List of Governors of Florida

Governor of Florida
	Great Seal of the State of Florida
	Incumbent; Ron DeSantis ; since January 8, 2019
Style	The Honorable
Residence	Florida Governor's Mansion
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	William Dunn Moseley
Formation	June 25, 1845
Deputy	Jeanette Nunez, ; lieutenant governor
Salary	$130,273 (2013) [1]
Website	www.flgov.com

Last updated April 18, 2019

The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Florida's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.^[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature,^[3] to convene the legislature,^[4] and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.^[5]

The government of Florida is established and operated according to the Constitution of Florida and is composed of three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Florida and the other elected and appointed constitutional officers; the legislative branch, the Florida Legislature, consisting of the Senate and House; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of Florida and lower courts. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, and ratification.

A commander-in-chief, sometimes also called supreme commander, is the person that exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership – a head of state or a head of government.

The Florida National Guard is the National Guard force of the U.S. state of Florida. It comprises the Florida Army National Guard and the Florida Air National Guard.

When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future President Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date.

Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the "common man" against a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union.

The Territory of Florida was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 30, 1822, until March 3, 1845, when it was admitted to the Union as the state of Florida. Originally the Spanish territory of La Florida, and later the provinces of East and West Florida, it was ceded to the United States as part of the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty. It was governed by the Florida Territorial Council.

William Pope Duval was the first civilian governor of Florida Territory, succeeding Andrew Jackson, who had been military governor. In his twelve-year governorship, from 1822 to 1834, he divided Florida into four territories, established the local court system, and chose Tallahassee as the territory's capital because of its central location. Duval County, where Jacksonville is located, Duval Street in Key West, and Duval Street in Tallahassee, Florida are named for him.

Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham, in two stints; and Reubin Askew, Jeb Bush, and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned with only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham.

William Dunnington Bloxham was the 13th and 17th Governor of Florida in two non-consecutive terms. Prior to his first term as governor, he served in the Florida House of Representatives.

Reubin O'Donovan Askew was an American politician, who served as the 37th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida from 1971 to 1979. He led on tax reform, civil rights, and financial transparency for public officials, maintaining an outstanding reputation for personal integrity.

John Ellis "Jeb" Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. Bush, who grew up in Houston, is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush, and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the University of Texas, where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs. In 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development, and in 1986 became Florida's Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his father's successful campaign for the Presidency.

The current governor is Ron DeSantis, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019.

Ronald Dion DeSantis is an American attorney, former Naval officer, and politician serving as the 46th governor of Florida since January 2019. A Republican, he represented Florida's 6th congressional district in Congress from 2013 to 2018. After graduating from Yale University and Harvard Law School, DeSantis served as an officer and attorney in the Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Navy (JAG).

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

Governors

Federal military commissioner

For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, see the list of colonial governors of Florida.

Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10, 1821.^[6] Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi; the remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated.^[7]

Spanish Florida, was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. La Florida formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and the Spanish Empire during Spanish colonization of the Americas. While its boundaries were never clearly or formally defined, the territory was much larger than the present-day state of Florida, extending over much of what is now the southeastern United States, including all of present-day Florida plus portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and southeastern Louisiana. Spain's claim to this vast area was based on several wide-ranging expeditions mounted during the 16th century. A number of missions, settlements, and small forts existed in the 16th and to a lesser extent in the 17th century; eventually they were abandoned due to pressure from the expanding English and French colonial projects, the collapse of the native populations, and the general difficulty in becoming agriculturally or economically self-sufficient. By the 18th century, Spain's control over La Florida did not extend much beyond its three forts, all located in present-day Florida: St. Augustine, St. Marks, and Pensacola.

The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; it also came during the Latin American wars of independence.

West Florida was a region on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico that underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. As its name suggests, it was formed out of the western part of former Spanish Florida, along with lands taken from French Louisiana; Pensacola became West Florida's capital. The colony included about two thirds of what is now the Florida Panhandle, as well as parts of the modern U.S. states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.

