Central solar heating

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Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or 'block heating' systems in the case of smaller installations).

Contents

For block systems, the solar collectors are typically mounted on the building roof tops. For district heating systems the collectors may instead be installed on the ground.

Central solar heating can involve large-scale thermal storage, scaling from diurnal storage to seasonal thermal energy storage (STES). Thermal storage increase the solar fraction - the ratio between solar energy gain to the total energy demand in the system - for solar thermal systems. Ideally, the aim for applying seasonal storage is to store solar energy collected in the summer time to the winter month.

Compared to small solar heating systems (solar combisystems), central solar heating systems have better price-performance ratios due to the lower installation price, the higher thermal efficiency and less maintenance. In some countries such as Denmark large-scale solar district heating plants are financially fully competitive to other forms of heat generation. [1]

Central solar systems can also be used for solar cooling in the form of district cooling. In this case, the overall efficiency is high due to the high correlation between the energy demand and the solar radiation.

Marstal central solar heating, with an area of 18,365 m . It covers a third of Marstal's heat consumption. Marstal.powerplant.1.jpg
Marstal central solar heating, with an area of 18,365 m . It covers a third of Marstal's heat consumption.

Largest CSHPs

NameCountryOwnerSolar collector sizeThermal
Power
Annual
production
Installation
year
Storage
volume
Storage type
Facilities
Collector manufacturer
m2 MWth GWhm3
Silkeborg DK Silkeborg Fjernvarme157,00011080201664,000Water tankARCON (DK) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Vojens DK Vojens Fjernvarme70,00050352012-2015203,000Insulated water pond
Water tank
ARCON (DK) [7] [8] [9]
Port Augusta, South Australia Australia Sundrop Farms 51,50036.42016Aalborg CSP. Desalination for vegetables. 1.5 MW electricity [10] [11]
Gramm DKGram Fjernvarme44,8013120.82009-122,000Insulated water pond.
10MW electric boiler
900 kW heat pump
[12] [13]
Gabriela Mistral, El Loa, Atacama Desert Chile CODELCO mine 43,92027-3452-8020134,300Water tankARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning copper process [5] [14] [15] [16]
Dronninglund DK37,5732618201460,000Insulated water pondArCon (DK) [17] [18]
Zhongba, 4,700 metres altitude [19] Tibet (China)34,65020201915,000Water tankArCon [20] [21]
Marstal DKMarstal Fjernvarme33,3002413.41996–2002, 20202,100
3,500
70,000
Water tank
Sand/water ground pit
Insulated water pond with new lid
Sunmark / ARCON (DK). Feeds 0.75 MW ORC turbine [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
Ringkøbing DK30,00022.6142010-2014ArCon [27]
Brønderslev DK27,00016.68,000Water tank CSP parabolic trough [28] [29] [30]
Langkazi, 4,600 metres altitude [31] Tibet (China)22,000201815,000Insulated water pondArCon [20] [32]
Hjallerup DK21,432 [33]
Vildbjerg DK21,23414.59.52014ArCon [34]
Helsinge DKHelsinge Fjernvarme19,588149.42012-2014 [35]
Hadsund DKHadsund Fjernvarme20,5131411.52015ARCON (DK) [36]
Nykøbing Sjælland DK20,084149.5ARCON (DK) [37]
Gråsten DK19,024139.72012ARCON (DK) [38]
BrædstrupDKBrædstrup Fjernvarme18,612148.92007/20125,000
19,000
Water tank
Borehole storage, insulated by seashells
ARCON (DK) [39] [40]
Tarm DK18,58513.192013ARCON (DK) [41]
JetsmarkDK15,18310.67.62015Arcon/Sunmark (DK) [42]
OksbølDK14,7459.97.72010/2013Sunmark (DK) [43]
Jægerspris DK13,4058.662010Sunmark (DK) [44]
SydLangeland DK12,5007.57.52013Sunmark (DK) [45]
Grenaa DK12,0968.45.82014Arcon (DK) [46]
SydFalster DK12,0948.562011Arcon (DK) [47]
HvidebækDK12,0388.65.72013Arcon (DK) [48]
Sæby DKSæby Fjernvarme11,86686.32011Sunmark (DK) [49]
ToftlundDK11,0007.45.42013Sunmark (DK) [50]
KungälvSEKungälv Energi AB10,0487.04.520001,000Water tankARCON (DK)
Svebølle-Viskinge 10,0005.352011/2014 [51]
Karup DK8,0635.43.72013ARCON (DK) [52]
StrandbyDKStrandby Varmeværk8,0005.63.62007ARCON (DK) [53]
NykvärnSETelge Energi AB7,5005.33.419851,500Water tankTeknoterm (SE)
ARCON (DK)
Crailsheim DE7,300201237,500BoreholeWagner, Schüco, Aquasol, Asgard [54] [55]
Ærøskøbing DK Ærøskøping Fjernvarme7,0503.431998/20101,200Water tankARCON/Sunmark (DK) [56]
La Parreña mine Mexico Peñoles 6,2704,4660Water tankARCON (DK). Supplies an electrowinning process [57]
FalkenbergSEFalkenberg Energi AB5,5003.92.519891,100Water tankTeknoterm (SE)
ARCON (DK)
GrazATEnergie Graz6,0002018Water tank
NeckarsulmDEStadtwerke Neckarsulm5,0443.52.3199725,000Soil duct heat exchangerSonnenkraft (DE)
ARCON (DK)
UlstedDKUlsted Fjernvarme5,0003.52.220061,000Water tankARCON (DK)
FriederichshafenDETechnische Werke Fried.4,2503.01.9199612,000Concrete tank in groundARCON (DK)

Source: Jan Erik Nielsen, PlanEnergi, DK.

District heating accumulation tower from Theiss near Krems an der Donau in Lower Austria with a thermal capacity of 2 GWh. Fernwarmespeicher Theiss.jpg
District heating accumulation tower from Theiss near Krems an der Donau in Lower Austria with a thermal capacity of 2 GWh.

Hereafter you find a plant in Rise (DK) with a new collector producer, Marstal VVS (DK), a plant in Ry (DK), one of the oldest in Europe, a plant in Hamburg and a number of plants below 3,000 m2. It may be relevant mentioning, that the island of Ærø in Denmark has three of the major CSHP, Marstal, Ærøskøping and Rise.

History of central solar heating plants

The history of CSHP given here is mainly a Nordic-European perspective on the topic.

Sweden has played a major role in the development of large-scale solar heating. According to (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1993), the first steps were taken in the early seventies in Linköping, Sweden, followed by a mature revision in 1983 in Lyckebo, Sweden. Inspired by this work, Finland developed its first plant in Kerava, and the Netherlands built a first plant in Groningen. These plants are reported under the International Energy Agency by (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Note that these plants did already combine CSHPs with large-scale thermal storage.

The first large-scale solar collector fields were made on-site in Torvalle, Sweden, 1982, 2000 m2 and Malung, Sweden, 640 m2. Prefabricated collector arrays were introduced in Nykvarn, Sweden, 4000 m2 in 1985. There was from the beginning a strong international perspective and cooperation within this research field, through investigation with the European Communities (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1995) and the International Energy Agency (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Denmark did enter this research area parallel to the Swedish activities with a plant in Vester Nebel in 1987, one plant in Saltum in 1988 and one in Ry in 1989, taking over the know-how for prefabricated solar collectors of large size by the Swedish company Teknoterm by the dominating company ARCON, Denmark. In the later 1990s Germany and Switzerland were active among others with plants in Stuttgart and Chemnitz.

Due to cheap land prices, in the Nordic countries new collector arrays are ground-mounted (concrete foundations or pile-driven steel) in suitable areas (low-yield agricultural, industry etc.). Countries with high ground prices tend to place solar collectors on building roofs, following the 'block plant' variant of CSHPs. In Northern Europe, 20% solar heat of annual heating requirement is the economic optimum in a district heating plant when using above-ground storage tanks. If pond storage is used, the solar contribution can reach 50%. [58]

By 1999 40 CSHPs were in operation in Europe generating about 30 MW of thermal power [ permanent dead link ].

Central solar heating is a sub-class of 'large-scale solar heating' systems - a term applied to systems with solar collector areas greater than 500 m2.

Aquifers, boreholes and artificial ponds (costing €30/m3) are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some central solar heating plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply district heating. [59] [60] Some of these are listed in the table above.

In Alberta, Canada the Drake Landing Solar Community has achieved a world record 97% annual solar fraction for heating needs, using solar-thermal panels on the garage roofs and thermal storage in a borehole cluster. [61] [62] [63]

See also

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Further reading