Quantum dot display

Last updated
Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement. QD S.jpg
Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement.

A quantum dot display is a display device that uses quantum dots (QD), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic [lower-alpha 1] red, green, and blue light. Photo-emissive quantum dot particles are used in LCD backlights or display color filters. Quantum dots are excited by the blue light from the display panel to emit pure basic colors, which reduces light losses and color crosstalk in color filters, improving display brightness and color gamut. Light travels through QD layer film and traditional RGB filters made from color pigments, or through QD filters with red/green QD color converters and blue passthrough. Although the QD color filter technology is primarily used in LED-backlit LCDs, it is applicable to other display technologies which use color filters, such as blue/UV active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) or QNED/MicroLED display panels. [1] [2] [3] LED-backlit LCDs are the main application of photo-emissive quantum dots, though blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panels with QD color filters are being researched.

Contents

Electro-emissive or electroluminiscent quantum dot displays are an experimental type of display based on quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED; also EL-QLED, ELQD, QDEL). These displays are similar to AMOLED and MicroLED displays, in that light would be produced directly in each pixel by applying electric current to inorganic nano-particles. Manufacturers asserted that QD-LED displays could support large, flexible displays and would not degrade as readily as OLEDs, making them good candidates for flat-panel TV screens, digital cameras, mobile phones and handheld game consoles. [4] [5] [6]

As of June 2016, all commercial products, such as LCD TVs branded as QLED, employ quantum dots as photo-emissive particles; electro-emissive QD-LED TVs exist in laboratories only. [7] [8] Quantum dot displays are capable of displaying wider color gamuts, with some devices approaching full coverage of the BT.2020 color gamut. [9] [10] [11] QD-OLED and QD-LED displays can achieve the same contrast as OLED/MicroLED displays with "perfect" black levels in the off state, unlike LED-backlit LCDs.

Working principle

Samsung QLED TV 8K - 75 inches Samsung QLED TV 8K - 75 inches - 2018-11-02.jpg
Samsung QLED TV 8K - 75 inches

The idea of using quantum dots as a light source emerged in the 1990s. Early applications included imaging using QD infrared photodetectors, light emitting diodes and single-color light emitting devices. [12] Starting in the early 2000s, scientists started to realize the potential of developing quantum dots for light sources and displays. [13]

QDs are either photo-emissive (photoluminescent) or electro-emissive (electroluminescent) allowing them to be readily incorporated into new emissive display architectures. [14] Quantum dots naturally produce monochromatic light, so they are more efficient than white light sources when color filtered and allow more saturated colors that reach nearly 100% of Rec. 2020 color gamut. [10] [11] [9]

Quantum dot enhancement layer

A widespread practical application is using quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) layer to improve the LED backlighting in LCD TVs. Light from a blue LED backlight is converted by QDs to relatively pure red and green, so that this combination of blue, green and red light incurs less blue-green crosstalk and light absorption in the color filters after the LCD screen, thereby increasing useful light throughput and providing a better color gamut.

The first manufacturer shipping TVs of this kind was Sony in 2013 as Triluminos, Sony's trademark for the technology. [15] At the Consumer Electronics Show 2015, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, TCL Corporation and Sony showed QD-enhanced LED-backlighting of LCD TVs. [16] [17] [18] At the CES 2017, Samsung rebranded their 'SUHD' TVs as 'QLED'; later in April 2017, Samsung formed the QLED Alliance with Hisense and TCL to produce and market QD-enhanced TVs. [19] [20]

Quantum dot on glass (QDOG) replaces QD film with a thin QD layer coated on top of the light-guide plate (LGP), reducing costs and improving efficiency. [21] [22]

Traditional white LED backlights that use blue LEDs with on-chip or on-rail red-green QD structures are being researched, though high operating temperatures negatively affect their lifespan. [23] [24]

