Helwingia | |
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Flowering Helwingia japonica var. japonica specimen | |
Detail of epiphyllous Helwingia japonica fruit | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Aquifoliales |
Family: | Helwingiaceae Decne. [1] |
Genus: | Helwingia Willd. |
Distribution of Helwingia |
The genus Helwingia consists of shrubs or rarely small trees native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and northern Indochina. It is the only genus in the family Helwingiaceae. [2] [3]
The plants have alternate, evergreen or deciduous leaves and small inflorescences that are epiphyllous (growing from the leaf surface). During development, the flowers appear separate from the leaves,[ further explanation needed ], eventually fusing with the leaf midrib. [4] Flowers are small and yellow-green or purple, followed by red or black berries. Plants are dioecious. [5]
This trait is rather unusual among plants. This atypical floral position upon a leaf is believed to be an adaption to insect pollination. Pollinators which are too large to be supported by the floral pedicels, land on the leaf surface and can pollinate the flowers, which would not be able to support the pollinators on their own. [6]
The APG II classification (2003) places them in the order Aquifoliales, along with the hollies and Phyllonomaceae, which also has epiphyllous flowers. [7]
The family Helwingiaceae does not exist in the Cronquist classification (1981), which places this genus in the Cornaceae (dogwood family). Helwingia has also previously been placed in the Araliaceae (ginseng family). [8]
The family is named for botanist Georg Andreas Helwing. [9]
Species adapted from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: [2]
Indocalamus is a genus of about 35 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae), native to China, Vietnam and Japan. They are quite small evergreen bamboos normally up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, initially forming clumps and then spreading to form larger thickets. They have thick, glossy leaves. Ruo leaves use to wrap foods like rice during dragon boat festival, originate in fujian refer to Indocalamus longiauritusoriginally but now are nonspecific to just about any leaf wrap.
Adenophora is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae, the bellflowers. Plants of this genus are known commonly as ladybells. Most of the species in the genus are native to eastern Asia, with a few in Europe. Many are endemic to either China or Siberia.
Osmanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia with a few species from the Caucasus, New Caledonia, and Sumatra. Osmanthus has been known in China since ancient times with the earliest writings coming from the Warring States period; the book Sea and Mountain. South Mountain states: "Zhaoyao Mountain had a lot of Osmanthus".
Triadica is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1790. It is native to eastern southeastern, and southern Asia.
Maianthemum includes the former genus Smilacina and is a genus of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with fleshy, persistent rhizomes. It is widespread across much of North America, Europe and Asia, and may be terrestrial, aquatic or epiphytic. It is characterized by simple, unbranched stems that are upright, leaning or hanging down and have 2–17 foliage leaves. Leaves are simple and may clasp the stem or be short-petiolate. The inflorescence is terminal and either a panicle or a raceme with few to many pedicelate flowers. Most species have 6 tepals and 6 stamens; a few have parts in 4s. Tepals are distinct in most species and all of similar size. Flowers are spreading, cup-shaped or bell-shaped and usually white, but lavender to red or green in some species. Fruits are rounded to lobed berries containing few to several seeds.
The genus Tacca, which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various Oceanic islands. In older texts, the genus was treated in its own family Taccaceae, but the 2003 APG II system incorporates it into the family Dioscoreaceae. The APG III and APG IV systems continue to include Tacca in Dioscoreaceae.
Rohdea is a genus of plants native to eastern Asia. It was long thought to contain only a single species, R. japonica, but recent studies have resulted in several other taxa being transferred into the genus.
Aletris, the colicroot, colicweed, crow corn, or unicorn root, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Nartheciaceae, native to North America and to eastern and southeastern Asia, especially China. It was used as a component in Lydia Pinkham's original Vegetable Compound.
Phyllonoma is a genus consisting of 4 species of trees and shrubs. Phyllonoma is the sole genus in the family Phyllonomaceae. Phyllonoma species are native to South and Central America.
Bletilla ochracea, commonly known as Chinese butterfly orchid, is a species of orchid native to Vietnam and China.
Gravitarmata margarotana, the pine cone tortrix or pine twig moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. In Europe, it is found from England to Austria and Poland, east to the Baltic region to Russia, China, Korea and Japan.
Salvia cavaleriei is an herb that is native to Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces in China, growing in forests, on hillsides, and streamsides at 500 to 2,700 m elevation. S. cavaleriei is a short, robust plant reaching 12 to 32 cm tall. Inflorescences are widely spaced 2–6 flowered verticillasters in terminal racemes or panicles, with a blue-purple to purple-red or white corolla that is approximately 0.8 cm (0.31 in).
Dysosma is a group of herbaceous perennials in the Berberidaceae or barberry family described as a genus in 1928. It is native to China and Indochina.
Coriaria nepalensis is a shrub of the genus Coriaria. It grows in the foothills of the Himalayas. It blooms in spring and has bright yellow flowers and red fruits in summer.
Schnabelia is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1921. The entire genus is endemic to China.
Mosla is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1875. It is native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and southeastern Asia.
Prunus clarofolia is a species of cherry found in Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China. A shrubby tree 2.5 to 20 m tall, it prefers to grow on mountain slopes between 800 and 3,600 m above sea level. As Prunus litigiosa it is called the tassel cherry and sold as an ornamental for its interesting flowers and columnar form.
Prunus conradinae is a species of flowering cherry native to Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China. There it prefers to grow in forested ravines and slopes at 500 to 2100 m above sea level. A small tree growing to at most 10 m, it has leaves that are lighter green on their undersides. It has fragrant, white to pale pink flowers with 32 to 54 stamens. It is planted outside its native range as an ornamental due to its habit of flowering in late winter. In warmer conditions it may even flower in early January.
Zanthoxylum echinocarpum is a woody plant in the family Rutaceae and is native to South-Central and Southeast China.
Arachniodes simplicior, the simpler East Indian hollyfern, East Indian holly fern, or variegated shield fern, is a species of fern in the family Dryopteridaceae.