Federal Military Commissioner of Florida
Commissioner		Term in office	Appointed by	Notes
	Andrew Jackson	March 10, 1821 – December 31, 1821	James Monroe	^{[lower-alpha 1]}^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Governors of the Territory of Florida

Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida.^[12]

Governors of the Territory of Florida
No.		Term in office	Appointed by
1	William Pope Duval	April 17, 1822 – April 24, 1834	James Monroe
			John Quincy Adams
			Andrew Jackson
2	John Eaton	April 24, 1834 – March 16, 1836
3	Richard K. Call	March 16, 1836 – December 2, 1839
4	Robert R. Reid	December 2, 1839 – March 19, 1841	Martin Van Buren
5	Richard K. Call	March 19, 1841 – August 11, 1844	William Henry Harrison
5	Richard K. Call	March 19, 1841 – August 11, 1844	John Tyler
6	John Branch	August 11, 1844 – June 25, 1845	John Tyler

Governors of the State of Florida

The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861,^[13] and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861,^[14] as a founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District.^[15] Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868.^[16]

The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every four years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms.^[17] The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit,^[18] but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term,^[19]^[20] though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution.^[21] The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to the succeeding term.^[22] The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election,^[21] where it has remained.^[23]

Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant.^[24] The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor,^[25]^[26] who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty.^[27] The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor.^[28] The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket.^[22]

Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig party (the Democrat's chief opposition at the time).^[29] It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Governors of the State of Florida^{[lower-alpha 3]}
No.	Governor		Term in office	Party	Election	Lt. Governor ^{[lower-alpha 4]}^{[lower-alpha 5]}
1		William Dunn Moseley	June 25, 1845 – October 1, 1849 (term limited)	Democratic	1845	Office did not exist
2		Thomas Brown	October 1, 1849 – October 3, 1853 (term limited)	Whig	1849
3		James E. Broome	October 3, 1853 – October 5, 1857 (term limited)	Democratic	1853
4		Madison S. Perry	October 5, 1857 – October 7, 1861 (term limited)	Democratic	1857
5		John Milton	October 7, 1861 – April 1, 1865 (died in office)^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Democratic	1861
6		Abraham K. Allison	April 1, 1865 – May 19, 1865 (resigned)^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor
—	Vacant		May 19, 1865 – July 13, 1865	—	Office vacated after civil war
7		William Marvin	July 13, 1865 – December 20, 1865 (provisional term ended)	—	Provisional governor appointed by President^{[lower-alpha 8]}
8		David S. Walker	December 20, 1865 – July 4, 1868^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Democratic ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	1865		William W. J. Kelly ^{[lower-alpha 11]}
9		Harrison Reed	July 4, 1868^{[lower-alpha 9]} – January 7, 1873 (not candidate for election)	Republican	1868		William Henry Gleason (removed December 14, 1868)^{[lower-alpha 12]}
						Vacant
							Edmund C. Weeks (appointed January 24, 1870) (term ended December 27, 1870)^{[lower-alpha 13]}
							Samuel T. Day (took office December 27, 1870)
10		Ossian B. Hart	January 7, 1873 – March 18, 1874 (died in office)	Republican	1872		Marcellus Stearns
11		Marcellus Stearns	March 18, 1874 – January 2, 1877 (lost election)	Republican	Lieutenant Governor acting as Governor		Acting as Governor
12		George Franklin Drew	January 2, 1877 – January 4, 1881 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1876		Noble A. Hull (resigned March 3, 1879)
12		George Franklin Drew		Democratic	1876	Vacant
13		William D. Bloxham	January 4, 1881 – January 7, 1885 (term limited)	Democratic	1880		Livingston W. Bethel
14		Edward A. Perry	January 7, 1885 – January 8, 1889 (term limited)	Democratic	1884		Milton H. Mabry
15		Francis P. Fleming	January 8, 1889 – January 3, 1893 (term limited)	Democratic	1888	Office did not exist
16		Henry L. Mitchell	January 3, 1893 – January 5, 1897 (term limited)	Democratic	1892
17		William D. Bloxham	January 5, 1897 – January 8, 1901 (term limited)	Democratic	1896
18		William Sherman Jennings	January 8, 1901 – January 3, 1905 (term limited)	Democratic	1900
19		Napoleon B. Broward	January 3, 1905 – January 5, 1909 (term limited)	Democratic	1904
20		Albert W. Gilchrist	January 5, 1909 – January 7, 1913 (term limited)	Democratic	1908
21		Park Trammell	January 7, 1913 – January 2, 1917 (term limited)	Democratic	1912
22		Sidney Johnston Catts	January 2, 1917 – January 4, 1921 (term limited)	Prohibition	1916
23		Cary A. Hardee	January 4, 1921 – January 6, 1925 (term limited)	Democratic	1920
24		John W. Martin	January 6, 1925 – January 8, 1929 (term limited)	Democratic	1924
25		Doyle E. Carlton	January 8, 1929 – January 3, 1933 (term limited)	Democratic	1928
26		David Sholtz	January 3, 1933 – January 5, 1937 (term limited)	Democratic	1932
27		Fred P. Cone	January 5, 1937 – January 7, 1941 (term limited)	Democratic	1936
28		Spessard Holland	January 7, 1941 – January 2, 1945 (term limited)	Democratic	1940
29		Millard Caldwell	January 2, 1945 – January 4, 1949 (term limited)	Democratic	1944
30		Fuller Warren	January 4, 1949 – January 6, 1953 (term limited)	Democratic	1948
31		Daniel T. McCarty	January 6, 1953 – September 28, 1953 (died in office)	Democratic	1952
32		Charley Eugene Johns	September 28, 1953 – January 4, 1955 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor
33		LeRoy Collins	January 4, 1955 – January 3, 1961 (term limited)	Democratic	1954 (special)^{[lower-alpha 14]}
33		LeRoy Collins	January 4, 1955 – January 3, 1961 (term limited)	Democratic	1956
34		C. Farris Bryant	January 3, 1961 – January 5, 1965 (term limited)	Democratic	1960
35		W. Haydon Burns	January 5, 1965 – January 3, 1967 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1964 ^{[lower-alpha 15]}
36		Claude R. Kirk Jr.	January 3, 1967 – January 5, 1971 (lost election)	Republican	1966
36		Claude R. Kirk Jr.	January 3, 1967 – January 5, 1971 (lost election)	Republican	1966		Ray C. Osborne (office created January 7, 1969)
37		Reubin Askew	January 5, 1971 – January 2, 1979 (term limited)	Democratic	1970		Thomas Burton Adams Jr.
37		Reubin Askew	January 5, 1971 – January 2, 1979 (term limited)	Democratic	1974		Jim Williams
38		Bob Graham	January 2, 1979 – January 3, 1987 (resigned)^{[lower-alpha 16]}	Democratic	1978		Wayne Mixson
38		Bob Graham		Democratic	1982		Wayne Mixson
39		Wayne Mixson	January 3, 1987 – January 6, 1987 (successor took office)	Democratic	Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor	Vacant
40		Bob Martinez	January 6, 1987 – January 8, 1991 (lost election)	Republican	1986		Bobby Brantley
41		Lawton Chiles	January 8, 1991 – December 12, 1998 (died in office)	Democratic	1990		Buddy MacKay
41		Lawton Chiles	January 8, 1991 – December 12, 1998 (died in office)	Democratic	1994		Buddy MacKay
42		Buddy MacKay	December 12, 1998 – January 5, 1999	Democratic	Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor	Vacant
43		Jeb Bush	January 5, 1999 – January 2, 2007 (term limited)	Republican	1998		Frank Brogan (resigned March 3, 2003)
					2002		Frank Brogan (resigned March 3, 2003)
					2002		Toni Jennings
44		Charlie Crist	January 2, 2007 – January 4, 2011 (not candidate for election)	Republican ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	2006		Jeff Kottkamp
45		Rick Scott	January 4, 2011 – January 7, 2019^{[lower-alpha 18]} (term limited)	Republican	2010		Jennifer Carroll (resigned March 12, 2013)
						Vacant
							Carlos Lopez-Cantera (appointed February 3, 2014)
					2014		Carlos Lopez-Cantera (appointed February 3, 2014)
46		Ron DeSantis	January 8, 2019 – present^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Republican	2018		Jeanette Núñez

Notes

Book: Governors of Florida

↑ Jackson's official titles were "Commissioner of the United States" and "Governor of East and West Florida".^[8]
↑ Jackson left Florida on October 8, 1821.^[9] His resignation was submitted on November 13, 1821,^[10] and the president accepted it on December 31, 1821.^[11]
↑ Data is sourced from the National Governors Association, unless supplemental references are required.
↑ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1885, and recreated in 1968.
↑ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
↑ Milton committed suicide due to the pending defeat of the Confederate States of America, stating in his final address to the legislature that "death would be preferable to reunion."^[30]
↑ Allison resigned to go into hiding from approaching Union troops, and was captured by them on June 19, 1865.^[31]
↑ Marvin was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.^[32]
1 2 Reed was popularly elected under the terms of the 1868 constitution, and took the oath of office on June 8, 1868; it was not until July 4, 1868, however, that the federal commander of Florida, still under Reconstruction, recognized the validity of the state constitution and the election.^[34]
↑ Most sources state Walker was a Democrat; the state archives say he was "Conservative".^[33]
↑ Represented the Republican Party.
↑ During an attempted impeachment of Reed, Gleason proclaimed himself governor. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Reed, and Gleason was removed from office.^[35]
↑ Appointed as temporary lieutenant governor to replace William Henry Gleason. However, the state comptroller did not believe the governor could appoint a replacement to an elected office and refused to pay Weeks, and the Senate refused to accept his presidency over them, even proposing a motion to arrest him. Governor Reed called for a special election to replace him, and though Weeks fought it, the Florida Supreme Court declared his term to have ended when the new election results were certified.^[36]
↑ Special election to fill the remainder of McCarty's term.^[37]
↑ This term was only two years as the election schedule was changed so that it would not coincide with presidential elections.^[38]
↑ Graham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.^[39]
↑ Crist was elected as a member of the Republican Party and switched to Independent in April 2010.^[40]
↑ Due to Ron DeSantis and Jeannette Núñez taking their oath of office ahead of time, they became governor and lieutenant governor at midnight on January 8, rather than waiting for an inauguration ceremony. Thus, Scott's term ended at the end of January 7.^[41]
↑ DeSantis' current term expires on January 2, 2023.

References

General

"Governors of Florida". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
"A Guide to Florida Governors and the Florida Cabinet". State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Buccellato, Robert (2015). Florida Governors Lasting Legacies (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1467113694.

Constitutions

"Constitution of the State of Florida". Florida Legislature. 1968. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
"Constitution of 1885". State Library and Archives of Florida. 1885. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
"Constitution of 1868". State Library and Archives of Florida. 1868. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
"Constitution of 1865". State Library and Archives of Florida. 1865. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
"Constitution of the State of Florida". State Library and Archives of Florida. 1868. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
"Constitution of 1838". State Library and Archives of Florida. 1838. Retrieved April 19, 2015.

Specific

↑ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 1a
↑ FL Const. art. III, § 8
↑ FL Const. art. III, § 3c
↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 8
↑ "Adams-Onís Treaty". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ "Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States". Florida Department of State. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
↑ "Andrew Jackson". State Library and Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Morris, Allen; Joan Perry Morris (1999). The Florida Handbook, 1999–2000. Peninsular Books. ISBN 978-0-9616000-7-5 . Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Harold D. Moser; David R. Hoth; George H. Hoemann, eds. (1996). The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1821–1824. University of Tennessee Press. p. 513. ISBN 0-87049-897-5 . Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed. (1902). The Writings of James Monroe. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 207. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Peters, Virginia Bergman (1979). The Florida Wars. Hamden: The Shoestring Press. pp. 63–74. ISBN 0-208-01719-4.
↑ "Florida and the Civil War" A Short History". Florida Memory. State Library & Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
↑ "February 1861–1865". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Cox, Merlin (January 1968). "Military Reconstruction in Florida". Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (3): 219.
↑ "June in Florida History". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ 1838 Const. art III, § 2
↑ 1861 Const. art. III, § 2
↑ 1865 Const. art. III, § 2
↑ 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
1 2 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2
1 2 FL Const. art. IV, § 5
↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 2
↑ 1838 Const. art III, § 18
↑ 1865 Const. art. III, § 19
↑ 1868 Const. art. V, § 15
↑ 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19
↑ FL Const. art. IV, § 3
↑ "Whig Party | History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
↑ "John Milton". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
↑ "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
↑ "William Marvin". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
↑ "David Shelby Walker". State Library and Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ "Florida Governors' Portraits – Harrison Reed". Museum of Florida History. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
↑ Davis, William Watson (1913). The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, Volume 53. Columbia University. pp. 550–555. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida. XIII. State of Florida. 1871. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
↑ "Thomas Leroy Collins". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
↑ "Haydon Burns". National Governors Association . Retrieved March 30, 2010.
↑ "Daniel Robert Graham". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
↑ "Can Crist Win in Florida as an Independent?". Time. May 3, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
↑ "DeSantis already governor when ceremony begins". Tampa Bay Times . January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

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[9] Jackson's official titles were "Commissioner of the United States" and "Governor of East and West Florida".^[8]

[13] Jackson left Florida on October 8, 1821.^[9] His resignation was submitted on November 13, 1821,^[10] and the president accepted it on December 31, 1821.^[11]

[32] Data is sourced from the National Governors Association, unless supplemental references are required.

[33] The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1885, and recreated in 1968.

[34] Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.

[36] Milton committed suicide due to the pending defeat of the Confederate States of America, stating in his final address to the legislature that "death would be preferable to reunion."^[30]

[38] Allison resigned to go into hiding from approaching Union troops, and was captured by them on June 19, 1865.^[31]

[40] Marvin was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.^[32]

[date-1868-41] 1 2 Reed was popularly elected under the terms of the 1868 constitution, and took the oath of office on June 8, 1868; it was not until July 4, 1868, however, that the federal commander of Florida, still under Reconstruction, recognized the validity of the state constitution and the election.^[34]

[43] Most sources state Walker was a Democrat; the state archives say he was "Conservative".^[33]

[lt-rep-44] Represented the Republican Party.

[47] During an attempted impeachment of Reed, Gleason proclaimed himself governor. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Reed, and Gleason was removed from office.^[35]

[49] Appointed as temporary lieutenant governor to replace William Henry Gleason. However, the state comptroller did not believe the governor could appoint a replacement to an elected office and refused to pay Weeks, and the Senate refused to accept his presidency over them, even proposing a motion to arrest him. Governor Reed called for a special election to replace him, and though Weeks fought it, the Florida Supreme Court declared his term to have ended when the new election results were certified.^[36]

[51] Special election to fill the remainder of McCarty's term.^[37]

[53] This term was only two years as the election schedule was changed so that it would not coincide with presidential elections.^[38]

[55] Graham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.^[39]

[57] Crist was elected as a member of the Republican Party and switched to Independent in April 2010.^[40]

[59] Due to Ron DeSantis and Jeannette Núñez taking their oath of office ahead of time, they became governor and lieutenant governor at midnight on January 8, rather than waiting for an inauguration ceremony. Thus, Scott's term ended at the end of January 7.^[41]

[60] DeSantis' current term expires on January 2, 2023.

[1] "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.

[2] FL Const. art. IV, § 1a

[3] FL Const. art. III, § 8

[4] FL Const. art. III, § 3c

[5] FL Const. art. IV, § 8

[6] "Adams-Onís Treaty". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[7] "Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States". Florida Department of State. Retrieved October 28, 2016.

[8] "Andrew Jackson". State Library and Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[10] Morris, Allen; Joan Perry Morris (1999). The Florida Handbook, 1999–2000. Peninsular Books. ISBN 978-0-9616000-7-5 . Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[11] Harold D. Moser; David R. Hoth; George H. Hoemann, eds. (1996). The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1821–1824. University of Tennessee Press. p. 513. ISBN 0-87049-897-5 . Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[12] Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed. (1902). The Writings of James Monroe. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 207. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[14] Peters, Virginia Bergman (1979). The Florida Wars. Hamden: The Shoestring Press. pp. 63–74. ISBN 0-208-01719-4.

