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Governor of Alabama | |
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![]() Seal of the Governor | |
![]() Standard of the Governor | |
Style |
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Status | |
Residence | Alabama Governor's Mansion |
Term length | Four years, renewable once |
Precursor | Governor of Alabama Territory |
Inaugural holder | William Wyatt Bibb |
Formation | December 14, 1819 |
Deputy | Lieutenant Governor of Alabama |
Salary | $119,950 (2013) [1] |
Website | http://www.governor.state.al.us |
The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.
Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated from the term "head of state", as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles depending on the country.
In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are currently 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory and shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Due to this shared sovereignty, Americans are citizens both of the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders. Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.
There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors. [2] The first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom, and Fob James each served two, and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.
William Wyatt Bibb was a United States Senator from Georgia and the first Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. Bibb County, Alabama, and Bibb County, Georgia, are named for him.
The Territory of Alabama was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. The Alabama Territory was carved from the Mississippi Territory on August 15, 1817 and lasted until December 14, 1819, when it was admitted to the Union as the twenty-second state.
David Bibb Graves was an American Democratic politician and the 38th Governor of Alabama 1927-1931 and 1935–1939, the first Alabama governor to serve two four-year terms.
The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 following Governor Robert J. Bentley's court-mandated resignation following a guilty plea-deal amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.
Hugh McVay was the ninth governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from July 17 to November 30, 1837. He was born in South Carolina.
Clement Comer Clay was the eighth Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1835 to 1837. An attorney, judge and politician, he also was elected to the state legislature, as well as to the House of Representatives and the US Senate.
Lurleen Burns Wallace was the 46th Governor of Alabama for fifteen months from January 1967 until her death in May 1968. She was the first wife of Alabama Governor George Wallace, whom she succeeded as governor because the Alabama constitution forbade consecutive terms. She was Alabama's first female Governor and was the only female governor to hold the position until Kay Ivey became the second woman to succeed to the office in 2017. She is also the only female governor in U.S. history to have died in office. In 1973, she was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.
Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.
The Territory of Mississippi was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 7, 1798, until December 10, 1817, when the western half of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Mississippi and the eastern half became the Alabama Territory until its admittance to the Union as the State of Alabama on December 14, 1819.
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
Governor | Term in office | Appointed by | |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | William Wyatt Bibb | March 6, 1817 [lower-alpha 1] – November 9, 1819 [lower-alpha 2] | James Monroe |
Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861. Following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states that supported it. The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy" or "the South".
The Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave-holding states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—in the Lower South region of the United States, whose economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves.
The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865, between the North and the South. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery.
The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. [4] This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years. [5] The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, [6] but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. [7] Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term. [8] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. [7] However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday. [9]
The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, [10] abolished in 1875, [11] and recreated in 1901. [12] According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship. [13] Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, [14] but the official listing includes these as full governors. [2] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.
Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican.
No. [lower-alpha 4] | Governor | Term in office | Party | Election | Lt. Governor [lower-alpha 5] [lower-alpha 6] | |||
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1 | ![]() | William Wyatt Bibb | November 9, 1819 [lower-alpha 2] – July 10, 1820 [lower-alpha 7] [lower-alpha 8] (died in office) | Democratic- Republican | 1819 | Office did not exist | ||
2 | ![]() | Thomas Bibb | July 10, 1820 [lower-alpha 8] – November 9, 1821 (not candidate for election) | Democratic- Republican | Succeeded from President of the Senate | |||
3 | ![]() | Israel Pickens | November 9, 1821 – November 25, 1825 (term limited) | Democratic- Republican | 1821 | |||
1823 | ||||||||
4 | ![]() | John Murphy | November 25, 1825 – November 25, 1829 (term limited) | Jackson Democrat | 1825 | |||
1827 | ||||||||
5 | ![]() | Gabriel Moore | November 25, 1829 – March 3, 1831 (resigned) [lower-alpha 9] | Jackson Democrat | 1829 | |||
6 | Samuel B. Moore | March 3, 1831 – November 26, 1831 (lost election) | Democratic | Succeeded from President of the Senate | ||||
7 | ![]() | John Gayle | November 26, 1831 – November 21, 1835 (term limited) | Democratic | 1831 | |||
1833 | ||||||||
8 | ![]() | Clement Comer Clay | November 21, 1835 – July 17, 1837 [lower-alpha 10] (resigned) [lower-alpha 11] | Democratic | 1835 | |||
9 | ![]() | Hugh McVay | July 17, 1837 [lower-alpha 10] – November 21, 1837 [lower-alpha 12] (not candidate for election) | Democratic | Succeeded from President of the Senate | |||
10 | ![]() | Arthur P. Bagby | November 21, 1837 [lower-alpha 12] – November 22, 1841 (term limited) | Democratic | 1837 | |||
1839 | ||||||||
11 | ![]() | Benjamin Fitzpatrick | November 22, 1841 – December 10, 1845 (term limited) | Democratic | 1841 | |||
1843 | ||||||||
12 | ![]() | Joshua L. Martin | December 10, 1845 – December 16, 1847 (not candidate for election) | Independent [lower-alpha 13] | 1845 | |||
13 | ![]() | Reuben Chapman | December 16, 1847 – December 17, 1849 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1847 | |||
14 | ![]() | Henry W. Collier | December 17, 1849 – December 20, 1853 (term limited) | Democratic | 1849 | |||
1851 | ||||||||
15 | ![]() | John A. Winston | December 20, 1853 – December 1, 1857 (term limited) | Democratic | 1853 | |||
1855 | ||||||||
16 | ![]() | Andrew B. Moore | December 1, 1857 – December 2, 1861 (term limited) | Democratic | 1857 | |||
1859 | ||||||||
17 | ![]() | John Gill Shorter | December 2, 1861 – December 1, 1863 (lost election) | Democratic | 1861 | |||
18 | ![]() | Thomas H. Watts | December 1, 1863 – May 1, 1865 (arrested and removed) [lower-alpha 14] | Whig [lower-alpha 15] | 1863 | |||
— | Vacant | May 1, 1865 – June 21, 1865 | — | Office vacated after civil war | ||||
19 | ![]() | Lewis E. Parsons | June 21, 1865 – December 13, 1865 (provisional term ended) | — [lower-alpha 16] | Provisional governor appointed by President [lower-alpha 17] | |||
20 | ![]() | Robert M. Patton | December 13, 1865 – July 14, 1868 [lower-alpha 18] (not candidate for election) | Pre-War Whig [lower-alpha 19] | 1865 [lower-alpha 20] | |||
— | ![]() | Wager Swayne | March 2, 1867 [lower-alpha 21] – January 11, 1868 [lower-alpha 22] (removed) [30] | — | Military occupation [lower-alpha 20] | |||
21 | ![]() | William Hugh Smith | July 14, 1868 [lower-alpha 18] – November 26, 1870 [lower-alpha 23] (lost election) | Republican | 1868 | |||
Andrew J. Applegate (took office August 13, 1868) (died August 21, 1870) | ||||||||
Vacant | ||||||||
22 | ![]() | Robert B. Lindsay | November 26, 1870 – November 17, 1872 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1870 [lower-alpha 23] | Edward H. Moren | ||
23 | ![]() | David P. Lewis | November 17, 1872 – November 24, 1874 (lost election) [32] | Republican | 1872 | Alexander McKinstry | ||
24 | ![]() | George S. Houston | November 24, 1874 – November 28, 1878 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1874 | Robert F. Ligon | ||
1876 | Office did not exist | |||||||
25 | ![]() | Rufus W. Cobb | November 28, 1878 – December 1, 1882 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1878 | |||
1880 | ||||||||
26 | ![]() | Edward A. O'Neal | December 1, 1882 – December 1, 1886 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1882 | |||
1884 | ||||||||
27 | Thomas Seay | December 1, 1886 – December 1, 1890 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1886 | ||||
1888 | ||||||||
28 | ![]() | Thomas G. Jones | December 1, 1890 – December 1, 1894 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1890 | |||
1892 | ||||||||
29 | ![]() | William C. Oates | December 1, 1894 – December 1, 1896 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1894 | |||
30 | ![]() | Joseph F. Johnston | December 1, 1896 – December 1, 1900 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1896 | |||
1898 | ||||||||
— | ![]() | William D. Jelks | December 1, 1900 – December 26, 1900 (acting) | Democratic | 1900 [lower-alpha 24] | |||
31 | ![]() | William J. Samford | December 1, 1900 – June 11, 1901 (died in office) | Democratic | ||||
32 | ![]() | William D. Jelks | June 11, 1901 – January 14, 1907 (term limited) | Democratic | Succeeded from President of the Senate | |||
1902 [lower-alpha 25] [lower-alpha 26] | Russell McWhortor Cunningham (acted as governor April 25, 1904–March 5, 1905) | |||||||
33 | ![]() | B. B. Comer | January 14, 1907 [lower-alpha 27] – January 16, 1911 (term limited) | Democratic | 1906 | Henry B. Gray | ||
34 | ![]() | Emmet O'Neal | January 17, 1911 [lower-alpha 27] – January 18, 1915 (term limited) | Democratic | 1910 | Walter D. Seed Sr. | ||
35 | ![]() | Charles Henderson | January 19, 1915 [lower-alpha 27] – January 20, 1919 (term limited) | Democratic | 1914 | Thomas Kilby | ||
36 | ![]() | Thomas Kilby | January 21, 1919 [lower-alpha 27] – January 15, 1923 (term limited) | Democratic | 1918 | Nathan Lee Miller | ||
37 | ![]() | William W. Brandon | January 16, 1923 [lower-alpha 27] – January 17, 1927 (term limited) | Democratic | 1922 [lower-alpha 28] | Charles S. McDowell (acted as governor July 10, 1924–July 11, 1924) | ||
38 | ![]() | Bibb Graves | January 18, 1927 [lower-alpha 27] – January 19, 1931 (term limited) | Democratic | 1926 | William C. Davis | ||
39 | ![]() | Benjamin M. Miller | January 20, 1931 [lower-alpha 27] – January 14, 1935 (term limited) | Democratic | 1930 | Hugh Davis Merrill | ||
38 | ![]() | Bibb Graves | January 15, 1935 [lower-alpha 27] – January 16, 1939 (term limited) | Democratic | 1934 | Thomas E. Knight (died May 17, 1937) | ||
Vacant | ||||||||
40 | ![]() | Frank M. Dixon | January 17, 1939 [lower-alpha 27] – January 18, 1943 (term limited) | Democratic | 1938 | Albert A. Carmichael | ||
41 | ![]() | Chauncey Sparks | January 19, 1943 [lower-alpha 27] – January 20, 1947 (term limited) | Democratic | 1942 | Leven H. Ellis | ||
42 | ![]() | Jim Folsom | January 21, 1947 [lower-alpha 27] – January 15, 1951 (term limited) | Democratic | 1946 | James C. Inzer | ||
43 | ![]() | Gordon Persons | January 16, 1951 [lower-alpha 27] – January 17, 1955 (term limited) | Democratic | 1950 | James Allen | ||
42 | ![]() | Jim Folsom | January 18, 1955 [lower-alpha 27] – January 19, 1959 (term limited) | Democratic | 1954 | William G. Hardwick | ||
44 | ![]() | John Malcolm Patterson | January 20, 1959 [lower-alpha 27] – January 14, 1963 (term limited) | Democratic | 1958 | Albert Boutwell | ||
45 | ![]() | George Wallace | January 15, 1963 [lower-alpha 27] – January 16, 1967 (term limited) | Democratic | 1962 | James Allen | ||
46 | ![]() | Lurleen Wallace | January 17, 1967 [lower-alpha 27] – May 7, 1968 (died in office) | Democratic | 1966 [lower-alpha 29] | Albert Brewer (acted as governor July 25, 1967) | ||
47 | ![]() | Albert Brewer | May 7, 1968 – January 18, 1971 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor | Vacant | ||
45 | ![]() | George Wallace | January 19, 1971 [lower-alpha 27] – January 15, 1979 (term limited) | Democratic | 1970 [lower-alpha 30] | Jere Beasley (acted as governor June 5, 1972–July 7, 1972) | ||
1974 | ||||||||
48 | ![]() | Fob James | January 16, 1979 [lower-alpha 27] – January 17, 1983 (not candidate for election) [37] | Democratic | 1978 | George McMillan | ||
45 | ![]() | George Wallace | January 18, 1983 [lower-alpha 27] – January 19, 1987 (not candidate for election) | Democratic | 1982 | Bill Baxley | ||
49 | H. Guy Hunt | January 20, 1987 [lower-alpha 27] – April 22, 1993 (resigned) [lower-alpha 31] | Republican | 1986 | Jim Folsom Jr. [lower-alpha 32] | |||
1990 | ||||||||
50 | ![]() | Jim Folsom Jr. | April 22, 1993 – January 16, 1995 (lost election) | Democratic | Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor | Vacant | ||
48 | ![]() | Fob James | January 17, 1995 [lower-alpha 27] – January 18, 1999 (lost election) [39] | Republican | 1994 | Don Siegelman [lower-alpha 32] | ||
51 | ![]() | Don Siegelman | January 19, 1999 [lower-alpha 27] – January 20, 2003 (lost election) [39] | Democratic | 1998 | Steve Windom [lower-alpha 33] | ||
52 | ![]() | Bob Riley | January 21, 2003 [lower-alpha 27] – January 17, 2011 (term limited) | Republican | 2002 | Lucy Baxley [lower-alpha 32] | ||
2006 | Jim Folsom Jr. [lower-alpha 32] | |||||||
53 | ![]() | Robert J. Bentley | January 18, 2011 [lower-alpha 27] – April 10, 2017 (resigned) [lower-alpha 34] | Republican | 2010 | Kay Ivey | ||
2014 | ||||||||
54 | ![]() | Kay Ivey | April 10, 2017 – present [lower-alpha 35] | Republican | Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor | Vacant | ||
2018 | Will Ainsworth |
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William Dorsey Jelks was an American Democratic politician who was the 32nd Governor of Alabama from 1901 to 1907; he had been a newspaper publisher and editor. He also served as acting governor between December 1 and December 26, 1900 when governor William J. Samford was out-of-state seeking medical treatment. When Samford died on June 11, 1901, Jelks became governor. In 1904, Jelks fell ill and left the state for treatment; Russell Cunningham acted as governor in Jelk's absence from April 25, 1904 to March 5, 1905.
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Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.
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