Quantum dot color converter

QD color converter (QDCC) LED-backlit LCDs would use QD film or ink-printed QD layer with red/green sub-pixel patterned (i.e. aligned to precisely match the red and green subpixels) quantum dots to produce pure red/green light; blue subpixels can be transparent to pass through the pure blue LED backlight, or can be made with blue patterned quantum dots in case of UV-LED backlight. This configuration effectively replaces passive color filters, which incur substantial losses by filtering out 2/3 of passing light, with photo-emissive QD structures, improving power efficiency and/or peak brightness, and enhancing color purity. [23] [25] [26] Because quantum dots depolarize the light, output polarizer (the analyzer) needs to be moved behind the color converter and embedded in-cell of the LCD glass; this would improve viewing angles as well. In-cell arrangement of the analyzer and/or the polarizer would also reduce depolarization effects in the LC layer, increasing contrast ratio. To reduce self-excitement of QD film and to improve efficiency, the ambient light can be blocked using traditional color filters, and reflective polarizers can direct light from the QDCC towards the viewer. As only blue or UV light passes through the liquid crystal layer, it can be made thinner, resulting in faster pixel response times. [25] [27]

Nanosys made presentations of their photo-emissive color converter technology during 2017; commercial products were expected by 2019, though in-cell polarizer remained a major challenge. [28] [19] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] As of December 2019, issues with in-cell polarizer remain unresolved and no LCDs with QD color converter appeared on the market since then. [36]

QD color converters can be used with OLED or micro-LED panels, improving their efficiency and color gamut. [21] [35] [37] [38] QD-OLED panels with blue emitters and red-green color converters are researched by Samsung and TCL; as of May 2019, Samsung intends to start production in 2021. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] In October 2019, Samsung Display announced an investment of $10.8 billion in both research and production, with the aim to convert all their 8G panel factories to QD-OLED production during 2019–2025. [45] [46] [47] [48] Samsung Display presented 55" and 65" QD-OLED panels at CES 2022, with TVs from Samsung Electronics and Sony to be released later in 2022. [49] QD-OLED displays show better color volume, covering 90% of Rec.2020 color gamut with peak brightness of 1500 nits, while current OLED and LCD TVs cover 70–75% of Rec.2020 (95–100% of DCI-P3). [50] [51] [52]

QNED

A further development of QD-OLED displays is quantum dot nanorod emitting diode (QNED) display [53] which replaces blue OLED layer with InGaN/GaN blue nanorod LEDs. Nanorods have a larger emitting surface compared to planar LED, allowing increased efficiency and higher light emission. Nanorod solution is ink-printed on the substrate, then subpixels are aligned in-place by electric current, and QD color convertors are placed on top of red/green subpixels. [54] [55] Samsung Display was expected to begin test production of QNED panels in 2021, [56] [53] with mass production in 2024-2025, but test production has been postponed as of May 2022. [57] [58]

Starting in 2021 LG Electronics introduced a series of TVs branded as "QNED Mini LED". These TVs are based on LCD displays with mini LED backlighting and don't use self-emissive technologies. [59] LG explains that the acronym "QNED" in their case stands for "Quantum Nano-Emitting Diode". [60] The following year LG launched "QNED" TVs that don't use mini LED technology but still rely on LCD technology.

Self-emissive quantum dot diodes

Self-emissive quantum dot displays will use electroluminescent QD nanoparticles functioning as Quantum-dot-based LEDs (QD-LEDs or QLEDs) arranged in either active matrix or passive matrix array. Rather than requiring a separate LED backlight for illumination and TFT LCD to control the brightness of color primaries, these QLED displays would natively control the light emitted by individual color subpixels, [61] greatly reducing pixel response times by eliminating the liquid crystal layer. This technology has also been called true QLED display, [62] and Electroluminescent quantum dots (ELQD, QDLE, QDEL, EL-QLED). [63] [64]

The structure of a QD-LED is similar to the basic design of an OLED. The major difference is that the light emitting devices are quantum dots, such as cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting organic materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer, where they are captured in the quantum dot and recombine, emitting photons. [13] [65] The demonstrated color gamut from QD-LEDs exceeds the performance of both LCD and OLED display technologies. [10] [11] [9] To realize all-QD LED, the challenge that should be overcome is the currently poor electrical conduction in the emitting QD layers. [66] [67]

Mass production of active-matrix QLED displays using ink-jet printing is expected to begin in 2020–2021. [68] [69] [70] [34] [35] As cadmium-based materials cannot be used in lighting applications due to their environmental impact, [71] InP (indium phosphide) ink-jet solutions are being researched by Nanosys, Nanoco, Nanophotonica, OSRAM OLED, Fraunhofer IAP, Merck, and Seoul National University, among others. [33] [72] [73] As of 2019, InP based materials are still not yet ready for commercial production due to limited lifetime. [74]

Optical properties of quantum dots

Performance of QDs is determined by the size and/or composition of the QD structures. Unlike simple atomic structures, a quantum dot structure has the unusual property that energy levels are strongly dependent on the structure's size. For example, CdSe quantum dot light emission can be tuned from red (5 nm diameter) to the violet region (1.5 nm dot). The physical reason for QD coloration is the quantum confinement effect and is directly related to their energy levels. The bandgap energy that determines the energy (and hence color) of the fluorescent light is inversely proportional to the square of the size of quantum dot. Larger QDs have more energy levels that are more closely spaced, allowing the QD to emit (or absorb) photons of lower energy (redder color). In other words, the emitted photon energy increases as the dot size decreases, because greater energy is required to confine the semiconductor excitation to a smaller volume. [75]

Newer quantum dot structures employ indium instead of cadmium, as the latter is not exempted for use in lighting by the European Commission RoHS directive, [23] [76] and also because of cadmium's toxicity.

QD-LEDs are characterized by pure and saturated emission colors with narrow bandwidth, with FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the range of 20–40 nm. [13] [25] Their emission wavelength is easily tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots. Moreover, QD-LED offer high color purity and durability combined with the efficiency, flexibility, and low processing cost of comparable organic light-emitting devices. QD-LED structure can be tuned over the entire visible wavelength range from 460 nm (blue) to 650 nm (red) (the human eye can detect light from 380 to 750 nm). The emission wavelengths have been continuously extended to UV and NIR range by tailoring the chemical composition of the QDs and device structure. [77] [78]

Fabrication process

Quantum dots are solution processable and suitable for wet processing techniques. The two major fabrication techniques for QD-LED are called phase separation and contact-printing. [79]

Phase separation

Phase separation is suitable for forming large-area ordered QD monolayers. A single QD layer is formed by spin casting a mixed solution of QD and an organic semiconductor such as TPD (N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine). This process simultaneously yields QD monolayers self-assembled into hexagonally close-packed arrays and places this monolayer on top of a co-deposited contact. During solvent drying, the QDs phase separate from the organic under-layer material (TPD) and rise towards the film's surface. The resulting QD structure is affected by many parameters: solution concentration, solvent ration, QD size distribution and QD aspect ratio. Also important is QD solution and organic solvent purity. [80]

Although phase separation is relatively simple, it is not suitable for display device applications. Since spin-casting does not allow lateral patterning of different sized QDs (RGB), phase separation cannot create a multi-color QD-LED. Moreover, it is not ideal to have an organic under-layer material for a QD-LED; an organic under-layer must be homogeneous, a constraint which limits the number of applicable device designs.

Contact printing

The contact printing process for forming QD thin films is a solvent-free water-based suspension method, which is simple and cost efficient with high throughput. During the process, the device structure is not exposed to solvents. Since charge transport layers in QD-LED structures are solvent-sensitive organic thin films, avoiding solvent during the process is a major benefit. This method can produce RGB patterned electroluminescent structures with 1000 ppi (pixels-per-inch) resolution. [11]

The overall process of contact printing:

The array of quantum dots is manufactured by self-assembly in a process known as spin casting: a solution of quantum dots in an organic material is poured onto a substrate, which is then set spinning to spread the solution evenly.

Contact printing allows fabrication of multi-color QD-LEDs. A QD-LED was fabricated with an emissive layer consisting of 25-µm wide stripes of red, green and blue QD monolayers. Contact printing methods also minimize the amount of QD required, reducing costs. [11]

Comparison

Nanocrystal displays would render as much as a 30% increase in the visible spectrum, while using 30 to 50% less power than LCDs, in large part because nanocrystal displays would not need backlighting. QD LEDs are 50–100 times brighter than CRT and LC displays, emitting 40,000  nits (cd/m2). QDs are dispersable in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, which provides for printable and flexible displays of all sizes, including large area TVs. QDs can be inorganic, offering the potential for improved lifetimes compared to OLED (however, since many parts of QD-LED are often made of organic materials, further development is required to improve the functional lifetime.) In addition to OLED displays, pick-and-place microLED displays are emerging as competing technologies to nanocrystal displays. Samsung has developed a method for making self-emissive quantum dot diodes with a lifetime of 1 million hours. [81]

Other advantages include better saturated green colors, manufacturability on polymers, thinner display and the use of the same material to generate different colors.

One disadvantage is that blue quantum dots require highly precise timing control during the reaction, because blue quantum dots are just slightly above the minimum size. Since sunlight contains roughly equal luminosities of red, green and blue across the entire spectrum, a display also needs to produce roughly equal luminosities of red, green and blue to achieve pure white as defined by CIE Standard Illuminant D65. However, the blue component in the display can have relatively lower color purity and/or precision (dynamic range) in comparison to green and red, because the human eye is three to five times less sensitive to blue in daylight conditions according to CIE luminosity function.

In contrast to traditional LCD panels and Quantum Dot LCD panels, QD-OLEDs suffer from the same screen burn-in effect as normal OLED panels.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Up to the specified bandwidth, which is in turn a function of the dispersity of the quantum dots.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liquid-crystal display</span> Display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasma display</span> Type of flat panel display

A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display that uses small cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric fields. Plasma televisions were the first large flat panel displays to be released to the public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OLED</span> Diode that emits light from an organic compound

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED), also known as organic electroluminescentdiode, is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is an organic compound film that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flat-panel display</span> Electronic display technology

A flat-panel display (FPD) is an electronic display used to display visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Display device</span> Output device for presentation of information in visual form

A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form. When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal the display is called an electronic display.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum dot</span> Zero-dimensional, nano-scale semiconductor particles with novel optical and electronic properties

Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science. When a quantum dot is illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. This light emission (photoluminescence) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or the transition between discrete energy states when the band structure is no longer well-defined in QDs.

A television set or television receiver is an electronic device for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasts, or as a computer monitor. It combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media for consumer use in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS; these were later succeeded by DVD. It has been used as a display device since the first generation of home computers and dedicated video game consoles in the 1980s. By the early 2010s, flat-panel television incorporating liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology, especially LED-backlit LCD technology, largely replaced CRT and other display technologies. Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display and can also play content from a USB device. Starting in the late 2010s, most flat panel TVs began to offer 4K and 8K resolutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LCD television</span> Television set with liquid-crystal display

A liquid-crystal-display television is a television set that uses a liquid-crystal display to produce images. It is by far the most widely produced and sold type of television display. LCD TVs are thin and light, but have some disadvantages compared to other display types such as high power consumption, poorer contrast ratio, and inferior color gamut.

Nanosys is a nanotechnology company located in Milpitas, California and founded in 2001. The company develops and manufactures quantum dot materials for display products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Field-emission display</span>

A field-emission display (FED) is a flat panel display technology that uses large-area field electron emission sources to provide electrons that strike colored phosphor to produce a color image. In a general sense, an FED consists of a matrix of cathode ray tubes, each tube producing a single sub-pixel, grouped in threes to form red-green-blue (RGB) pixels. FEDs combine the advantages of CRTs, namely their high contrast levels and very fast response times, with the packaging advantages of LCD and other flat-panel technologies. They also offer the possibility of requiring less power, about half that of an LCD system. FEDs can also be made transparent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Backlight</span> Form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays

A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) that provides illumination from the back or side of a display panel. LCDs do not produce light by themselves, so they need illumination to produce a visible image. Backlights are often used in smartphones, computer monitors, and LCD televisions. They are used in small displays to increase readability in low light conditions such as in wristwatches. Typical sources of light for backlights include light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Display</span> South Korean manufacturing company

Samsung Display (Korean: 삼성디스플레이) is a company selling display devices with OLED and QD-OLED technology. Display markets include smartphones, TVs, laptops, computer monitors, smartwatches, VR, game consoles, and automotive applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LED display</span> Display technology

A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as pixels for a video display. Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun for store signs and billboards. In recent years, they have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles, as well as variable-message signs on highways. LED displays are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display, as when used for stage lighting or other decorative purposes. LED displays can offer higher contrast ratios than a projector and are thus an alternative to traditional projection screens, and they can be used for large, uninterrupted video walls. microLED displays are LED displays with smaller LEDs, which poses significant development challenges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMOLED</span> Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions

AMOLED is a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LED-backlit LCD</span> Display technology implementation

An LED-backlit LCD is a liquid-crystal display that uses LEDs for backlighting instead of traditional cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) backlighting. LED-backlit displays use the same TFT LCD technologies as CCFL-backlit LCDs, but offer a variety of advantages over them.

Nanoco Technologies Ltd. (Nanoco) is a UK-based nanotechnology company that spun out from the University of Manchester in 2001. The company's development has been driven by Dr Nigel Pickett, Nanoco's Chief Technology Officer, whose pioneering work on the patented "molecular seeding" process has formed the basis of Nanoco's unique technology. Since 2004, Nanoco has focussed its research efforts into the development and scale-up of quantum dots and other nanoparticles, including cadmium-free quantum dots. Nanoco's technology has been licensed to Dow, Wah Hong, and Merck, amongst others.

Universal Display Corporation is a developer and manufacturer of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) technologies and materials as well as provider of services to the display and lighting industries. It is also an OLED research company. Founded in 1994, the company currently owns or has exclusive, co-exclusive or sole license rights with respect to more than 3,000 issued and pending patents worldwide for the commercialization of phosphorescent based OLEDs and also flexible, transparent and stacked OLEDs - for both display and lighting applications. Its phosphorescent OLED technologies and materials are licensed and supplied to companies such as Samsung, LG, AU Optronics CMEL, Pioneer, Panasonic Idemitsu OLED lighting and Konica Minolta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">See-through display</span> A display which can be seen through

A see-through display or transparent display is an electronic display that allows the user to see what is shown on the screen while still being able to see through it. The main applications of this type of display are in head-up displays, augmented reality systems, digital signage, and general large-scale spatial light modulation. They should be distinguished from image-combination systems which achieve visually similar effects by optically combining multiple images in the field of view. Transparent displays embed the active matrix of the display in the field of view, which generally allows them to be more compact than combination-based systems.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process called "electroluminescence". The wavelength of the light produced depends on the energy band gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices such as special optical coatings and die shape are required to efficiently emit light. A LED is a long-lived light source, but certain mechanisms can cause slow loss of efficiency of the device or sudden failure. The wavelength of the light emitted is a function of the band gap of the semiconductor material used; materials such as gallium arsenide, and others, with various trace doping elements, are used to produce different colors of light. Another type of LED uses a quantum dot which can have its properties and wavelength adjusted by its size. Light-emitting diodes are widely used in indicator and display functions, and white LEDs are displacing other technologies for general illumination purposes.

References

  1. ↑ Mu-Hyun, Cho. "Samsung researching quantum dot on MicroLED TVs". ZDNet.
  2. ↑ "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. 8 January 2019.
  3. ↑ "Quantum Dots to Shrink MicroLED Display Pixels". EETimes. 11 January 2019.
  4. ↑ Quantum-dot displays could outshine their rivals, New Scientist, 10 December 2007
  5. ↑ "Quantum Dot Electroluminescence". evidenttech.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  6. ↑ Bullis, Kevin (1 May 2006). "Nanocrystal Displays". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  7. ↑ www.etnews.com (18 October 2016). "Next Samsung Electronics' QLED TV's Name to Be SUHD QLED TV". etnews.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "How QLED TV could help Samsung finally beat LG's OLEDs". cnet.com. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 Society for Information Display, Digest of Technical Papers (9 April 2019). "Next-Generation Display Technology: Quantum-Dot LEDs". doi:10.1002/sdtp.10276.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. 1 2 3 Ruidong Zhu, Zhenyue Luo, Haiwei Chen, Yajie Dong, and Shin-Tson Wu. Realizing Rec. 2020 color gamut with quantum dot displays. Optics Express, Vol. 23, No. 18 (2015). DOI:10.1364/OE.23.023680
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Kim, LeeAnn; Anikeeva, Polina O.; Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S.; et al. (2008). "Contact Printing of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices". Nano Letters. 8 (12): 4513–4517. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8.4513K. doi:10.1021/nl8025218. PMID   19053797.
  12. ↑ R. Victor; K. Irina (2000). Brown, Gail J; Razeghi, Manijeh (eds.). "Electron and photon effects in imaging devices utilizing quantum dot infrared photodetectors and light emitting diodes". Proceedings of SPIE. Photodetectors: Materials and Devices V. 3948: 206–219. Bibcode:2000SPIE.3948..206R. doi:10.1117/12.382121. S2CID   119708221.
  13. 1 2 3 P. Anikeeva; J. Halpert; M. Bawendi; V. Bulovic (2009). "Quantum dot light-emitting deices with electroluminescence tunable over the entire visible spectrum". Nano Letters. 9 (7): 2532–2536. Bibcode:2009NanoL...9.2532A. doi:10.1021/nl9002969. PMID   19514711.
  14. ↑ "Display – Nanoco Technologies". www.nanocotechnologies.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  15. ↑ "SONY ANNOUNCES 2013 BRAVIA TVS | Sony". 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013.
  16. ↑ "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 7 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV". cnet.com. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  18. ↑ "Ultra-slim LCDs and quantum-dots enhanced LEDs enter the market – OLED-Info". www.oled-info.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  19. 1 2 "Samsung, Hisense & TCL form 'QLED Alliance' to take on OLED – FlatpanelsHD". www.flatpanelshd.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  20. ↑ "QLED Alliance Kicks Off in Beijing". nanosysinc.com. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  21. 1 2 Hartlove, Jason. "Quantum Dots Moving to the Mainstream" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2017.
  22. ↑ "Is QDOG the Future of LCD TV?". Display Supply Chain Consultants. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  23. 1 2 3 "Quantum Dots: Solution for a Wider Color Gamut". samsungdisplay.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  24. ↑ Sturgeon, Shane. "HDTV Expert – Three Premium 2017 LCD-TVs Plot Different Paths to Enhanced Performance". hdtvmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 Haiwei Chen, Juan He, and Shin-Tson Wu. Recent advances on quantum-dot-enhanced liquid crystal displays. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Vol. 23, No. 5 (2017). DOI 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2649466
  26. ↑ Werner, Ken (25 May 2017). "DisplayDaily". www.displaydaily.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  27. ↑ H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu. Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays. Optics Express 25 (10), 11315-11328 (2017). DOI 10.1364/OE.25.011315
  28. ↑ "Nanosys Quantum Dots at CES 2017 - AVSForum.com". avsforum.com. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  29. ↑ "Nanosys Details the Future of Quantum Dots". www.insightmedia.info. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  30. ↑ "SID Display Week 2017 – Thank You!". nanosysinc.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Nanosys Honored for Hyperion Quantum Dot Technology at Display Week". printedelectronicsnow.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  32. ↑ Werner, Ken (7 December 2017). "Beginning of the End for the Color Matrix Filter?". www.displaydaily.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  33. 1 2 Palomaki, Peter (5 April 2018). "What's Next for Quantum Dots?". www.displaydaily.com.
  34. 1 2 Dash, Sweta (7 May 2018). "Future of Quantum Dot Display: Niche or Mainstream?". www.displaydaily.com.
  35. 1 2 3 "Nanosys Quantum-Dot Update at CES 2018 - AVSForum.com". avsforum.com. 20 January 2018.
  36. ↑ "Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 1". 17 June 2019.
  37. ↑ "OLED Materials Report Brings New Insight on QD OLEDs".
  38. ↑ "ETNews: SDC is building a QD-OLED TV pilot production line | OLED-Info".
  39. ↑ "Samsung: We are developing QD-OLED displays – FlatpanelsHD".
  40. ↑ "Samsung Display Accelerating Plans to Shift to QD OLED". November 2018.
  41. ↑ "More details emerge on Samsung's QD-OLED TV Plans | OLED-Info".
  42. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ↑ "TCL is developing hybrid QD-OLED display technology | OLED-Info".
  44. ↑ Herald, The Korea (18 August 2019). "Samsung Display CEO affirms QD-OLED efforts". www.koreaherald.com.
  45. ↑ "Samsung Display formally announces its $10.8 billion investment in QD-OLED TV production | OLED-Info".
  46. ↑ Manners, David (11 October 2019). "Samsung to put $11bn into QD-OLED".
  47. ↑ "Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 2". 26 June 2019.
  48. ↑ "Samsung Looking Beyond QD OLED". 28 November 2019.
  49. ↑ "Samsung says its new quantum dot TV tech boosts image quality over regular OLED displays".
  50. ↑ "Samsung Display's new QD-OLED panel can hit 1,000 nits brightness for improved HDR". 10 January 2022.
  51. ↑ "[Press Release] Samsung QD-Display Globally Certified by SGS for Outstanding Picture Quality".
  52. ↑ "Our TV Picture Quality Tests: Color Gamut".
  53. 1 2 "Samsung's Quantum Dot successor, QNED, could enter production in 2021". 16 July 2020.
  54. ↑ "Are Quantum Nano Emitting Diodes (QNEDs) the Next Big Thing?". 8 April 2020.
  55. ↑ "Are Quantum Nano Emitting Diodes (QNEDs) the Next Big Thing? - Display Supply Chain Consultants".
  56. ↑ "Samsung's revolutionary QNED tech ready for mass production: Report". 16 November 2020.
  57. ↑ "Samsung Display delays installment of pilot line for QNED". 12 May 2022.
  58. ↑ "Channelnews : New Samsung LG Premium Display War, Nanorod QLED Tipped to be Superior to OLED".
  59. ↑ Abella, Reycarlo (24 February 2023). "What Is QNED Explained: How It Compares To QLED & OLED". ScreenRant. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  60. ↑ "Mini LED vs. OLED: comparing the top TV technology". lg.com. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  61. ↑ "What is QLED? Demystifying the future of TV tech – Trusted Reviews". trustedreviews.com. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  62. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (5 April 2018). "What's Next for Quantum Dots?". DisplayDaily. Retrieved 14 January 2019.[ dead link ]
  63. ↑ Johnson, Dexter (21 November 2017). "Nanosys Wants Printing Quantum Dot Displays to be as Cheap as Printing a T-Shirt". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  64. ↑ "Peter Palomaki: The Evolution of Quantum Dot Technology". Samsung Display PID. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  65. ↑ Seth Coe; Wing-Keung Woo; Moungi Bawendi; Vladimir Bulovic (2002). "Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices". Nature. 420 (6917): 800–803. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..800C. doi:10.1038/nature01217. PMID   12490945. S2CID   4426602.
  66. ↑ Kim, Jaehoon; Roh, Jeongkyun; Park, Myoungjin; Lee, Changhee (28 February 2023). "Recent Advances and Challenges of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Display Applications". Advanced Materials: 2212220. doi:10.1002/adma.202212220. ISSN   0935-9648. PMID   36853911. S2CID   257231945.
  67. ↑ Septianto, Ricky Dwi; Miranti, Retno; Kikitsu, Tomoka; Hikima, Takaaki; Hashizume, Daisuke; Matsushita, Nobuhiro; Iwasa, Yoshihiro; Bisri, Satria Zulkarnaen (26 May 2023). "Enabling metallic behaviour in two-dimensional superlattice of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2670. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.2670S. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38216-y. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   10220219 . PMID   37236922.
  68. ↑ Taipei, Jessie Lin, DIGITIMES Research (7 November 2016). "Digitimes Research: Samsung Electronics developing QD technology toward QLED". digitimes.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ↑ "CPT aims to start mass producing QD-LED displays within 2 years – OLED-Info". www.oled-info.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  70. ↑ "Digitimes Research: Samsung will begin QLED TV production in 2019 – OLED-Info". www.oled-info.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  71. ↑ Herald, The Korea (18 November 2014). "Quantum dot is no game changer: Merck". www.koreaherald.com.
  72. ↑ "Merck leads a new consortium to develop quantum materials for light emission – OLED-Info". www.oled-info.com.
  73. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (17 September 2018). "Germany Pushing the Boundaries of EL QLED with Consortium". www.displaydaily.com.
  74. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (23 December 2019). "Bright. Long Lasting. Cd-Free. What Else Could You Want from EL-QLED?". DisplayDaily.
  75. ↑ Saleh, Bahaa E. A.; Teich, Malvin Carl (5 February 2013). Fundamentals of Photonics. Wiley. p. 498. ISBN   978-1-118-58581-8.
  76. ↑ Ltd, SPIE Europe. "EU report sends mixed message on cadmium quantum dots". optics.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  77. ↑ Kwak, Jeonghun; Lim, Jaehoon; Park, Myeongjin; Lee, Seonghoon; Char, Kookheon; Lee, Changhee (10 June 2015). "High-Power Genuine Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes Based On Colloidal Nanocrystal Quantum Dots". Nano Letters. 15 (6): 3793–3799. Bibcode:2015NanoL..15.3793K. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00392. ISSN   1530-6984. PMID   25961530.
  78. ↑ Supran, Geoffrey J.; Song, Katherine W.; Hwang, Gyu Weon; Correa, Raoul E.; Scherer, Jennifer; Dauler, Eric A.; Shirasaki, Yasuhiro; Bawendi, Moungi G.; Bulović, Vladimir (1 February 2015). "High-Performance Shortwave-Infrared Light-Emitting Devices Using Core–Shell (PbS–CdS) Colloidal Quantum Dots". Advanced Materials. 27 (8): 1437–1442. Bibcode:2015AdM....27.1437S. doi: 10.1002/adma.201404636 . ISSN   1521-4095. PMID   25639896. S2CID   205258576.
  79. ↑ Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S.; Kim, LeeAnn; Bawendi, Moungi G.; et al. (2005). Stockman, Steve A; Yao, H. Walter; Schubert, E. Fred (eds.). "Method for fabrication of saturated RGB quantum dot light emitting devices". Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging. Light-Emitting Diodes: Research, Manufacturing, and Applications IX. 5739: 108–115. Bibcode:2005SPIE.5739..108C. doi:10.1117/12.590708. S2CID   15829009.
  80. ↑ Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S.; Woo, Wing-Keung; Bawendi, Moungi G.; et al. (2005). "Large-Area Ordered Quantum Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting" (PDF). Advanced Functional Materials. 15 (7): 1117–1124. doi:10.1002/adfm.200400468. S2CID   94993172. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  81. ↑ "Samsung develops method for self-emissive QLED | ZDNet". www.zdnet.com.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.