[15] "Florida and the Civil War" A Short History". Florida Memory. State Library & Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.

[16] "February 1861–1865". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[17] Cox, Merlin (January 1968). "Military Reconstruction in Florida". Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (3): 219.

[18] "June in Florida History". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[19] 1838 Const. art III, § 2

[20] 1861 Const. art. III, § 2

[21] 1865 Const. art. III, § 2

[22] 1868 Const. art. V, § 2

[1885art4sec2-23] 1 2 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2

[constart4sec5-24] 1 2 FL Const. art. IV, § 5

[25] FL Const. art. IV, § 2

[26] 1838 Const. art III, § 18

[27] 1865 Const. art. III, § 19

[28] 1868 Const. art. V, § 15

[29] 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19

[30] FL Const. art. IV, § 3

[31] "Whig Party | History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-19.

[nga-milton-35] "John Milton". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[nga-allison-37] "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[nga-marvin-39] "William Marvin". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[42] "David Shelby Walker". State Library and Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[45] "Florida Governors' Portraits – Harrison Reed". Museum of Florida History. Retrieved March 30, 2010.

[46] Davis, William Watson (1913). The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, Volume 53. Columbia University. pp. 550–555. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[48] Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida. XIII. State of Florida. 1871. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

[nga-collins-50] "Thomas Leroy Collins". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[52] "Haydon Burns". National Governors Association . Retrieved March 30, 2010.

[nga-graham-54] "Daniel Robert Graham". National Governors Association . Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[56] "Can Crist Win in Florida as an Independent?". Time. May 3, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.

[58] "DeSantis already governor when ceremony begins". Tampa Bay Times . January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

v t e Governors of Florida
Military (1821)	Jackson
Territorial (1822–45)	Duval Eaton Call Reid Call Branch
State (since 1845)	Moseley Brown Broome Perry Milton Allison Marvin Walker Reed Hart Stearns Drew Bloxham Perry Fleming Mitchell Bloxham Jennings Broward Gilchrist Trammell Catts Hardee Martin Carlton Sholtz Cone Holland Caldwell Warren McCarty Johns Collins Bryant Burns Kirk Askew Graham Mixson Martinez Chiles MacKay Bush Crist Scott DeSantis

v t e Years in Florida (1845–present)
19th century	Pre-1845 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

v t e Chief executives of the United States
Federal	President of the United States
State governors (current list)	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming
Territorial (current list)	American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands
Defunct	Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Santo Domingo Philippine Islands (until 1935) Philippine Commonwealth (until 1946) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

v t e State of Florida
Tallahassee (capital)
Topics	Index Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Fauna Flora Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation	Seal of Florida
History	Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Seminole Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Disney World
Geography	Beaches Caves Everglades (Drainage and development) Keys Lakes Lake Okeechobee Reef Rivers Sinkholes Springs State forests State parks Swamps
Major hurricanes	Florida Keys (1919) Tampa Bay (1921) Miami (1926) Okeechobee (1928) Florida Keys (1929) Treasure Coast (1933) Labor Day (1935) Dry Tortugas (1944) Homestead (1945) Fort Lauderdale (1947) South Florida (1948) 1949 Florida hurricane Easy (1950) King (1950) Donna (1960) Betsy (1965) Eloise (1975) Elena (1985) Andrew (1992) Opal (1995) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Wilma (2005) Irma (2017) Michael (2018)
Society	African-American Crime Cuban-American culture Miami Tampa Culture Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian-American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports
Regions	Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast Everglades First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast
Metro areas	Cape Coral–Fort Myers Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach Gainesville Homosassa Springs Jacksonville Lakeland–Winter Haven Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Ocala Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville Panama City Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian-Vero Beach Sebring Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater The Villages
Largest cities	Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood
Counties	Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami‑Dade Monroe Mosquito (former county) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington