) | |
| Our cat's tail is black at the tip. | Uchi no neko wa o no saki ga kuroi (うちの猫は尾の先が黒い) | |
| Before my eyes a black cat dashed across my path. | Me no mae o kuroi neko ga totsuzen yogitta (目の前を黒い猫が突然よぎった) | |
| I have bitter memories of that summer. | Watashi ni wa ano natsu no nigai omoide ga aru (私にはあの夏の苦い思い出がある) | present state |
| This can be illustrated from my own personal experience. | Kono koto wa watashi jishin no taiken kara mo reishō dekiru (このことは私自身の体験からも例証できる) | |
| I'm so annoyed that I feel like crying. [a] | Kuyashikute namida ga deru. (悔しくて涙が出る。) | |
| I saw a red light ahead. | Mae ni akai tōka ga mieta (前に赤い灯火が見えた) | |
| It's that time of year when saury is at its tastiest. | Sanma ga oishii kisetsu ni narimashita (サンマがおいしい季節になりました) | |
| I go abroad at my own expense. | Kaigai ryokō wa jibun no kane de iku (海外旅行は自分の金で行く) | existent habit |
| I usually go swimming in the ocean every summer. | Natsu wa taitei kaisuiyoku ni iku (夏は大抵海水浴に行く) | |
| I'll go to Osaka on the first flight tomorrow morning. | Ashita asa ichiban de Ōsaka ni iku (明日朝一番で大阪に行く) | future action |
| Hi there, where are you going? | Kore, doko e iku (これ、どこへ行く) | |
| They will liquidate the company by the end of next February. | Rainen nigatsu-matsu made ni kaisha o seisan suru. (来年二月末までに会社を清算する。) |
Historically, the vowel u systemically fused with its preceding vowel into one long vowel, which yielded such pronunciation as Tōkyō (東京; /toukjau→toːkjoː/). These fusions are complete in some western dialects, [3] but others still make exceptions for verbs ending in u. Compare the following, whereby the unfused forms are listed first: au, ō (会う; 'meet'), iwau, iō (祝う; 'celebrate'), ou, ō (負う; 'carry'), ōu, oō (覆う; 'cover'). In classical Japanese, the fused forms are traditionally used, [4] regardless of the kana spelling, which is the case for not only the said example godan verbs, but also nidan verbs such as kangō (考ふ; = kangaeru; 'deliberate'), although modern Tokyo speakers may rather use the spelling pronunciation kangau. [5] Some highly elevated verbs such as tamau, tamō (給う; 'bestow') and notamau, notamō (宣う; 'say') accept the fused forms as standard rather than dialectal alternatives. [6] [4] Fusions occur more extensively for the gerund and perfective.
Among verbs ending in the vowel u, the verb 言う・云う exceptionally only takes the fused form yū, never the unfused *iu, not even in careful speech. [7] Despite the pronunciation, its standard kana spelling is still いう, not ゆう, [8] [9] (although the latter is still listed in dictionaries, [9] and can be used, apart from ゆー or just ゆ, as a nonstandard alternative to reflect the actual pronunciation [10] ). This convention, along with the particles wa (は), e (へ) and o (を), is retained from historical kana orthography for practical purposes. For yū (言う), the kana spelling いう is in keeping with other conjugational forms such as iwanai (いわない) and itta (いった). 言う(yū; 'say') is possibly homophonous with 結う(yuu → yū; 'fasten'), [7] except that the latter can be unaccented or accented, while the former is only unaccented. [6] [4] In this article, the more phonetically accurate spelling ゆう is used in the conjugation tables below not to obscure phonetic changes between verb forms. The yu‑ resulting from the fusion in yū has begun to spread to other forms, such as yuwa‑, yutte and yutta, whose statuses are certain, although the statuses of yui, yue and especially yuō are dubious. It has been claimed that there are dialects where yui nagara, yueba and yue have occurred. [11] [12]
Aru is now a full-fledged godan verb, but it used to belong to an irregular class called "r-row irregular conjugation" ( ラ行変格活用 , ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō) in classical Japanese. Although having been long displaced by its attributive aru, its distinct conclusive ari lingers on in some proverbial cliches, such as kono chichi ni shite kono ko ari (この父にしてこの子あり; transl. like father, like son), jinsei yama ari tani ari (人生山あり谷あり; transl. life has peaks and valleys), etc., or the pseudoclassical baseball cliche pinchi no ato ni chansu ari (ピンチの後にチャンスあり; transl. after a crunch comes a chance).
Certain ‑suru or ‑zuru verbs and their godan and ichidan equivalents are interchangeable (or at least sensitive to specifically what follows them) and even used in the same text, although it has been claimed that, at least for the conclusive/attributive form, the more classical/literary (文語, bungo)/western ‑zuru variants are more "formal" and "basically a written form", [13] compared to the more modern/colloquial (口語, kōgo)/eastern ‑jiru variants. [14] The ‑su variants are highly inconsistent across verbs, and even for highly "godan‑ized" verbs like aisuru (愛する), whose other forms are predominantly godan, the conclusive/attributive aisuru and conditional aisureba in particular are still preferred to the fully godan variants aisu and aiseba. [15] In some cases it is not clear whether aisu is godan or actually pseudo-classical, for example in aisu beki (愛すべき) where all ‑suru verbs can optionally lose the ru. In classical or pseudo-classical literature, aisu is more likely to be conclusive and aisuru is more likely to be attributive or nominalized.
The extenders beshi, beki, beku, mai, maji, majiki, majiku, etc., can stylistically take classical conclusives before them, [16] [17] including the irregular su (す; 'do') [b] and ku (来; 'come'), and the nidanu (得; 'get'), tabu (食ぶ; 'eat'), kazou/kazō (数ふ; 'count'), otsu (落つ; 'fall'), etc. These can be substituted with the modern irregular suru (する) and kuru (来る), and the ichidaneru (得る), taberu (食べる), kazoeru (数える), ochiru (落ちる), etc. Some governmental institutions have shifted away from the nidan style (uku beki (受くべき; 'ought to receive')) in favor of the ichidan style (ukeru beki (受けるべき)). [19] [20] With the classical irregular conclusive ari (あり; 'exist') and its derivatives, however, the attributive is used instead, as in aru beki (あるべき; 'ought to be'), yokaru beki (良かるべき; 'ought to be good'), etc. rather than *ari beki, *yokari beki, etc., and such exceptions coincide with the modern godan conclusives ending in aru of the same verbs and adjectives. [16] [21] [22]
The irregular and nidan verbs all have attributives distinct from conclusives, which have been employed in writing for literary flair. However, the current convention is to steer away from these elevated archaisms, which means that instead of a classical nidan conclusive like the passive shinobaru (偲ばる; 'be recalled') and a nidan attributive like shinobaruru (偲ばるる), a modern ichidan conclusive/attributive like shinobareru (偲ばれる) is recommended. [17]
When used in modern Japanese, nidan verbs are only formally distinct from their ichidan counterparts in their conclusives, attributives and provisionals, which all contain the vowel u instead of i or e. Certain nidan verbs, such as iku (生く) [23] [c] and nobu (伸ぶ), [24] may have two ichidan counterparts for each, one being kamiichidan ("upper unigrade") with the vowel i, and the other being shimoichidan ("lower unigrade") with the vowel e, and they may differ in transitivity, which is made morphologically obvious in the ichidan conclusives, attributives and provisionals compared to their nidan ancestors. [25] [26]
Since nidan verbs can be used before extenders, so-called "yodan verbs" presumably can as well, but as their conclusives/attributives are indistinguishable from so-called "godan verbs," it is rather a matter of classical fused pronunciation versus modern unfused pronunciation than truly distinct verb forms.
The verb shinu (死ぬ; 'die') is now a full-fledged godan verb in mainstream Japanese, but it used to belong to its own irregular class (na‑gyō henkaku katsuyō (ナ行変格活用; 'n‑row irregular conjugation')) with the now obsolete inu (往ぬ; 'go'). It had a distinct attributive and provisional which have been used elevatedly.
The classical attributives of ‑ta/‑da are ‑taru/‑daru, which have been used elevatedly just like nidan attributives. The classical ‑tari/‑dari are not really used conclusively as true conclusives, where the modern ‑ta/‑da are still preferred; the formally identical infinitives ‑tari/‑dari evolved into modern representatives.
The politeness auxiliary ‑masuru is characterized as "pseudo-literary" [27] or faux archaic. [28] It was used in parliamentary speech during the 20th century, but usage drastically declined into the 21st century. [29] Some examples include Wakayama ni orimasuru haha (和歌山に居りまする母; 'my mother who is in Wakayama'), Taku e de mo maitte iru yō ni itasō ka to zonjimasuru no de gozaimasu (宅へでも参っているように痛そうかと存じまするのでございます; 'I am wondering whether I should decide to come and stay perhaps at your house'), Sore ni gisei no tame o omotte mimasuru to, geshuku ni okimasu no wa ikaga de gozaimashō (それに犠牲の為を思って見ますると、下宿に置きますのはいかがでございましょう; 'And thinking of the victims' welfare, how about putting them in a boarding house?'). The conjugational similarity between ‑masu and suru suggests an etymological link. [30]
The sound sequence /Vi/, with /V/ being a vowel, is often colloquially and masculinely fused into a long vowel. Since all adjectival conclusive/attributive forms have this sound sequence, they are liable to such fusion. Most adjectives of this kind remain distinctly masculine, and their phonetic spellings are found in written dialog for masculine characters in fiction, such as nai → nē (ねえ・ねー; 'nonexistent'), urusai → urusē → ussē (うるせえ・うるせー・うっせえ・うっせー; 'noisy; pesky'), hayai → ha(y)ē (はええ・はえー; 'quick'), sugoi → sugē (すげえ・すげー; 'superb'), tsuyoi → tsu(y)ē (つええ・つえー; 'strong'), warui → warī (わりい・わりー; 'bad'), yasui → yashī (やしい・やしー; 'easy; cheap'), mazui → majī (まじい・まじー; 'unpalatable'), atsui → achī (あちい・あちー; 'thick; hot'), kayui → kaī (かいい・かいー; 'itchy'), etc. Non-masculine examples include yoi → (y)ē → ī (いい・いー; 'good'), [22] and kawayui → kawaī (かわいい・かわいー; 'adorable'). See Japanese phonology § Vowel fusion for further citations.
The classical conclusives nashi and yoshi in particular are now more of cliches rather than catch-all representatives of adjectives in general. Nashi is often used as a nominal suffix meaning "without", "‑less" or "‑free", as in satō nashi no jōzai (砂糖なしの錠剤; 'sugar-free tablet'). Yoshi is often used as an interjection meaning "Good!" or "Alright!". The classical onaji has evolved into an adjectival noun (onaji da/de aru/desu, onaji (na), etc.), and despite being originally conclusive, it is now prevalently attributive. Other examples of classical conclusives for cliched, proverbial and elevated uses include Tenki wa yoshi, kaze wa nashi, buratsuku no ni motte koi no hi da (天気はよし、風はなし、ぶらつくのに持ってこいの日だ; transl. The weather's nice, there's no wind, it's the perfect day to stroll), Genkin fuyō jidai, chikashi de aru (現金不要時代、まさに近しである; transl. The cashless era is nigh), Eyasuki mono wa ushinaiyasushi (得やすきものは失いやすし; transl. Easy come, easy go), Kyū kābu Jiko ōshi (急カーブ 事故多し; transl. Sudden curve: Many accidents), [31] etc.
The classical attributive ending ‑ki, the ancestor of the modern attributive/conclusive ending ‑i, is still used in elevated cliches and titles for books and fictional characters, such as jinkaku naki shadan (人格無き社団; 'unincorporated association'), [32] Osorenaki Tansasha, Akiri (恐れなき探査者、アキリ; 'Akiri, Fearless Voyager'), [33] furuki yoki jidai (古き良き時代; 'the good old days'), [32] yoki Samariya‑bito/‑jin / hitsujikai ( 善きサマリヤ人・羊飼い; 'the good Samaritan / shepherd'), Utsukushiku Aoki Donau ( 美しく青きドナウ ; ' The Beautiful Blue Danube '), Aoki Me no Otome (青き眼の乙女; transl. Maiden with Eyes of Blue), [34] Akaki Ryū (赤き竜; transl. Crimson Dragon), [35] Atarashiki Mura ( 新しき村 ; lit. 'New Village'), Imawashiki Tsurīfōku (忌まわしきツリーフォーク; 'Ambominable Treefolk'), [36] etc.
The attributive ending ‑karu, a fusion of the infinitive ending ‑ku and the verb aru, is uncommon in modern Tokyo Japanese. It has been found in such constructions with ‑beki as tanoshikaru beki (楽しかるべき; transl. that ought/is supposed to be joyful; that is otherwise happy). [37] In Kyushu, ‑karu was reduced further to ‑ka, [38] and yoka is used instead of either yoi or yoshi. [39] [d]
The classical adjectival extenders beshi, gotoshi and maji are still used in elevated language. Their attributives retain the ‑ki ending as in beki, gotoki, majiki, although the ‑i ending as in bei, majii has historically and dialectally occurred. [40] [41] For beshi in particular, its attributive beki can be used conclusively in the phrase beki da/de aru/desu. For more examples, see #Imperfective: Grammatical compatibility below.
| Conclusive form | Attributive form | Interchangeable counterpart |
|---|---|---|
| Godan and pseudo-yodan verbs | ||
| 結う(yuu/yū, fasten) | ||
| 言う(yū, say) | ||
| 会う (au/ō, meet) | ||
| 祝う (iwau/iō, celebrate) | ||
| 紛う (magau/magō [6] , mistake) | ||
| 給う (tamau/tamō [6] [4] , bestow) | ||
| 宣う (notamau/notamō [6] [4] , say) | ||
| 負う (ou/ō, carry) | ||
| 覆う (ōu/oō, cover) | ||
| 勝つ (katsu, win) | ||
| 狩る (karu, hunt) | ||
| 有る (aru, exist) | ||
| 貸す (kasu, lend) | ||
| 愛す (aisu, love) | 愛する (aisuru) [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] | |
| 達す (tassu, reach) | 達する (tassuru) | |
| 書く (kaku, write) | ||
| 嗅ぐ (kagu, smell) | ||
| 呼ぶ(yobu, call) | ||
| 読む(yomu, read) | ||
| 死ぬ (shinu, die) | ||
| Ichidan verbs | ||
| 見る (miru, look) | ||
| 強いる (shiiru, coerce) | ||
| 悔いる (kuiru, regret) | ||
| 落ちる (ochiru, fall) | ||
| 閉じる (tojiru, close) | ||
| 達しる (tasshiru, reach) | 達する (tassuru) | |
| 察しる (sasshiru, guess) | 察する (sassuru) [48] | |
| 信じる (shinjiru, believe) | 信ずる (shinzuru) [49] [50] [51] [43] [52] [53] | |
| 進じる・進ぜる (shinjiru/shinzeru, give) | 進ずる (shinzuru, give) | |
| 生きる (ikiru, live) | ||
| 生ける (ikeru, keep alive) | ||
| 伸びる (nobiru, extend; intransitive) | ||
| 伸べる (noberu, extend; transitive) | ||
| 得る (eru, get) | ||
| 経る (heru, pass) | ||
| 教える (oshieru, teach) | ||
| 交える (majieru, mix) | ||
| 憂える (ureeru, grieve) | ||
| 和える (aeru, dress (food)) | ||
| 終える (oeru, complete) | ||
| 消える (kieru, vanish) | ||
| 当てる (ateru, hit) | ||
| 出る (deru, exit) | ||
| 愛でる (mederu, love) | ||
| 寝る (neru, sleep) | ||
| 真似る (maneru, imitate) | ||
| 兼ねる (kaneru, combine) | ||
| 受ける (ukeru, receive) | ||
| Pseudo-nidan verbs | ||
| 強う (shiu/shū, coerce) [54] [55] | 強うる (shiuru/shūru, coercing) [56] | |
| 悔ゆ (kuyu, regret) [57] | 悔ゆる (kuyuru, regretting) [58] | |
| 落つ (otsu, fall) [59] | 落つる (otsuru, falling) [60] | |
| 閉ず (tozu, close) [61] [62] [63] | 閉ずる (tozuru, closing) [64] [63] | |
| 生く (iku, live / keep alive) [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] | 生くる (ikuru, living / keeping alive) [72] [73] | |
| 伸ぶ (nobu, extend) [74] [75] | 伸ぶる (noburu, extending) [76] | |
| 得 (u, get) [e] [77] [78] | 得る (uru, getting) [f] | |
| 経 (fu, pass) [79] [80] | 経る (furu, passing) | |
| 教う (oshiu/oshū, teach) [81] [82] | 教うる (oshiuru/oshūru, teaching) [83] [84] | |
| 交う (majiu/majū, mix) [85] [86] | 交うる (majiuru/majūru, mixing) [87] [88] | |
| 憂う (ureu [6] /uryō, grieve) [89] [90] | 憂うる (ureuru/uryōru, grieving) [60] [91] | |
| 和う (au/ō, dress (food)) | 和うる (auru/ōru, (food-)dressing) | |
| 終う (ou/ō, complete) [92] | 終うる (ouru/ōru, completing) [93] [94] | |
| 消ゆ (kiyu, vanish) [95] [96] | 消ゆる (kiyuru, vanishing) [97] | |
| 当つ (atsu, hit) [98] | 当つる (atsuru, hitting) [99] | |
| 出 (zu, exit) [100] | 出る (zuru, exiting) | |
| 愛ず (mezu, love) [101] [102] | 愛ずる (mezuru, loving) [103] [104] | |
| 寝 (nu, sleep) | 寝る (nuru, sleeping) | |
| 真似 (manu, imitate) [105] | 真似る (manuru, imitating) | |
| 兼ぬ (kanu, combine) [106] | 兼ぬる (kanuru, combining) [107] [108] | |
| 受く (uku, receive) [109] [110] [111] [112] | 受くる (ukuru, receiving) [99] [113] | |
| Irregular verbs | ||
| する (suru, do) | ||
| す (su, do) | する (suru, doing) | |
| 勉強する (benkyō suru, study) | ||
| 勉強す (benkyō su, study) | 勉強する (benkyō suru, studying) | |
| 愛する (aisuru, love) | 愛す (aisu) [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] | |
| 愛す (aisu, love) | 愛する (aisuru, loving) | |
| 達する (tassuru, reach) | 達す・達しる (tassu/tasshiru) | |
| 達す (tassu, reach) | 達する (tassuru, reaching) | |
| 察する (sassuru, guess) | 察しる (sasshiru, guess) [48] | |
| 察す (sassu, guess) | 察する (sassuru, guessing) | |
| 信ずる (shinzuru, believe) | 信じる (shinjiru) [49] [50] [51] [43] [52] [53] | |
| 信ず (shinzu, believe) | 信ずる (shinzuru, believing) | |
| 進ずる (shinzuru, give) | 進ぜる・進じる (shinzeru/shinjiru) | |
| 進ず (shinzu, give) | 進ずる (shinzuru, giving) | |
| 来る (kuru, come) | ||
| 来 (ku, come) [114] [115] | 来る (kuru, coming) | |
| 有り (ari, exist) | 有る (aru, existing) | |
| 死ぬ (shinu, die) | 死ぬる (shinuru, dying) [116] [117] | |
| Verbal auxiliaries | ||
| 〜(ら)れる (‑(ra)reru) [g] | ||
| 〜(ら)る (‑(ra)ru) [118] | 〜(ら)るる (‑(ra)ruru) [83] | |
| 〜(さ)せる・〜(さ)す (‑(sa)seru/‑(sa)su) [h] | ||
| 〜(さ)す (‑(sa)su) | 〜(さ)する (‑(sa)suru) [119] | |
| 〜しめる (‑shimeru) [h] | ||
| 〜しむ (‑shimu) [120] [121] | 〜しむる (‑shimuru) [122] | |
| 〜ます(る) (‑masu(ru)) [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] | ||
| 〜た・〜だ (‑ta/‑da) [i] | ||
| 〜たり・〜だり (‑tari/‑dari) | 〜たる・〜だる (‑taru/‑daru) [129] [84] [107] [42] [130] [131] [98] | |
| Adjectives and adjectival auxiliaries | ||
| 無い (nai, be nonexistent) | ||
| 無し (nashi, be nonexistent) | 無き (naki, being nonexistent) [132] [133] | |
| 無かる (nakaru, being nonexistent) [134] [135] [136] [137] | ||
| 良い (ii/yoi, be good) | ||
| 良し(yoshi, be good) | 良き(yoki, being good) [138] | |
| 良かる(yokaru, being good) [139] [140] | ||
| 宜しい(yoroshii, be good) | ||
| 宜し(yoroshi, be good) | 宜しき(yoroshiki, being good) [141] [142] | |
| 宜しかる(yoroshikaru, being good) [143] [144] | ||
| 同じい (onajii, be alike) | ||
| 同じ (onaji, be alike) | 同じき (onajiki, being alike) [145] | |
| 同じかる (onajikaru, being alike) [146] | ||
| 可し (beshi, ought/have to) | 可き (beki, having to) | |
| 可かる (bekaru, having to) [147] | ||
| 可い (bei, let's/probably) [148] [149] [150] [151] | ||
| 如し (gotoshi, be like) | 如き (gotoki, being like) | |
| 如かる (gotokaru, being like) [152] [153] [154] | ||
| まい (mai, let's/probably not) [155] | ||
| まじ (maji, ought/have not to) | まじき (majiki, having not to) | |
| まじかる (majikaru, having not to) | ||
| まじい (majii, ought/have not to) | ||
| Special auxiliaries | ||
| 〜ん・〜ぬ (‑n(u), not) | ||
| 〜ず (‑zu, without) | 〜ざる (‑zaru, without) | |
The imperfective conclusive/attributive form can be followed by various extenders. [156]
| Extender | English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| to (と) | When it's late March, cherry blossoms start to bloom. | Sangatsu no kōhan ni naru to, sakura ga sakihajimemasu. (3月の後半になると、桜が咲き始めます。 [157] ) | matter-of-fact (factual, habitual, procedural, etc.) condition |
| Every morning when I wake up, I drink a cup of black tea. | Maiasa okiru to, kōcha o ippai nomimasu. (毎朝起きると、紅茶を1杯飲みます。 [157] ) | ||
| If/When you put money in and press this button, a ticket comes out. | Okane o irete botan o osu to, kippu ga dete kimasu. (お金を入れてボタンを押すと、切符が出てきます。 [157] ) | ||
| na (な) | Don't be mad. | Sō okoru na yo (そう怒るなよ) | plain negative command |
| Being told not to look just makes you want to see even more. | Miru na to iwareru to yokei mitaku naru mono da (見るなと言われると余計見たくなるものだ) | quoted negative command | |
| nakare (なかれ) | Never speak ill of others. | Hito o hibō suru nakare (人を誹謗するなかれ) | same as na; more elevated |
| mai (まい) [j] | If this keeps up, it probably won't rain today. | Kono bun nara kyō wa furu mai (この分なら今日は降るまい) | negative tentative |
| I'd rather not tell you the rest. | Sono saki wa mā hanashimasu mai (その先はまあ話しますまい) | negative hortative | |
| Whether I go or not is up to me. | Ikō to iku mai to ore no katte da (行こうと行くまいと俺の勝手だ) | ||
| majiki (まじき) | impermissible discriminatory conduct | yurusu majiki sabetsu kōi (許すまじき差別行為) | that something ought not to, is not supposed to, must necessarily not, or is impossible to happen |
| Such conduct is unbecoming to a student. [k] | Gakusei ni aru majiki kōi da (学生にあるまじき行為だ) | ||
| beshi (べし) | It must be a mistake. | Ayamari naru beshi (誤りなるべし) | that something ought to, is supposed to, has necessarily to, or is possible to happen |
| Folks like those will surely go to hell. | Sayō no monodomo wa jigoku ni otsu beshi (さようの者どもは地獄に堕つべし) | ||
| a job that must be done | yaru beki shigoto (やるべき仕事) | ||
| I saw all I needed to see. | Miru beki mono wa mita (見るべきものは見た) | ||
| available heat | riyō shiu beki netsuryō (利用し得べき熱量) | ||
| Word of its development had been passed from mouth to mouth, casting a gloom over the otherwise joyous family supper. | Shokei no moyō wa kuchi kara kuchi e to tsutaerare, tanoshikaru beki kazoku no shokutaku o kuraku shite ita. (処刑の模様は口から口へと伝えられ、楽しかるべき家族の食卓を暗くしていた。 [158] ) | ||
| [...] Nicholas, who [...] had spent that otherwise joyful day in inactivity, felt as though his chest tightened even more. | [...] kono tanoshikaru beki hi o mui no uchi ni sugoshite shimatta Nikorai no mune wa, nao issō shimetsukerareru yō na omoi ga shita. ([...]この楽しかるべき日を無為のうちにすごしてしまったニコライの胸は、なお一層締めつけられるような思いがした。 [159] ) | ||
| Children ought to care for their parents. | Kodomo wa oya o taisetsu ni su(ru) beki da (子供は親を大切にす(る)べきだ) | ||
| You should teach your children what's wrong is wrong. | Kodomo ni wa warui koto wa warui to oshieru beki da (子供には悪いことは悪いと教えるべきだ) | ||
| “To be, or not to be, that is the question. [...]” | “Aru beki ka, nakaru beki ka, sore ga mondai da. [...]” (「在るべきか、なかるべきか、それが問題だ。[...]」 [136] ) | ||
| The party started the preparation necessary to take back power in the next election. | Sono tō wa tsugi no senkyo de seiken o dakkan su(ru) beku junbi o kaishi shita (その党は次の選挙で政権を奪還す(る)べく準備を開始した) | ||
| Do this, if possible! | Nashiu beku wa kore o nase (為し得べくはこれを為せ) | ||
| Get in touch as soon as possible. | Naru beku hayaku renraku shite kure (なるべく早く連絡してくれ) | ||
| bekarazu (べからず) | No smoking on school premises | Kōnai ni te kitsuen su bekarazu (校内にて喫煙すべからず) | that something ought not to, is not supposed to, must necessarily not, or is impossible to happen |
| A word against his action was called for. [l] | Kare no kōdō hitokoto nakaru bekarazu de atta (彼の行動に対して一言なかるべからずであった) | ||
| Yoshitsura was known as Sahara Jūrō, with an imposing stature, brains and brawn, and far too many exploits to count, [...] [m] | Yoshitsura wa iwayuru Sahara Jūrō de, yōbō kaii, tanryaku ari, senkō agete kazō bekarazu, [...] (義連はいわゆる佐原十郞で、容貌魁偉、膽略あり、戦功挙げて数うべからず、[...] [160] ) | ||
| the don'ts [n] | bekarazu shū (べからず集) | ||
| There are things beyond human comprehension. [o] | Jinchi ni rikai shiu bekarazaru koto ga aru (人智に理解し得べからざることがある) | ||
| an unpardonable crime | yurusu bekarazaru hanzai (許すべからざる犯罪) |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)In each case, the question at stake was whether legislation should have regard for the condition of one particular class rather than of another—fairly compelling antecedent consideration of the theoretical principles governing existing incomes.かかる場合には、當面の問題は、立法がある特定の階級の狀態を他の階級以上に顧慮すべきや否やと云ふことであつた――卽ち現在の所得を支配する理論的諸原則を先づ以て考慮することを飽くまで强ふべきや否やと云ふことであつた。
Je crois que le culte du particulier n'entraîne que la mort — car il fonde l'ordre sur la ressemblance. Il confond l'unité de l'Etre avec l'identité de ses parties. Et il dévaste la cathédrale pour aligner les pierres. Je combattrai donc quiconque prétendra imposer une coutume particulière aux autres coutumes, un peuple particulier aux autres peuples, une race particulière aux autres races, une pensée particulière aux autres pensées.僕は信ずる、「個人的なもの」に対する尊崇は、死を将来するのみだと、理由はそれが類似による秩序を根拠づけるから。それは「本然」の単一性を、部分の同一性と混同するものだから。それは石材を一列に並べようとして、伽藍を荒すものだ。つまり僕は、何人にあれ、他の風習に代る或る特殊な風習を強うる者、他の国民に代る或る特殊な国民を強うる者、他の民族こ代る或る特殊な民族を強うる者、他の思想に代る或る思想を強うる者と戦うであろう。[I believe that the cult of the “particular” only bears death, for it grounds order on resemblance. It confounds the unity of “Being” with the identity of its parts. And it devastates the cathedral to align the stones. I will thus fight whosoever aims to impose one particular custom over other customs, one particular people over other peoples, one particular race over other races, one particular thought over other thoughts.]
Gravi cose e noiose sono i movimenti vari della fortuna, de' quali però che quante volte alcuna cosa si parla, tante è un destare delle nostre menti, le quali leggermente s'addormentano nelle sue lusinghe, giudico mai rincrescer non dover l'ascoltare ed a' felici ed agli sventurati, in quanto li primi rende avvisati ed i secondi consola.運命の色々の移りかわりは、痛ましくも、悲しいものでございます。その轉變について何かお話がでますと、その度に、その甘い幻想のなかにともすれば睡つているわたくし達の頭が目醒まされるものでございますから、これを聞くことは、幸福な人にとりましても、不運な人にとりましても、これを聞いた曉は前者を益し、後者を慰めるという點で、決して悔ゆべきことではないと、わたくしは考えているのでございます。[Wretched and doleful are the various shifts of Fortune. Whensoever any discourse on her vicissitudes arises, our minds, which at times fall asleep into her sweet delusions, are awakened. I hold that hearing this is never to be regrettable, either to the happy or the unhappy, inasmuch as having heard it augments the former and consoles the latter.]
—Mi corazón late tranquilo, mi mano va segura...「僕は氣持は靜かで、手もとも狂つちやゐない」と彼は四邊を見廻しながら云つた。「先づ、諸君の中で、自分の父を愛さなかつた者があるか、父の想ひ出を嫌ふやうな屈辱な生れかたをした者があるか。見給へ、諸君はこの沈默がお解りだらう? 平和の神の僧となつて、神聖とか宗敎とか年中口にしながら、腹の黑い貴樣のやうな奴は父の何たるを知らないんだ。さもなけりや貴樣、自分の父のことを考へても見ろ! 貴樣が馬鹿にしてる、この會衆の中に貴樣のやうな奴は一人も居ないぞツ。貴樣は奈落の底へ落つべき奴だ!」[“My mind is calm, my hand is steady,” he said, looking around. “First, is there one among you who has not loved his father, who was born in such humiliation that he hates his memory? See? You understand this silence? Priest of a God of peace, your mouth is full of sanctity and religion, yet you black-hearted knave do not know what a father is supposed to be. If not, think of your own father for a change! In this crowd which you scorn there is not a single knave like you. You deserve to go to the depths of hell!”]
Y mirando alrededor suyo:
—Antes, ¿hay entre vosotros alguno que no haya amado a su padre, que haya odiado su memoria, alguno nacido en la vergüenza y la humillación...? ¿Ves?, ¿oyes ese silencio? Sacerdote de un Dios de paz, que tienes la boca llena de santidad y religión, y el corazón de miseria, tú no debiste conocer lo que es un padre... ¡hubieras pensado en el tuyo! ¿Ves? ¡Entre esa multitud que tú desprecias no hay uno como tú! ¡Estás juzgado!
Den Sørgende finder Lindring og Sorgens ſympathetiſke Ridder glæder ſig ved at have fundet hvad han ſøgte, thi vi ſøge jo ikke det Nærværende men det Forbigangne, ikke Glæden, thi den er altid nærværende, men Sorgen, thi dens Væſen er at gaae forbi, og i den nærværende Tids Øieblik ſeer man den kun ligeſom man ſeer et Menneſke, naar man kun faaer Øie paa ham i det Nu, da han bøier om ad en anden Vei og forſvinder.憂ふる者は慰安を見出し、憂愁の同情ある騎士は、其の求めてゐたものを、遂に發見したことを悅ぶのである。蓋し、我々は決して現在を求めずして、旣往を求めるからである。喜悅は常に現在であり、憂愁はその本質上、常に旣往たるが故である。憂愁は恰も、其の姿を認めた瞬間、直ちに街角を曲つて、別な路へ消え去つた人のやうに、其の現在に在るは、單に瞬間に過ぎない。
[...] Dog her er atter den ſamme Modſigelſe i Dit Væſen; thi det Latterlige ſeer Du meget godt, og Gud trøſte Den der falder i Din Haand, naar det hænger ſaaledes ſammen med ham; og dog er hele Forſkjellen den, at han maaſkee bliver nedbøiet og knækket, Du derimod bliver let og rank og lyſtigere end nogenſinde, og lykſaliggjør Dig ſelv og Andre med det Evangelium: vanitas vanitatum vanitas juchhe! Men dette er intet Valg, det er hvad man ſiger paa Danſk: lad gaae, eller en Mediation ſom den at lade fem være lige. Nu føler Du Dig fri, ſiger Verden Farvel.
Мы сами на своем веку, в наших странствованиях, видали людей, умирающих за столь же мало существующую Дульцинею или за грубое и часто грязное нечто, в котором они видели осуществление своего идеала и превращение которого они также приписывали влиянию злых, — мы чуть было не сказали: волшебников — злых случайностей и личностей. Мы видели их, и когда переведутся такие люди, пускай закроется навсегда книга истории! в ней нечего будет читать. Чувственности и следа нет у Дон-Кихота; все мечты его стыдливы и безгрешны, и едва ли в тайной глубине своего сердца надеется он на конечное соединение с Дульцинеей, едва ли не страшится он даже этого соединения!我々自身が現代に於て、自己の國內にあつて、ヅウルシネアにも劣らぬ實在性の少ないものゝ爲に、或は粗野であるばかりか、屢々汚穢なる或ものゝ爲に、死ぬところの人々を見受ける。斯る人々は其の何物かのうちに自己の理想の存在を認め、其の變化を惡の(我我は、魔術遣ひの、とまでは言はない。)力、惡しき偶然と、個性の影響とに歸したのである。我々は彼等を見た。而して斯る人間が絕滅するときには、歷史の書を閉ずべきである。歷史のうちに讀むべき何物も存在しなくなるだらう。肉慾はドン・キホーテに痕跡もない。彼の凡ゆる幻想は皆含羞、無邪氣である。彼は心の奧底で、窃かにヅウルシネアと逢ひたいと望んでゐたかどうか、又此の逢ふことですらも、恐れてはゐなかつたか奈何か、疑ひなきを得ない。[We ourselves, in our time, in our own country, see men die for things as unreal as Dulcinea, or for things not only crude but often filthy, in which they saw the existence of their own ideal, whose transformation they ascribed to the influence of evil forces (we would almost call them magicians), wicked accidents and individuality. We have seen them, and when such men perish, the book of history is to be closed. There will exist nothing in history to read. There is no trace of sensual desires in Don Quixote. All his fantasies are bashful and guileless. One cannot help but suspect whether in the depths of his heart he secretly hoped to see Dulcinea, or if he even dreaded seeing her.]
Fri. L. Hold then; go home, be merry, give consentロレ では、待ちゃれ。先づ今日は立歸って、嬉しさうにもてなし、パリスどのとの祝言を承諾しゃれ。明日は水曜日ぢゃ。明日は何とかして一人でお臥やれ、乳母はをも同じ間には臥かさっしゃるな。床にお入りゃったら、(小さき藥瓶を取出し)此瓶を取って此なる藥水をばお飮みゃれ。すると、卽て慄然として眠たいやうな氣持が血管中に行渡り、脈搏も例のやうではなうて、全く止み、生きてをるとは思はれぬ程に呼吸も止り、體溫も失する。頰唇の薔薇も褪せて、蒼白い灰と變る。目の窓もはたと閉づる、生活の日がつい暮れて行く時のやうに。どこも〱硬固って、冷うなって、自在な活動をば失うて、死切ったやうにも見えう。
To marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow;
To-morrow night look that thou lie alone,
Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber:
Take thou this vial, being then in bed,
And this distilled liquor drink thou off:
When presently through all thy veins shall run
A cold and drowsy humour; for no pulse
Shall keep his native progress, but surcease:
No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest;
The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade
To paly ashes; thy eyes' windows fall,
Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;
Each part, deprived of supple government,
Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:
Голубенок в яйце не может сменить свой слишком короткий клюв и погибает. Рабочий класс, поставленный перед вопросом — быть или не быть, может прогнать Макдональда и мистрис Сноуден и вооружиться клювом революционной партии для разрушения капиталистической системы.小さな鳩は卵の中でその短い嘴を長いのと變へることは出來ない、それ故に死ぬのだ。然し、勞働階級は「生くべきか死ぬべきか」との問題に直面する時はマクドナルドやスノーデン夫人を投げ出し、資本主義制度を覆す爲に革命的な團體てふ嘴を身に艤するであらう。[The little pigeon in the egg cannot swap its short beak for a long one, so it dies. But the working class, when confronted with the question of “to be or not to be,” may cast out MacDonald and Mrs Snowden, and fit themselves with the beak of a revolutionary party to overthrow the capitalist system.]
Соня возмущена, когда Раскольников предлагает ей отвлеченно-логический вопрос о сравнительной ценности двух жизней, негодяя Лужина и бедной, честной женщины Катерины Ивановны Мармеладовой.ラスコォリニコフが、能なしのルージンと貧しい、品のよい女カテリーナ・イワーノヴナ・マルメラードワの二人の生命の比較的な価値について、抽象的で、論理的な質問を浴びせかけると、ソォニヤはひどく困惑させられた。
— Зачем вы спрашиваете, чему быть невозможно? — с отвращением сказала Соня.
— Стало быть, лучше Лужину жить и делать мерзости? Вы и этого решить не осмелились?
— Да ведь я Божьего Промысла знать не могу... И к чему вы спрашиваете, чего нельзя спрашивать? К чему такие пустые вопросы? Как может случиться, чтоб это от моего решения зависело? И кто меня тут судьей поставил: кому жить, кому не жить?
But the longer he lives, the more loudly speaks his soul, and the further diverge the desires of his body and of his soul.しかし彼が長く生くれば生くる程、その靈は一層聲高く談り出で、一層遠く肉體と靈との欲望は離反する。
Когда я думал, что учусь жить, я только учился умирать.『余が生くる事を學ぶと思つてゐたのは、實は死する事を學んでゐたに過ぎない。[I thought I was learning to live, I was in fact merely learning to die.]
While we acknowledge the juſtneſs of Thomſon's beautiful remark,われ〱はトムスンの美しい言葉――
"Delightful taſk! to rear the tender thought,
And teach the young idea how to ſhoot!"
we muſt conſider that this delight is perceptible only by "a mind at eaſe," a mind at once calm and clear; but that a mind gloomy and impetuous like that of Johnſon, cannot be fixed for any length of time in minute attention, and muſt be ſo frequently irritated by unavoidable ſlowneſs and errour in the advances of ſcholars, as to perform the duty, with little pleaſure to the teacher, and no great advantage to the pupils. Good temper is a moſt eſſential requiſite in a preceptor. Horace paints the character as bland:
"――Ut pueris olim dant cruſtula blandi
"Doctores, elemanta velint ut diſcere prima."
Или в том: тех любить, которые нас презирают, и протягивать руку привидению, явившемуся пугать нас?彼ら[ sic ]をさげすむ者たちを愛してわれらを脅やかす幽靈にも手を伸ぶべきか?[Or is it to love those who despise them, and extend a hand to the ghost that threatens us?]
Suffering may be unavoidable, but no one has any excuse for being dull. And yet some people are dull. They talk of a better world to come, while whatever dulness there may be here is all their own. Sir Arthur Helps has well said: "What! dull, when you do not know what gives its loveliness of form to the lily, its depth of color to the violet, its fragrance to the rose; when you do not know in what consists the venom of the adder, any more than you can imitate the glad movements of the dove. What! dull, when earth, air, and water are all alike mysteries to you, and when as you stretch out your hand you do not touch anything the properties of which you have mastered; while all the time Nature is inviting you to talk earnestly with her, to understand her, to subdue her, and to be blessed by her! Go away, man; learn something, do something, understand something, and let me hear no more of your dulness."顧ふに困苦災厄は之を避くることが出來ぬかも知れぬ。併し何人と雖も怏々として不景氣な顏をして居つてよいと云ふ道理はないのである。然るに世の中にはさう云ふ者がある。此の種の人は來世のことを云爲する。併し知らなければならぬ,如何に詰らぬ事が現世にあるにしても,其の詰らぬ事は自分で作るのである。サー・アーサー・ヘルプスも言ふて居る。「何とな,世の中が詰らぬとな,それはちよこざいな言ひ分といふものである。何故と云ふに,一體百合の花にか〻る愛らしき形狀を附與し,菫の花にか〻る濃艶な色を附與し,ばらの花にか〻る芳香を附與したもの〻何なるかを汝は知つて居らぬではないか。またまむしの毒の成分の何なりやを知らぬ程度は鳩の快活な擧動を眞似し得ぬと同じほどの程度にあるのではないか。また地といひ,空氣と云ひ,水といひ,これ皆等しく汝には不可解であるのではないか。而して汝が手をさし伸ぶるときに,其の特性を充分理解した物は何一つ手に觸れぬではないか。「かくても尙ほ世の中を詰らぬと云ふ資格ありと思ふか」。然るに一方大自然を見よ。自然は汝をして己れ(自然)と熱心に話をかわさしめんとして,己れを理解せしめんとして,己れを征服せしめんとして,かくて己れより幸福を得せしめんとして,常に汝を御出で御出でと招いて居るのである。請ふ行け,行いて何物かを學び,何物かを爲し,何物かを理解せよ。かくて予に二度と再び世の中が詰らぬとの語を聞かしては吳れな」と。言ひ得て妙と謂ふべしである。
North. Believe me, noble lord,ノー さァ、手前は、實際、このグロースターシャーの地理は、全く不案內でございます。荒れ果てた山々の步きにくい凸凹路が一段と里數を長びかせて、疲勞を覺えさせまするところを、途々面白いお話をうけたまはりましたので、恰も砂糖によって辛い進軍を慰めると同樣の愉快を得ました。が、ロッスやウィロービーに於ては、レーヴンスパールからコストヲルドまでの進軍に艱難いたしてをるでありませう、あなたと御一しょでないために。手前は、おかげを持ちまして、此長道中の退屈を非常に紛らすことを得ました。が、彼等とても、手前が旣に有する其同じ恩惠をやがて頂戴する望みによって慰められませう、喜びを得べき望みは、遂げられた望みに比べて其喜ばしさは殆ど劣らないのでありますから。さう心得て、疲れ果てた彼等諸卿も、遠路を短く思ふでありませう、ちょうど、手前が現にお傍にゐて、喜びを得て、さう感じましたやうに。
I am a stranger here in Gloucestershire:
These high wild hills and rough uneven ways
Draws out our miles, and makes them wearisome;
And yet your fair discourse hath been as sugar,
Making the hard way sweet and delectable.
But I bethink me what a weary way
From Ravenspurgh to Cotswold will be found
In Ross and Willoughby, wanting your company,
Which, I protest, hath very much beguiled
The tediousness and process of my travel:
But theirs is sweetened with the hope to have
The present benefit which I possess;
And hope to joy is little less in joy
Than hope enjoy'd: by this the weary lords
Shall make their way seem short, as mine hath done
By sight of what I have, your noble company.
Schittenhelm verlangt mit Recht, daß die ganze Frageder Proteinkörpertherapie einer systematischen kritischen Untersuchung unterzogen werde, um nicht in einer „roh empirischen, von Zufallstreffern abhängige Empfehlung dieses oder jenes Mittels" auszuarten.シッテンヘルム氏 Schittenhelm は蛋白體療法は孰れも系統的,批判的の試驗を經べきもので,此種の藥劑を粗雜な試驗や偶然の事から賞讃したりして,墮落に陷らしめてはならぬと唱道したのは當を得てゐる。[Schittenhelm rightly advocated that any protein-body therapy undergo systematic and critical testing, so as not to degenerate into lauding such and such medication based on crude testing or chance.]
Durant le premier âge, le tems étoit long; nous ne cherchions qu'à le perdre, de peur de le mal employer. Ici c'eſt tout le contraire, & nous n'en avons pas aſſez pour faire tout ce qui ſeroit utile. Songez que les paſſions approchent, & que ſi-tôt qu'elles frapperont à la porte, votre éleve n'aura plus d'attention que pour elles. L'âge paiſible d'intelligence eſt ſi court, il paſſe ſi rapidement, il a tant d'autres uſages néceſſaires, que c'eſt une folie de vouloir qu'il ſuffiſe à rendre un enfant ſavant. Il ne s'agit point de lui enſeigner les ſciences, mais de lui donner du goût pour les aimer, & des méthodes pour les apprendre, quand ce goût ſera mieux développé. C'eſt-là très-certainement un principe fondamental de toute bonne éducation.さて、幼兒の時期は時日が永かつたから、敎育上の失策があつてはならぬと思つて、早く大きくなつたらよからうと願つて居たけれども、早此の時期は時日の經過が頗る早くて、何も大切な事はしないで過ぎて行く。其から此の時期になると情癖が起つて來る。情癖が起つて來たら、諸君の生徒は早何ものにも注意を向けなくなる。當時は最も大切な敎育をすべき時で、子供を學者になさうと思つて敎育する樣な馬鹿らしい事をしてはならぬ。此の時期は子供に學問を敎ふべき時では無くて、學問の趣味や、學問の仕方を敎へる時である。卽ち善良な敎育の根本的原則を授くる時である。[Now, since time was long during infancy, we wished to grow up quickly not to bungle it, educationally speaking; but now that the passage of time is far too quick, it goes by without anything worthwhile. And then the passions begin to emerge, and when they do, your pupil will soon not direct their attention to anything else. Now is the time of utmost importance for education, so we cannot afford such folly as to educate the child in the hope of making him a scholar. This is no time to teach him the sciences, but to give him a taste for and the methods of learning them. It is, in other words, time to impart a fundamental principle of good education.]
It is little to be wondered at that upon such a basis civilized man should still make his "house his castle," the refuge to which he instinctively turns in any emergency. It is doubly natural that he should turn his eyes in this direction when the enemy that approaches is illness. A quarter of a million of years ago, the cruel Law of the Jungle taught him that to be sick meant to be eaten,—not merely by his natural enemies, but often by his own comrades. Hence the wounded animal crawls into the densest thicket that it can find, or into the farthest recess of its burrow, and the savage crawls into the darkest corner of his hut, to die.斯る論據より見て、文明人が依然彼の『棲家をば自分の城』とし、何等か危期に逢ふた場合本能的に此に依つて防禦すると云ふ事は敢て怪しむに足るまい。接近し來る敵が極惡なものである時、特に、此方面に意を注がねばならぬのは自然である。二十五萬年前に、殘忍なるジャングルの法令は人間に敎ふるに病むは卽ち喰はるゝの意――唯だに彼の自然の敵のみではなく尙ほ時には同僚の爲めにも――であると敎へて居る。そこで傷ける獸類は凡ゆる限りの最も密生せる森林に這入り込むか、穴の一番奧まつた隱れ所に入るかする、野蠻人は死する爲めには小屋の最も暗い隅に匐ひ込む。
In our day are not the same influences at work? Of the husbandmen of the Lord's vineyard are not many following in the steps of the Jewish leaders? Are not religious teachers turning men away from the plain requirements of the word of God? Instead of educating them in obedience to God's law, are they not educating them in transgression? From many of the pulpits of the churches the people are taught that the law of God is not binding upon them. Human traditions, ordinances, and customs are exalted. Pride and self-satisfaction because of the gifts of God are fostered, while the claims of God are ignored.ところで之と同一のことが今日も行はれてゐはしないであらうか。今や主の葡萄園に働いてゐるものゝ多くがユダヤ人の指導者と同一の轍を踏みつゝありはしないであらうか。宗敎家でありながら、神の明瞭なる御要求より人々を離らしめて居りはしないであらうか。神の律法に服從せよと敎ふるよりは寧ろ之を犯さしむるやう敎へて居りはしないであらうか。今日の人々は數ある敎會の講壇より、神の律法に從ふの要なきことを敎へこまれて居りはしないであらうか? 現の世では人の定めたる習慣、儀式、敎說の方が却つて崇められてゐる。多くの人は神の賜物に甘んずるの結果、傲慢と自己滿足に陷り、一方神の御要求に對しては之を不問に附してゐる。
But although Russia was recognised as a potential enemy, this was certainly not the time to provoke a clash with her. It was of the first importance that she should be placated until the present struggle had been brought to a conclusion. The Naval Staff was accordingly informed by the Foreign Office that negotiations for the return of Northern Sakhalin were about to be set in train, but that every effort would be made to prolong them.露國は、今や再び日本正面の敵となりつゝあるのではあるが、干戈を交ふべき時機でない事は明かである。眼前に進行中の日米戰爭が片附くまで、日本は絕對に陰忍自重せねばならなかつた。そこで日本外務省は、北樺太の還附交涉は間もなく開始せねばならぬが、出來るだけ之れを遷延せしめる樣努力する積てあると、海軍省に通吿したのであつた。
C'est à dessein que, au cours des études qui précédent, on a considéré tous les problèmes en réaliste. C'est en réaliste, en physicien, peut-on dire, que l'on a voulu traiter toutes les questions, qu'elles fussent strictement économiques, ou morales ou politiques. L'auteur a entendu montrer, avec le plus grand désintéressement moral, dans quelles conditions l'homme et les nations croissent ou décroissent, vont à la prospérité ou à la ruine. Il croit avoir fait apparaître le mécanisme matériel et intellectuel de nos luttes économiques et sociales. Que son parti-pris apparaisse et s'exprime, cela n'est pas niable : il prend parti pour la France en dehors de toute démonstration scientifique, mais non sans fortes raisons. Mais il s'est gardé d'introduire sa propre métaphysique, sa religion dans les considérations qu'il a développées.以上の硏究に於て、総ての問題を現實主義者として考察して來たのは、决して偶然ではない。それが嚴密な意味の經濟問題であると、道德又は政治上の問題であるとを問はず、総ての問題を論ぜんとしたのは、實に現實主義者としてゞある。否、理學者としてであると云ひ得る。著者は、道德的に全くの私心を離れて、個人及び國民が如何なる條件に於て發展し又衰頽するか、如何なる條件に於て盛運に向い又零落に傾くかを示さんとしたのである。そして、著者は、今日に於ける經濟及び社會鬪爭の物質的及び智的構成機關の何たるを明かにしたと信ずる。時に或は、著者の豫斷心が、その鋒鋩を現はしたといふやうなことがないとも限らぬ。著者は、科學上の証明以外に於ては、常に、佛國の爲め辯護の地位に立つからである。けれどもそれは、决して充分の理由なくしてゞはない。然しながら、著者の敷衍した考察中、著者自身の形而上學を挿み、著者自身の信念を交うるといふの點に至つては、著者の最も注意して避けた所である。[It is decidedly no coincidence that, in the course of the preceding studies, we have considered all the problems as a realist. It is in fact as a realist, or shall we say as a physicist, that we addressed all the questions, whether they be economic in a strict sense, or moral or political. The author meant to show, while leaving out most of his moral interest, in what conditions individuals and nations grow or diminish, lean towards prosperity or ruin. He believes that he has shed light on the material and intellectual mechanism of today's economic and social struggles. There is no guarantee that his bias does not reveal itself at times, for he stands ever in the position of defending France, outside scientific demonstration, but by no means without strong reasons. However, he has been taking the utmost care to avoid inserting his own metaphysics, and leading up to the point of mixing in his own conviction, in the considerations which he has developed.]
France. Is it but this? a tardiness in natureフラン 只それのみで? しようと思ふ事をも兎角いはずしておく語少なの持前? ‥‥バーガンディーどの、姬に對する其許の意見は? 愛も眞の愛ではない、愛のみを主とせんで他の條件を交ふるやうでは。姬をお迎へなさるか? 其身そのまゝが化粧料といふ事ぢゃが。
Which often leaves the history unspoke
That it intends to do? My lord of Burgundy,
What say you to the lady? Love's not love
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from the entire point. Will you have her?
She is herself a dowry.
Resté seul et tranquille, je pensai sérieusement à rétablir ma santé, car tout ce que je venais de souffrir m'avait donné des contractions de nerfs qui pouvaient prendre un caractère alarmant. Je me mis au régime, et en trois semaines je me trouvai parfaitement bien.ひとりになつて、私はほつとした。もうこれで誰に煩はされることもない。私は眞劍に自分の健康の恢復について考へた。脫走に際して極度に心身を勞したことから、私の健康狀態には憂ふべき兆候が現はれてゐたからである。私は靜養の日々を送り、三週間で元通りの完全な健康を取り戾した。[Being alone, I now rested easy, bothered by no one any longer. I thought seriously of recovering my health, for it had shown worrisome signs after I had strained my body and mind to extremes during the escape. I passed some recuperative days, and in three weeks I regained my perfect health.]
Follow your envious courses, men of malice;たんと惡意や害心をお磨きなさい。キリスト敎が是認してゐる御行爲です。早晚、相當な賞典に有り附かれませう。國璽は、理不盡に引渡せとおほせられるが、これは、わが主君たる王がお手づから手前へお預けになり、官職や爵位と共に、身を終ふるまで享有せいとおほせられ、且つ其恩命の確證として、特許狀をさへもお添へ下されたのだ。それを誰れが敢て取上げようとする?
You 've Christian warrant for them, and, no doubt,
In time will find their fit rewards. That Seal,
You ask with such a violence, the King—
Mine, and your master—with his own hand gave me;
Bade me enjoy it, with the place and honours,
During my life; and, to confirm his goodness,
Tied it by letters-patents:—now, who 'll take it?
Toutes ces vieilleries, troupeau, grains, fruits, légumes, doivent un jour disparaître. Ainsi le veut, dit-on, le progrès; ainsi l'affirme la cornue, qui, dans sa présomption, ne reconnaît rien d'impossible.家畜の群だ、種子だ、果實だ、野菜だと云つたやうな、そんな古いものはすべて、何時かは消ゆべきものだ。それが進步と云ふものださうだ。思ひ上がつて、何等不可能な事を認めぬ化學は、さう確言して居る。[All such old things as groups of livestock, grains, fruits, vegetables, must one day disappear. Thus is it willed, one would say, by progress; thus is it affirmed by chemistry, which, in its presumption, acknowledges none as impossible.]
That then, and as often as the said Elizabeth Mollineux shall happen to be enceint with child or children severally and lawfully begot, or to be begotten, upon the body of the said Elizabeth Mollineux, during her said coverture,—he the said Walter Shandy shall, at his own proper cost and charges, and out of his own proper monies, upon good and reasonable notice, which is hereby agreed to be within six weeks of her the said Elizabeth Mollineux’s full reckoning, or time of supposed and computed delivery,—pay, or cause to be paid, the sum of one hundred and twenty pounds of good and lawful money, to John Dixon, and James Turner, Esqrs. or assigns,—upon trust and confidence, and for and unto the use and uses, intent, end, and purpose following:—上記エリザベス・モリノーが上述の妻としての身分において、その体にそれぞれ合法的に授けられたる子供を懐妊する毎に、――上記ウォルター・シャンディは、自らの費用と負担とにおいて、自らの囊中より、適当かつ合理的なる通告の下に、――この場合、その通告は、彼女即ち上記エリザベス・モリーノの予測され、計算された出産予定日より六週間を遡る期間内においてなすものと取り決める――正しく、合法なる貨幣による百二十ポンドの金額を受託者ジョン・ディクスン、及びジェイムズ・ターナー両氏に支払うか、または支払われるよう手配し、信頼と信任との下に、次のごとき用途、目的、意図、意向に当つべきものとする。――
The liberation of this energy will naturally revolutionise travel and transport. Engines weighing one ounce for each horse-power they develop will become practical possibilities; and a power plant of six hundred horse-power will carry fuel for a thousand hours' working, in a tank no bigger than a fountain-pen. Concerning the nature of the vehicles for which such engines will provide the motive power, it is rash to prophesy. Passengers will travel in enormously swift aeroplanes, which by 2030 will ascend and descend vertically. Goods will be carried cheaply and rapidly by land or sea, propelled by motors whose fuel bill will be negligible.かゝるエネルギー解放は、謂ふまでも無く、旅行と運輸とに革命を將來するでせう。發生せらるゝ力、一馬力に對して、自己重量一オンスの機械も、實際的可能事となるでせう。そうして、六百馬力の動力工場が一千時間の作業に對する燃料の貯藏に當つるタンクは、一本の萬年筆よりも大きくないでせう。斯くの如き機械より動力の供給を受くる運搬器具の性質に至つては、到底、輕々に豫言することを容しません。旅客は、二〇三〇年頃では、垂直に上昇下降するやうになつて居るに違ひ無い、恐るべき速力の飛行機で旅行するでせう。燃料の勘定書を計算に加ふる必要の無い發動機の推進力の御蔭で、貨物は、陸路と水路とを問はず、極めて廉價迅速に運搬せらるゝでせう。
Was ich mir nicht verſagen konnte, war, ſobald als nur möglich den Umgang mit den Gliedern der herrnhutiſchen Gemeinde fortzuſetzen und feſter zu knüpfen, und ich eilte, eine ihrer nächſten Einrichtungen zu beſuchen: aber auch da fand ich keineswegs, was ich mir vorgeſtellt hatte. Jch war ehrlich genug, meine Meinung merken zu laſſen, und man ſuchte mir hinwieder beizubringen: dieſe Verfaſſung ſei gar nichts gegen eine ordentlich eingerichtete Gemeinde. Jch konnte mir das gefallen laſſen; doch hätte nach meiner Uberzeugung der wahre Geiſt aus einer kleinen ſo gut als aus einer großen Anſtalt hervorblicken ſollen.私のどうしても押へることのできなかつた願ひは、できるだけ早くヘルンフート敎團の團員との交通を續け且つ更に堅く結びつくといふことでした、それで私は近くにあるその施設の一つを急いで訪ねました――然しそこでも私は自分で想像してゐたものを全然發見することができませんでした。私は正直に自分の思つたことを相手に洩しました、すると人人はそれに對してこの施設はちやんと整頓されてゐる敎團に比べては物の數ではないのだといふことを呑み込ませようとしました。私はそれを默つて聽いてゐました。然し私の確信によれば、眞の精神は小さな施設からでも大きな施設からと同樣に輝き出べき筈のものだと思ひます。[One desire I could not repress no matter what was, as soon as possible, to resume and further strengthen communion with the members of the Herrnhutish community, and so I hastened to visit one of their nearby establishments――but even there I could not find anything at all like what I had imagined. I frankly shared what I thought with them, and in response they tried to convince me that this establishment was nothing compared to an orderly community. I listened without objection, yet it was my conviction that the true spirit ought to have shone through from a small establishment just as well as a large one.]
Was aber würde und könnte Liszt nicht sein, wenn die Leute ihn nicht berühmt gemacht hätten! er könnte und würde ein freier Künstler, ein kleiner Gott sein, statt daß er jetzt der Sklave des abgeschmacktesten Publikums, des Publikums der Virtuosen ist. Dieses Publikum verlangt von ihm um jeden Preis Wunder und närrisches Zeug; er gibt ihnen, was sie wollen, läßt sich auf den Händen tragen und — spielt im Konzert für Beethovens Denkmal eine Phantasie über Robert den Teufel!然し若し人々が彼を有名にしなかつたとしたら、リストはどんなになる事だつたらう! 彼は今や最も惡趣味な聽衆の奴隸となり、聽衆の名手となる代りに、彼は自由な藝術家、小なる神となり得たのであらう。このやうな聽衆は如何なる犧牲を拂つても彼から驚歎と珍妙な才能を要求する。彼は彼等が欲するものを與へ、掌中の玉を愛づるのだ。――ベートーヴェン記念碑のための演奏會に惡魔のローベルトに基く幻想曲を演奏した![But what would Liszt have been if people had not made him famous! He could have been a free artist, a minor god, instead of now being the slave of the most tasteless audience, an audience's virtuoso. This audience demands from him, at any price, wonder and strange flair. He gives them what they want, loves his precious audience—plays a fantasia based on Robert the Devil at the concert for Beethoven's monument!]
Lorsque la fleur fit son apparition sur notre terre, il n'y avait autour d'elle aucun modèle qu'elle pût imiter; il a fallu qu'elle tirât tout de son propre fond.花が我が地球上に現はれた時彼等の周圍には眞似べき典型もなかつた。彼等は何事も自分の內部からひき出さねばならなかつた。[When flowers made their appearance on our earth, there was no model around them to imitate. They had to draw everything from their own inside.]
Some parishes were united to the Castle Church,—the Church of All Saints its ecclesiastical name,—and the tithes furnished the stipends of the professors, who were to be prebendaries of the Church.また城敎會――宗敎的名稱は諸聖徒敎會といふ――に數敎區を併合し其十分一稅を以て敎授中該敎會の有給僧を兼ぬべき者の俸給に充てた。
Während die Mannschaften sich im Quartier einrichteten, kehrte ich mit Pieters und den Häuptlingen ins Dorf zurück, wo die inzwischen etwas beruhigten Bewohner schon mit Ungeduld ihres Oberhauptes warteten. Wir verfügten uns in die Dusunga, welches Gebäude die Eigenschaften eines Gebets- oder Geisterhauses mit denen eines Versammlungs-, Rats- und Fremdenhauses vereinte. Eine eingehendere Würdigung derselben folgt später.人夫達が宿所を支度して居る間に私はピーター及び酋長と一緖に村の方へと引き返した。其間に群集はいくらか鎭靜して、待ち切れぬ心で酋長の歸るのに首を長くして居た。我等はヅスンガ dusunga と呼ばるる建物に行つた。此家は靈屋であるし、祈禱家屋であるし、集會所であるし、會議所と他鄕人の宿泊所を兼ぬるものである。詳細な價値に就いては後述する。
[...]
Das Bemalen des Angesichtes und der Hände mit schwarzen Harztupfen oder Strichen gehört in Leboni zu den unentbehrlichsten Schönheitsmitteln und wird von jedermann ohne Ausnahme, namentlich aber von Mädchen und Frauen geübt. So wie man sich anderweit des Morgens das Gesicht wäscht, so bemalt man es sich in Leboni mit Harz. An Festtagen werden die Farben dicker aufgetragen und die etwa noch farbfreien Stellen mit Stanniolmustern anmutig verpflastert. Um der auf solche Weise erzielten Unwiderstehlichkeit des schönen Geschlechts gegenüber nicht allzusehr ins Hintertreffen zu kommen, sehen sich die Männer gezwungen, diesem Beispiel zu folgen, beschränken sich in der Wahl der Muster jedoch auf gerade Striche auf Stirn und Nase, Wangen und Kinn. —
„Gnädigſte Frau! Hier ſitze ich Unſeliger in Jhrem Paradieſe, wie weiland Adam, nachdem er den Apfel gekoſtet. Das Unglück iſt geſchehen, und ich kann nicht einmal die Schuld auf eine gute Eva ſchieben, die eben jetzt, von Grazien und Amoretten eines Himmelbetts umgaukelt, im Gaſthof ſich des unſchuldigſten Schlafes erfreut. Befehlen Sie, und ich ſtehe perſönlich Jhro Gnaden Rede über meinen mir ſelbſt unfaßlichen Frevel. Mit aufrichtiger Beſchämungいとも慈深き伯爵夫人! 曾て林檎を味へる後のアダムの如く、不幸な私は、只今貴女の樂園に坐つて居ります。同じ災難が起つたので御座います。しかも私はその罪を、やさしいエヴァに嫁することすら叶ひません。彼女は今しも旅館の寢臺中に、美の女神や愛の天使の舞ふ天蓋の下に、罪なき眠を樂しんでゐるので御座います。お思召ならば、自身にも解し兼ぬるこの過失につき、ぢきぢきに申し譯を𦤶すで御座いませう。心からなる恥らひを以てHochdero
unterthänigſter Diener
W. A. Mozart,
auf dem Wege nach Prag."
尊き御夫人の
最も忠實なる僕
ヴェー・アー・モーツァルト、
プラークへの途上にて。
Your Highness's
most loyal servant,
W. A. Mozart,
on the way to Prague.
I drew out my purse; a meagre thing it was. 'Five shillings, sir.' He took the purse, poured the hoard into his palm, and chuckled over it as if its scantiness amused him. Soon he produced his pocket-book: 'Here,' said he, offering me a note; it was fifty pounds, and he owed me but fifteen. I told him I had no change.私は財布を取り出した。いくらもなかった。
'I don't want change; you know that. Take your wages.'
I declined accepting more than was my due. He scowled at first; then, as if recollecting something, he said—
'Right, right! Better not give you all now: you would, perhaps, stay away three months if you had fifty pounds. There are ten; is it not plenty?'
'Yes, sir, but now you owe me five.'
'Come back for it, then; I am your banker for forty pounds.'
The offence is holy that she hath committed;アンが犯した此不埒は神聖な不埓です。かういふ僞りは、奸計とか不柔順とか不孝とかいふ汚名を受くべきぢゃありません。これによって强迫結婚が彼女の身に持ち來すべき不神聖な、呪ふべき數千時間を避け得たからであります。
And this deceit loses the name of craft,
Of disobedience, or unduteous title,
Since therein she doth evitate and shun
A thousand irreligious cursed hours,
Which forced marriage would have brought upon her.
Но более всего понравился его высочеству третий сонет, в котором Данте обращался к Богу с просьбою отпустить его на землю, куда будто бы вернулась Беатриче в образе герцогини Миланской. «О, Юпитер! — восклицал Алигьери. — Так как ты опять подарил ее миру, позволь и мне быть с нею, дабы видеть того, кому Беатриче дарует блаженство», — то есть герцога Лодовико.しかし、一ばん王の氣に入つたのは、第三の短詩である。それはダンテが神に向つて、も一ど地上へ返してくれと、嘆願してゐる詩であつた。つまり、詩人は自分の戀人ベアトリーチェがミラノ王妃の姿を借りて、再びこの世へ現はれたやうに思つたのである。『おゝ、ジュピターよ!』とダンテは叫んでゐる。『汝ふたゝびわが戀人を、この世へ返し給へる上は、彼女と共に暮らすを、我に許し給ひね。ベアトリーチェより幸福を、受くる男を見んために』――これはつまり、ロドヸコ公をさしたのである。[But the Duke was most pleased with the third sonnet, in which Dante pleaded with God to return him once more to the earth, where the poet thought that his beloved Beatrice would reappear in the form of the Duchess of Milan. “O Jupiter!” cried Dante. “Since Thou hast returned my beloved to the earth again, allow me to be with her, so that I may see him who receives happiness from Beatrice”—that is, Duke Ludovico.]
Then it follow'd moſt naturally, It is God that has made it all: Well, but then it came on ſtrangely, if God has made all theſe Things, He guides and governs them all, and all Things that concern them; for the Power that could make all Things, muſt certainly have Power to guide and direct them.斯う思ふと自然「それは神樣だ」と考へられて來る、「が、さて、神樣が萬物をお造りになつたとすると、その神樣はまた、その萬物を指導し支配されてゐる筈である。さうすればこの神樣の造られた天地間に於て、一事一物たりとも、そのお指圖なく、また、その御承知のない事が起つて來べき筈はない。すれば、神樣は、自分が此處に斯うした悲慘な境涯にをるといふ事も御承知の筈だ。今まで自分の身の上に振りか〻つた事は皆これ神樣の思召から出たに違ひない」と、何う考へて見ても、さうとしか思へなくなつて來た。
If ſo, nothing can happen in the great Circuit of his Works, either without his Knowledge or Appointment.
And if nothing happens without his Knowledge, he knows that I am here, and am in this dreadful Condition; and if nothing happens without his Appointment, he has appointed all this to befal me.
Nothing occurr'd to my Thought to contradict any of theſe Concluſions; and therefore it reſted upon me with the greater Force, that it muſt needs be, that God had appointed all this to befal me; that I was brought to this miſerable Circumſtance by his Direction, he having the ſole Power, not of me only, but of every Thing that happen'd in the World. Immediately it follow'd,
Why has God done this to me? What have I done to be thus us'd?
Revolt our subjects? that we cannot mend;臣民がみんな叛いたといふか? 是非に及ばん。彼等が予に背約したのは、同時に神に對しての誓約を破ったのぢゃ。不幸、破壞、滅亡、衰廢、何となと叫べ。最惡は死ぢゃが、死は早晩來べきものぢゃ。
They break their faith to God as well as us:
Cry woe, destruction, ruin and decay;
The worst is death, and death will have his day.
К утру приснился ему сон: будто бы с моной Кассандрой, сидя верхом на черном козле, летят они по воздуху. «На шабаш! На шабаш!» — шепчет ведьма, обернув к нему лицо свое, бледное, как мрамор, с губами, алыми, как кровь, глазами прозрачными, как янтарь. И он узнает богиню земной любви с неземною печалью в глазах — Белую Дьяволицу. Полный месяц озаряет голое тело, от которого пахнет так сладко и страшно, что зубы стучат у него: он обнимает ее, прижимается к ней. «Amore! Amore!» — лепечет она и смеется, — и черный мех козла углубляется под ними, как мягкое знойное ложе. И кажется ему, что это — смерть.明け方に彼は一つの夢を見た。それはカッサンドラと一緖に黑い山羊に馬のりになつて、二人で空中を飛んでゐる所であつた。『祭へ!祭へ!』魔女は大理石のやうに蒼白い顏を彼の方へ向けながら、かう囁くのであつた。その脣は血のやうに紅く、目は琥珀のやうに透き通つてゐた。ふとヂォヷンニは彼女の顏に、この世ならぬ憂愁を眼に含んだ地上の愛の女神――白い魔女の俤を見出した。滿月は彼女の露はな體を照してゐたが、その體からは何とも云へぬ甘いやうな、恐ろしいやうな薰りが發散した。彼は齒をかち〱鳴らしながら、身を慄はすのであつた。彼は女を搔き抱きつつ、身を摺り寄せた。『戀しい人! 戀しい人!』と彼女はちぎれ〲に呟いて笑つてゐる――と、山羊の黑い毛皮が、二人の體の下で深くなつて來た。彼はもう死ぬるのだと思つた。
[…]
В Милане говорили о таинственных предзнаменованиях. Рассказывали, будто бы ночью над башнями замка являются огни, подобные зареву пожара, и в покоях дворца раздаются страшные стоны. Вспоминали, как у Джан-Галеаццо, когда он лежал в гробу, левый глаз не закрывался, что предвещало скорую кончину одного из его ближайших родственников. У мадонны дель Альбере трепетали веки. Корова, принадлежавшая одной старушке за Тичинскими воротами, отелилась двухголовым теленком. Герцогиня упала в обморок в пустынной зале Рокетты, испуганная привидением, и потом не хотела об этом говорить ни с кем, даже с мужем.
[…]
Видя, что он опять хочет говорить о смерти, графиня с ласковым укором положила ему на губы свою розовую руку.
ソフィー (激情に駆られて)ヴァレーの生命さえ救われるなら、わたしの生命はどうなってもいい!SOPHIE
Je ne me soucie point de ma vie, pourvu que je sauve la sienne!
(emportée par sa passion.)VALLÉE
Je ne crains plus rien, maintenant que j'ai atteint au but!
(les yeux rayonnants.)SOPHIE
Non, le but est de vivre. Je ne veux pas que vous mouriez!VALLÉE
Vivre ou mourir ensemble!SOPHIE, passionnément.
Vivre!…VALLÉE
Nous vivrons!…
(débordant d'allégresse.)
(Ils ont tout oublié, tout ce qui les entoure, le danger et Jérôme qui les contemple, tous deux, la main dans la main et les yeux dans les yeux.)
With night came horror. Not only were the starving wolves growing bolder, but lack of sleep was telling upon Henry. He dozed despite himself, crouching by the fire, the blankets about his shoulders, the axe between his knees, and on either side a dog pressing close against him. He awoke once and saw in front of him, not a dozen feet away, a big gray wolf, one of the largest of the pack. And even as he looked, the brute deliberately stretched himself after the manner of a lazy dog, yawning full in his face and looking upon him with a possessive eye, as if, in truth, he were merely a delayed meal that was soon to be eaten.夜とともに恐怖が來た。飢ゑた狼が大膽になつたのみではなかつた。そのうへに、睡眠不足がヘンリにこたへ出したのである。彼は、肩から毛布を被り、膝の間に斧を挾み、兩側にはびつたりと身を寄せてゐる犬を坐らせて、焚火のそばに蹲りながら、我にもあらず假睡をした。一度は、彼が目を覺ますと、群のうちで一番大きな灰色の大狼が、十呎とは離れてゐない目前へ追つて來てゐた。そして、その獸は、彼の見てゐる眼の前で、彼にまともに向つて欠伸をしながら、怠け犬のするやうに落着いた伸びをして、宛も彼が間もなく食はるべきおあづけされてゐる食物にすぎないとでもいつたやうに、もうこちらのものさといはむばかりの眼で彼を見てゐた。
This certitude was shown by the whole pack. Fully a score he could count, staring hungrily at him or calmly sleeping in the snow. They reminded him of children gathered about a spread table and awaiting permission to begin to eat. And he was the food they were to eat! He wondered how and when the meal would begin.
Retrateme el q̃ quiſiere, dixo don Quixote: pero no me maltrate, q̃ muchas vezes ſuele caerſe la paciencia, quando la cargan de injurias.『描きたいと思ふ者には私を描かするが好い』とドン・キホーテは言つた、『ぢやが私を凌辱させんやうにしたいのぢや。堪忍はその上に餘り澤山侮辱を積み上げられると、よく破裂するものぢやからの。』[“Let him who wants to paint me,” said don Quixote, “but no mistreating me; for patience often ruptures when one heaps many insults upon it.”]
Tout d'abord, s'il est aujourd'hui un fait historiquement établi, c'est que la morale est étroitement en rapports avec la nature des sociétés, puisque, comme nous l'avons montré chemin faisant, elle change quand les sociétés changent. C'est donc qu'elle résulte de la vie en commun. C'est la société, en effet, qui nous tire hors de nous-même, qui nous oblige à compter avec d'autres intérêts que les nôtres, c'est elle qui nous a appris à dominer nos passions, nos instincts, à leur faire la loi, à nous gêner, à nous priver, à nous sacrifier, à subordonner nos fins personnelles à des fins plus hautes. Tout le système de représentation qui entretient en nous l'idée et le sentiment de la règle, de la discipline, tant interne qu'externe, c'est la société qui l'a institué dans nos consciences. C'est ainsi que nous avons acquis cette puissance de nous résister à nous-même, cette maîtrise sur nos penchants qui est un des traits distinctifs de la physionomie humaine et qui est d'autant plus développée que nous sommes plus pleinement des hommes.先づ第一に、道德が諸社會の性質と密接な關係にあるといふことは、今日歷史的に確認された一つの事實である。なぜなら、我々が嚮に指示したやうに、諸社會の變ずるとき道德も變ずるからである。このことから見て、道德が集合生活の結果であることがわかる。事實に於いて、我々を我々の外部に誘導するもの、我々を强制して我々の諸利益とは別な諸利益を尊重させるもの、それは社會である。自己の諸情慾、自己の諸本能を制御すべきことを、それらを支配すべきことを、自己を拘束すべきことを、自己を抛棄すべきことを、自己の個人的諸目的をより高き諸目的に從屬せしむべきことを、我々に敎へたもの、それは社會である。內部的と同時に外部的な規則及び規律の觀念と感情とを我々のうちに保持するところの表象の全體系は、社會が我々の意識のうちに創造したものである。我々は自己を自己自身に對抗させるこの力を、すなはち自己の諸傾向に對するこの制御力を、このやうにして獲得したのであるが、この制御力こそ人間的相貌の顯著な諸特質の一つであつて、我々が人間として一層完成すればするほど、それもまた一層發達するのである。[First of all, it is now a historically established fact that morality is closely related to the nature of societies, since, as we have shown along the way, morality changes when societies change. It thus makes sense that morality results from communal life. It is society, in fact, that guides us outside ourselves, that obliges us to respect interests other than our own. It is society that has taught us to dominate our passions, our instincts, to rein them in, to restrain ourselves, to forsake ourselves, to subordinate our personal ends to higher ends. All the system of representation that maintains within us the idea and the feeling of rule and discipline, internal as well as external, it is society that has instituted it in our consciences. We have thus acquired this power that lets us resist ourselves, this mastery over our penchants which is one of the distinctive traits of the human physiognomy and which is all the more developed the more fully we are as humans.]
K. Rich. Old John of Gaunt, time-honour'd Lancaster,王 老ランカスター、ガントのヂョン公爵、あんたの子息のヘンリー・ハーフォードがノーフォーク公爵トマス・モーブレーを業々しく逆賊呼ばはりに及んだ事件に就いて、とうに二人を對決せしむべき筈であったが、公務が多端な爲、つい今日まで遷延した。かねての誓約通り、子息をおつれなすったか?
Hast thou, according to thy oath and band,
Brought hither Henry Hereford, thy bold son,
Here to make good the boisterous late appeal,
Which then our leisure would not let us hear,
Against the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray?
[...]
Car. Marry, God forbid!
Worst in this royal presence may I speak,
Yet best beseeming me to speak the truth.
Would God that any in this noble presence
Were enough noble to be upright judge
Of noble Richard! Then true noblesse would
Learn him forbearance from so foul a wrong.
«Признавая, — говорилось в ней, между прочим, — пользу печатного станка, изобретения, которое увековечивает истину и делает ее доступной всем, но желая предотвратить могущее произойти для Церкви зло от сочинений вольнодумных и соблазнительных, сим возбраняем печатать какую бы то ни было книгу без разрешения начальства духовного — окружного викария или епископа».『眞理を永遠のものたらしめ、かつ萬人の所有たらしむる印刷機械發明の利益は、余も明らかにこれを認むと雖も、自由放恣なる誘惑的著述の普及に依つて生ずる害惡を、未然に防がんがため、如何なる書册と雖も、敎會當局、すなはち地方敎區長代理、または主敎の認許なくして、印行する事を禁ずるものとす。』[“Though we recognize clearly the benefit of the invention of the printing press, which makes truth eternal and available to all, in order to prevent the evil that results from the propagation of free, unrestricted and tempting literature, we hereby prohibit the printing and publication of any book whatsoever without the permission of the ecclesiastic authorities, that is, a local vicar or a bishop.”]
But she had no sooner gone than there came before my eyes the insupportable picture of a slim figure walking along the sands stooping to look at some object among the débris, standing aghast at the sight of her dead father with the evidence of his hideous crime on his own breast; there came the sound of a cry to 'Henry' for help! I beat my head against the bedstead till I was nearly stunned. I yelled and bellowed like a maniac: 'Mother, come back!'併し母が室を出るや、私の眼前になよ〱した覺束ない人の姿が、磯邊を步きながら崩壞の內に何物かを探しつゝ、死んだる父がその胸間に、恐るべき罪惡の證據を持つて居るのを見て、驚き恐れて立つて居るのが現はれ、助けを求める『ヘンリイ樣』と云ふ叫聲さへ聞えた。私は寢臺の柱に頭を打ちつけて殆ど氣の遠くなる位になつた。私は狂氣の如くに唸り咆えた。『お母樣、歸つて來て下さい!』
King. It likes us well;王 滿足々々。間を得て讀んだる上、篤と勘考して返答せん。先づそれまでは、兩人とも大儀千萬、まかんでて休息しやれ。夜に入らば共に飮まうぞ。ようこそ歸朝!
And at our more considered time we 'll read,
Answer, and think upon this business.
Meantime we thank you for your well-took labor:
Go to your rest, at night we 'll feast together;
Most welcome home!
"To be, or not to be, that is the question. [...]"「在るべきか、なかるべきか、それが問題だ。[...]」
Командиры, слышно, им довольны; а у Василисы Егоровны он как родной сын.上官がたのお気受けもよろしき由にて、またヴァシリーサ・エゴーロヴナにはわが子のように可愛がられてござります。[It is said that he is well received by his superiors, and he is loved by Vasilisa Yegorovna like her own son.]
« Est-il convenable que madame la comtesse Bridau de Brambourg, quels que puissent être ses torts, aille mourir à l'hôpital? [...] »「ブリドウ・ド・ブランブウル伯爵夫人とも名乘るものが、たとへいかほどの罪を犯したにせよ、慈善病院に死にに參るやうなことがあつて、宜しきものでございませうか。[...]」[“Is it decent that someone such as Madame la Comtesse Bridau de Brambourg, whatsoever faults she may have committed, should go to die in a charity hospital? [...]”]
Wenn der Ertrinkende, der für den ihm zugeworfenen Strick sein Vermögen verspricht, sein Versprechen anfechten darf, weil nur die Zwangslage, in der er sich befand, es ihm abnöthigte, warum nicht auch der Reisende, der auf der Reise genöthigt ist, sich höhere Preise gefallen zu lassen als der Einheimische, oder als er selber in seiner Heimath gezahlt haben würde?水に溺れんとする者、助けの網を投ぜん者に全財產を與へんと約したりとせんに、それは當面の强制狀態己むなく約束したに外ならないが故にその約束を取消して宜しかるべく、又旅行者が他國に在りて土地の人よりも高い支拂を甘じ又本國で支拂ふよりも高き支拂を甘す[ sic ]べく餘儀なくされたときにも亦何故支拂の取消が出來ないのか。[Suppose that a drowning man promises to give all his fortune to whoever willing to cast a net to help, that is no other than promising involuntarily in a coercive state at hand, thus he is well within his rights to retract such promise; why then, when a traveller has no choice in another land but to submit to paying higher prices than the natives, or than what he would pay at home, can he not also retract the payments?]
Ты чего смеешься-то? Не веришь, атеист. А ты почем знаешь? Да и то соврал, если уж подслушал меня: я не просто за одну графиню Дюбарри молился; я причитал так: «Упокой, господи, душу великой грешницы графини Дюбарри и всех ей подобных», а уж это совсем другое; ибо много таковых грешниц великих, и образцов перемены фортуны, и вытерпевших, которые там теперь мятутся, и стонут, и ждут;貴様、何を笑っていやがるんだ? 貴様にゃ信じられないんだな、不信仰ものめ。貴様にわかってたまるもんか! それに本当にぬすみ聞きしたのなら、貴様は嘘をついている。おれはな、デュバルリ伯爵夫人ひとりのためにお祈りをあげたんじゃないんだ、『気高き罪びと、デュバルリ伯爵夫人と、それに同じきあまたの罪びとの魂に安息を垂れたまえ』と言ってお祈りしたんだぞ。これとあれじゃ、すっかり事情が違うからなあ。なぜって、そんな風なえらい罪びとや、運命の手ひどい変化に会った人や、不幸に苦しみぬいてきた人などが数多くあの世で、いまうめいたりして安息を待ちのぞんでいるんだぞ。[What the hell are ya laughin’ at? Ya believe nothin’, heathen! Ya don’t even get it straight, and if ya really did hear me right, that’s a lie yer tellin’! I didn’t pray for the Comtesse du Barry alone, I actually prayed, “May the Lord grant refuge to the souls of the Comtesse du Barry the noble sinner, and of countless sinners like herself.” That’s somethin’ else entirely. Because there are many such great sinners, those who met with brutal turns of fate, those who have suffered through misfortunes, they’re groanin’ now while awaitin’ refuge in the afterlife.]
La nuit venait de descendre sur la ville frémissante encore du bruit de ce supplice, dont les détails couraient de bouche en bouche assombrir dans chaque maison l'heure joyeuse du souper de famille.処刑の興奮さめやらぬパリの町に夜の帳がおりていった。処刑の模様は口から口へと伝えられ、楽しかるべき家族の食卓を暗くしていた。[The curtain of night had fallen upon the city of Paris, still reeling from the frenzy of the execution. Word of its development had been passed from mouth to mouth, casting a gloom over the otherwise joyous family supper.]
Толкова по-болезнено се свиваше сърцето на Николай, изтърпял напразно всичкия страх, който обзема човек пред сражение, и прекарал целия този весел ден в бездействие.それだけに、戦闘に先立つ恐怖にいたずらに悩んで、この楽しかるべき日を無為のうちにすごしてしまったニコライの胸は、なお一層締めつけられるような思いがした。[And Nicholas, who had vainly suffered all the dread that precedes a battle and had spent that otherwise joyful day in inactivity, felt as though his chest tightened even more.]
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