Hurricane Willa

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Hurricane Willa can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the west coast of Africa on October 2, 2018. Over the next few days, the wave produced intermittent bursts of deep convection, or thunderstorms; however, strong wind shear blasted the convection away from the center while the wave traveled westward across the Atlantic Ocean. [1] On October 14, the United States-based National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the wave for tropical development while it was located in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. [3] On the next day, the system became better organized southeast of the Yucatán Peninsula, and the storm encountered more favorable conditions as it neared land. As a result, a WC-130 aircraft from the United States Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron was scheduled to survey the system for further development. [4] However, the wave made landfall in Belize on October 16, hindering further organization. [5]

The tropical wave moved into the East Pacific early on October 17; [6] however, the system failed to coalesce into a tropical cyclone, and became increasingly disorganized and elongated on the next day. [7] A new low-pressure trough, an elongated region of low atmospheric pressure, developed to the east of the original low early on October 19, [8] which organized into Tropical Storm Vicente later that day. [9] The original low to the west gradually organized while moving westward, and at 00:00  UTC on October 20, the system developed into a tropical depression while located approximately 265 mi (426 km) south of Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. [1] Banding features –significantly elongated, curved bands of rain clouds –began to develop south of the center, while cloud tops west of the center became as cold as −121 to −132 °F (−85 to −91 °C). [10] The system then developed a tight inner core, [11] strengthening into a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC, while located about 290 mi (470 km) south-southwest of Manzanillo. At this point, the NHC assigned it the name Willa from its rotating list of names. [1]

Shortly thereafter, Willa began to rapidly intensify, with its low-level center becoming embedded beneath a central dense overcast, which is the large area of thunderstorms surrounding the storm's circulation center. At the same time, Willa turned towards the northwest as it began traveling around the western edge of a mid-level ridge. [12] Environmental conditions around the cyclone and aloft were favorable, with very low wind shear, high levels of moisture, and sea surface temperatures of 84 °F (29 °C). [13] These conditions allowed Willa to strengthen into a hurricane around 06:00 UTC on October 21. [1] Around the storm, outflow became well-established, and in the center of the convection, a small eye developed. [14] Willa reached Category 3 status by 18:00 UTC, with its eye becoming well-defined on both infrared and satellite imagery, making it the tenth major hurricane of the season. [1] [15] Continuing to rapidly intensify, Willa reached peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 925 mbar (27.3 inHg) at approximately 06:00 UTC on October 22, while located about 195 mi (314 km) south-southwest of Cabo Corrientes, Mexico. This capped off a 48-hour period in which Willa's winds increased by 125 mph (201 km/h). [nb 2] [1] Over the next few days, Willa recurved towards Mexico; the system turned to the north as it rounded the edge of the ridge and later to the northeast due to an approaching mid-to-upper-level trough. [15] [17]

Shortly after Willa reached peak intensity, microwave satellite imagery detected the presence of an outer eyewall, indicating that Willa was beginning to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle. [18] [19] Willa also began to interact with the smaller Tropical Storm Vicente to the southeast at about this time. [20] Despite a favorable environment, Willa began to weaken due to the eyewall replacement cycle, with the storm's eye becoming cloud-filled; [1] [21] Willa weakened to Category 3 strength on October 23 around 06:00 UTC, as southwesterly wind shear began to increase. [22] The weakening trend abated as the eyewall replacement cycle ended, and Willa's eye passed over Isla San Juanito and Isla María Madre at approximately 17:45 UTC. [1] The system made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near Palmito del Verde  [ sv ], Sinaloa, at 01:20 UTC on October 24 (7:20 PM MDT on October 23), with 1-minute sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 968 mbar (28.6 inHg). [1] This made it the first Pacific major hurricane to strike Mexico since Hurricane Patricia in 2015, and the first landfalling major hurricane in Sinaloa since Hurricane Lane in 2006. [23] Willa's eye soon faded away on satellite imagery as it progressed inland. [17] Following landfall, mountainous terrain and southwesterly wind shear took a toll on the storm's strength, and Willa rapidly weakened, degenerating into a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC. [1] Six hours later, Willa dissipated over northeastern Mexico, with the mid- and upper-level circulations decoupling from the lower-level circulation. [24] The remnants of Willa continued to travel northeastward, bringing rain to multiple states in the United States. [1] Energy from the remnants contributed to the formation of a nor'easter in the eastern United States. [25]

Preparations

Hurricane Willa nearing landfall in Sinaloa on October 23. Willa 2018-10-23 1950Z.jpg
Hurricane Willa nearing landfall in Sinaloa on October 23.

The Government of Mexico issued a hurricane watch on October 21 at 15:00 UTC for the western coast of Mexico from San Blas to Mazatlán, and a tropical storm watch from Playa Perula to San Blas. Six hours later, a tropical storm watch was issued for Mazatlán to Bahía Tempehuaya  [ ceb ]. The hurricane watch and tropical storm watches were replaced with warnings at 03:00 UTC on October 22. All warnings were discontinued at 06:00 UTC on October 24 after Willa weakened to a tropical storm over Durango. [1]

Various other weather-related alerts were issued as Willa approached Mexico's Pacific coast. Red alerts, indicative of the maximum level of danger, were issued for portions of Nayarit and Sinaloa in Willa's direct path. [26] [27] In central Sinaloa and Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, orange alerts were issued due to high danger. [28] [29] A majority of Chihuahua was under a yellow alert, meaning moderate danger, due to the threat of heavy rainfall. [30] A green alert, signaling minimal danger, was issued for Baja California Sur as a precautionary measure due to waves along the coast. Admiral Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz of the Mexican Secretariat of the Navy activated the Prevention Phase of the Marine Plan, a military disaster preparation and relief plan, in the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, and Michoacán. [31] Small vessels were restricted in the ports of Comondú, La Paz, and Los Cabos as well as in the Gulf of California and Sea of Cortez. [32] Classes were canceled in the Sinaloan municipalities of Concordia, Cosalá, Elota, Escuinapa, Mazatlán, Rosario, and San Ignacio. [33] Approximately 1,265 schools were also closed along the northern and southern coasts of Jalisco. [34] [35]

Approximately 200,000 people were evacuated from their homes in Nayarit and Sinaloa. [27] About 40,000 of those people [36] utilized more than 2,900 shelters, assisted by the Mexican Army, Navy, and emergency crews. Businesses and industries in the storm's path closed. Mazatlán International Airport closed during the storm, as did nearby hotels. [37] Thirty neighborhoods in the municipality of Mazatlán were evacuated due to the risk of flooding. [38] Emergency authorities evicted over 4,250 people in coastal cities from their homes and established 58 shelters before the storm hit. [39] In Jalisco, 2,500 people were evacuated ahead of Willa and 23 temporary shelters were established. [40] [41] At least 6,000 people were evacuated from Escuinapa due to the proximity of Willa. [42] Fonden, Mexico's natural disaster relief agency, allocated 99.2 US tons (90 metric tons) of food for affected people in advance of Willa's landfall. [43] The Mexican Navy set up a collection center for food and supplies in La Paz, Baja California Sur, in the hours before the storm. [44]

Hurricane Willa and Tropical Storm Vicente together forced the Norwegian Bliss cruise ship to divert to San Diego, California, on October 23. [45] Despite the threat that Willa posed, Petróleos Mexicanos, the state-owned petroleum company, announced that it intended to maintain normal operations in Jalisco, Nayarit, Colima, Sonora and Sinaloa. [46] All economic activity and public transportation were suspended in Sinaloa as a precaution. [26] Roads and businesses were closed in Nayarit, with officials requesting that citizens remain in their homes. [27] In order to prevent damage to water pumping equipment during the storm, service was shut off to 27 neighborhoods in Tepic, Nayarit, on October 23. [47] The Jalisco state Ministry of Communications and Transportation (SCT) employed 400 people to observe 322 bridges and over 1,365 mi (2,197 km) of roads. The SCT also readied 60 machines, including backhoes, in case of landslides. The number of road crews available was increased from 22 to 40 during the storm. [35]

Impact

Mexico

Landsat image of the Nueces River overflowing its banks, November 1, 2018. Flooding Along the Nueces River.jpg
Landsat image of the Nueces River overflowing its banks, November 1, 2018.

The eye of Hurricane Willa crossed over two of the offshore Islas Marías, producing wind gusts of 112 mph (180 km/h), and average sustained winds of 89 mph (143 km/h) for a 15-minute period; the latter value equated to 1-minute sustained winds of around 100 mph (160 km/h). [1] The Marías Islands Prison was damaged during the storm; palm trees were uprooted, roofs collapsed, and barbed wire was ripped from fences. [48]

On the Mexican mainland, storm chasers from iCyclone reported a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.6 inHg) where Willa's eye moved ashore, suggesting a landfall intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h). Willa produced hurricane-force wind gusts as well as high waves and a significant storm surge in the immediate vicinity of where it moved ashore. Willa dropped heavy rainfall in western Mexico, peaking at 15.39 in (391 mm) in San Andrés Milpillas  [ es ] in northern Nayarit. Cihuatlán in western Jalisco reported 13.17 in (335 mm) of rainfall. Intense precipitation occurred in six Mexican states –Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, and Sinaloa. [1] The storm left 96,200 people without power in four states: Sinaloa, where it moved ashore, as well as Nayarit, Durango, and Michoacán. [37]

Sinaloa

Hurricane Willa's landfall in Sinaloa left two municipalities isolated –Escuinapa and Rosario. [49] [50] High winds damaged homes and knocked down trees, which blocked roads. In Escuinapa, the storm damaged the general hospital, causing part of the roof and walls to collapse. Soldiers evacuated 35 patients from the hospital. [51] The city also experienced power outages and had no potable water. [37] Damage in the city was estimated at Mex$6 billion (US$306 million). [52] Willa severely damaged 72 schools in Escuinapa and 19 in Rosario. [43] Approximately 42,000 acres (17,000 ha) of crops were damaged across seven municipalities. [53]

The Trébol II community dam was damaged as a result of floodwaters from Willa. [54] Power lines were knocked down along a road to Tecapan, causing the entire town to lose power. In Rosario, the Baluarte River rapidly rose after at least 7.4 in (188 mm) of rain fell, [55] sweeping away stone extraction machinery and transportation trucks. [56] The destruction of infrastructure left multiple communities in Rosario without drinking water and at least 33 mi (53 km) of unusable roads. [57] The river flood also damaged approximately 12 sq mi (3,000 ha) of crops in Rosario. [58] In Mazatlán, heavy rainfall caused rockslides and increased the water level of the Camarón lagoon. [59]

Nayarit

Hurricane Willa
Willa 2018-10-22 0850Z.jpg
Willa at peak intensity just west of Jalisco early on October 22
Pacific hurricanes with at least US$500 million in damage without adjusting for inflation
StormSeasonDamage (USD)Ref.
Otis 2023 $12–16 billion [60]
Manuel 2013 $4.2 billion [61]
Iniki 1992 $3.1 billion [62]
Odile 2014 $1.25 billion [63]
Agatha 2010 $1.1 billion [64]
Hilary 2023 $915 million [65]
Willa 2018 $825 million [66]
Madeline 1998 $750 million [67]
Rosa 1994 $700 million [68]
Paul 1982 $520 million [69] [70] [71]
Octave 1983 $512.5 million [72] [73]

In the state of Nayarit, Willa inflicted at least Mex$10 billion (US$510 million) in damage. [74] [75] A state of emergency was declared for 12 municipalities. [76] The hurricane left about 100,000 people homeless statewide. [77] A hydro-agricultural system in the northern part of the state was damaged, resulting in Mex$700 million (US$35.7 million) in losses. [78] Heavy rainfall caused rivers to crest more than 36 ft (11 m) above normal, forcing the municipalities of Tecuala, Acaponeta, Tuxpan, San Blas, and Huajicori to be evacuated. [76] A total of 12,000 people were forced into shelters statewide. [79]

Heavy rain from Willa led to severe flooding along the San Pedro River and the Acaponeta River, affecting 180,000 people. [80] Four people drowned along the San Pedro River –three in Huajicori, and one in San Vicente in Tuxpan. [81] The only road to the El Valle de la Urraca community was washed out, leaving its inhabitants without outside communication. Strong winds and floodwaters wiped out local shrimp farms. One farmer lost 22.0–33.1 US tons (20–30 metric tons) or about Mex$2 million (US$82,000). [82] In Tuxpan, the overflow of the San Pedro River caused sewage leaks. Three out of four of the municipality's public schools suffered major flood damage; another 42 schools in the state of Nayarit experienced considerable damage. [83] Tens of thousands of individuals in the municipality experienced flooding up to 6.6 ft (2 m) in height. [84] The flooding from the rivers also caused a shortage of potable water in the northern portion of the state; [82] water service was not restored for at least two weeks after the end of the storm. [75] The municipal government lost 2.2 US tons (2 metric tons) of food aid after the warehouse the food was stored in was flooded. [85] Firefighters worked overnight to rescue people trapped on their roofs. [86]

Acaponeta was similarly severely impacted as record-breaking flooding occurred along the Acaponeta River, with a flood crest of 40.0 ft (12.20 m) and peak discharge of 600,000 cu ft/s (17,000 m3/s) recorded. