Estill County, Kentucky

Estill County
County
Estill County courthouse in Irvine
Location within the U.S. state of Kentucky
Kentucky's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 37°41′N83°58′W / 37.69°N 83.96°W / 37.69; -83.96
Country	United States
State	Kentucky
Founded	1808
Named for	James Estill
Seat	Irvine
Largest city	Irvine
Area
• Total	256 sq mi (660 km2)
• Land	253 sq mi (660 km2)
• Water	2.5 sq mi (6 km2)  1.0%
Population  (2020)
• Total	14,163
• Estimate  (2023)	13,936
• Density	55/sq mi (21/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district	6th
Website	www.estillky.com

Morel Mushrooms are commonly found in Estill County in the spring, with Irvine's Mountain Mushroom Festival being dedicated to them.

Estill County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,163. ^[2] Its county seat is Irvine. ^[3] The county was formed in 1808 and named for Captain James Estill, a Kentucky militia officer who was killed in the Battle of Little Mountain during the American Revolutionary War. ^[4] Estill County is a moist county meaning that the county seat, the city of Irvine, allows the sale of alcohol after the October 9, 2013, vote, but not the rest of Estill County outside the Irvine city limits. ^[5] Estill County has two adjacent towns, known as the twin cities, Irvine and Ravenna. Both cities sit along the Kentucky River in the central part of the county. Ravenna is home to a former CSX Transportation facility, now owned by Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation for the restoration of Chesapeake and Ohio 2716. ^[6] It conducts the Ravenna Railroad Festival annually in late summer, and the historic Fitchburg & Cottage Furnaces are located here. Irvine hosts the annual Mountain Mushroom Festival over the last weekend of April, which celebrates the abundant Morel Mushrooms found in the region. ^[7]

History

Estill County was formed in 1808 from land given by Clark and Madison counties, it was Kentucky's 50th county. ^[8] Originally settled by European settlers entering Kentucky via old buffalo and Indian trails and traveling through Boonesborough in what is today Madison County. ^[9]

Estill County was one of the first areas in the United States to experience early industrialization, with iron mining and smelting beginning in 1810. The iron industry would go on to thrive in Estill County for decades, with the ruins of the Estill furnace, the Cottage furnace, and the Fitchburg Furnace still being visible today. ^[9] The Fitchburg furnace was a particularly impressive engineering feat. Standing 81 feet tall, the furnace is the largest charcoal furnace in the world, and one of the largest 25 dry-stone masonry structures in the world. ^[10] The iron industry declined after the Civil War when iron deposits and timber to fire the furnaces were depleted, and innovation made charcoal furnaces obsolete. ^[9] During the Civil War Estill County was strongly pro-union, similar to surrounding counties, especially to the southeast.

Additionally, the county was historically known for the Estill Springs summer resort, situated near mineral springs in Irvine. This resort was a popular vacation site for many prominent Kentuckians in the 19th century, with men including Henry Clay, John Crittenden, and John C. Breckinridge vacationing there. ^[9] The current courthouse, built in 1941, replaced a structure dating from the 1860s. ^[11]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 256 square miles (660 km²), of which 253 square miles (660 km²) is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km²) (1.0%) is water. ^[12] Estill County is located at the contact of two Kentucky regions: the Bluegrass and the Cumberland plateau, because of this the county is known as the location where the "Bluegrass kisses the Mountains." ^[13]

Fitchburg Furnace located in Estill County. Legacy of 19th century iron industry. Largest charcoal furnace in the world.

Knobs viewed from the Lilly Mountain Nature Preserve in southwestern Estill County

Estill County contains two important rivers. With the Red River, famous for its gorge in neighboring Powell County, forming the northern border. And the Kentucky River bisecting the county. Much of Estill County's development, including the towns of Irvine and Ravenna, is located in the fertile bottomlands of the Kentucky River. Additionally, due to the Kentucky River's deep valley and Estill County's location at the edge of the Cumberland plateau the county's topography is striking. The Pottsville Escarpment is prominent in the county, marking the divide between the Bluegrass and the mountains. Because of this topography total relief is nearly 1000 feet in the county, with the highest point being Zion Mountain, located about 6+1⁄2 miles southwest of Irvine at 1,511 feet, and the lowest point being the confluence of the Kentucky River and the Red River at 566 feet. ^[14] Other high points include Happy Top Mountain, 1,500 feet; Preacher Estes Mountain, 1,475 feet; Peter Mountain, 1,454 feet; Low Knob, 1,450 feet; and Big Round Mountain, Buzzard Roost, and McKinney Mountain, each at 1,420 feet. ^[15]

Rivers and streams

• Drowning Creek ^[16]

Adjacent counties

• Clark County (north)
• Powell County (northeast)
• Lee County (southeast)
• Jackson County (south)
• Madison County (west)

Protected areas

• Daniel Boone National Forest (part)
• Lilly Mountain Nature Preserve ^[17]

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1810	2,082		—
1820	3,507		68.4%
1830	4,618		31.7%
1840	5,535		19.9%
1850	5,985		8.1%
1860	6,886		15.1%
1870	9,198		33.6%
1880	9,860		7.2%
1890	10,836		9.9%
1900	11,669		7.7%
1910	12,273		5.2%
1920	15,569		26.9%
1930	17,079		9.7%
1940	17,978		5.3%
1950	14,677		−18.4%
1960	12,466		−15.1%
1970	12,752		2.3%
1980	14,495		13.7%
1990	14,614		0.8%
2000	15,307		4.7%
2010	14,672		−4.1%
2020	14,163		−3.5%
2023 (est.)	13,936	[18]	−1.6%
U.S. Decennial Census [19] 1790-1960 [20] 1900-1990 [21] 1990-2000 [22] 2010-2020 [2]

As of the census of 2000, there were 15,307 people, 6,108 households, and 4,434 families residing in the county. The population density was 60 per square mile (23/km²). There were 6,824 housing units at an average density of 27 per square mile (10/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 99.07% White, 0.11% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.03% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.53% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,108 households, out of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.40% were married couples living together, 12.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.40% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.20% under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $23,318, and the median income for a family was $27,284. Males had a median income of $29,254 versus $18,849 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,285. About 22.50% of families and 26.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.30% of those under age 18 and 21.50% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

Although it lies in the Bluegrass and Knobs regions, Estill County was more akin to the eastern Pennyroyal Plateau to its southwest in being strongly pro-Union during the Civil War. Indeed, a larger proportion of Estill County's population volunteered for the Union Army than the population of any free state, ^[23] or of any Kentucky county except the famous Republican bastion of Owsley County. ^[24] Consequently, Estill County has been strongly Republican ever since the end of Reconstruction – since 1888 the county has voted Democratic only for Woodrow Wilson in 1912, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and Lyndon Johnson in 1964, with the biggest of these three victories in 1932 being FDR's by a mere one hundred and eighty-seven votes out of over six thousand one hundred.

United States presidential election results for Estill County, Kentucky ^[25]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2024	5,091	80.95%	1,114	17.71%	84	1.34%
2020	5,100	77.98%	1,355	20.72%	85	1.30%
2016	4,236	76.39%	1,108	19.98%	201	3.62%
2012	3,749	72.32%	1,356	26.16%	79	1.52%
2008	3,685	69.35%	1,555	29.26%	74	1.39%
2004	3,633	65.17%	1,907	34.21%	35	0.63%
2000	3,033	64.39%	1,591	33.78%	86	1.83%
1996	2,220	49.89%	1,724	38.74%	506	11.37%
1992	2,453	48.68%	1,837	36.46%	749	14.86%
1988	3,077	64.18%	1,692	35.29%	25	0.52%
1984	3,512	68.57%	1,593	31.10%	17	0.33%
1980	2,818	57.97%	1,965	40.42%	78	1.60%
1976	2,250	52.16%	2,034	47.15%	30	0.70%
1972	3,054	69.42%	1,322	30.05%	23	0.52%
1968	2,236	53.57%	1,261	30.21%	677	16.22%
1964	1,996	48.66%	2,105	51.32%	1	0.02%
1960	3,238	64.85%	1,755	35.15%	0	0.00%
1956	2,946	60.52%	1,912	39.28%	10	0.21%
1952	2,630	57.80%	1,900	41.76%	20	0.44%
1948	2,056	50.18%	1,937	47.28%	104	2.54%
1944	2,493	55.19%	2,000	44.28%	24	0.53%
1940	2,889	52.66%	2,587	47.16%	10	0.18%
1936	2,931	52.43%	2,646	47.33%	13	0.23%
1932	2,963	48.29%	3,150	51.34%	23	0.37%
1928	3,641	65.82%	1,886	34.09%	5	0.09%
1924	2,152	48.64%	2,052	46.38%	220	4.97%
1920	2,552	58.17%	1,823	41.55%	12	0.27%
1916	1,524	55.93%	1,180	43.30%	21	0.77%
1912	869	41.09%	875	41.37%	371	17.54%

Communities

Cities

• Irvine (county seat)
• Ravenna

Other Communities

• Barnes Mountain
• Cobhill
• Cressy
• Crystal
• Drip Rock
• Fox
• Furnace
• Hargett
• Leighton
• Palmer
• Patsey
• Pryse
• Red Lick
• South Irvine
• Spout Springs
• Tipton Ridge
• Wisemantown
• Winston

See also

• United States portal

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Estill County, Kentucky

References

1. "about". www.mountainmushroomfestival.org. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
2. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
4. Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. p. 95. ISBN   0813126312 . Retrieved April 28, 2013.
5. "Irvine votes 'wet' in special election". www.cvt-news.com. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
6. "Rail Heritage Center | Kentucky Steam". www.kentuckysteam.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020.
7. "body". mountainmushroomfestival.org. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
8. Collins, Lewis (1877). History of Kentucky. Library Reprints, Incorporated. p. 166. ISBN   9780722249208.
9. "History". Estill Development Alliance. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
10. "Fitchburg Furnace Interpretive Site". Daniel Boone National Forest.
11. Hogan, Roseann Reinemuth (1992). Kentucky Ancestry: A Guide to Genealogical and Historical Research. Ancestry Publishing. p. 226. ISBN   9780916489496 . Retrieved July 26, 2013.
12. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
13. "History". Estill Development Alliance. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
14. "Groundwater Resources of Estill County, Kentucky". www.uky.edu. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
15. "Groundwater Resources of Estill County, Kentucky".
16. "Drowning Creek". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior . Retrieved November 23, 2020.
17. "Lily Mountain Nature Preserve". Estill Development Alliance. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
18. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
19. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
20. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
21. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
22. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
23. Marshall, Anne E.; Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State, pp. 114-115 ISBN   1469609835
24. Copeland, James E.; ‘Where Were the Kentucky Unionists and Secessionists’; The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, volume 71, no. 4 (October 1973), pp. 344-363
25. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 1, 2018.

External links

• The Kentucky Highlands Project
• Estill County development authority's website
• Estill County Water District 1
• Estill County History & Ancestry

37°41′N83°58′W / 37.69°N 83.96°W / 37.69; -83.96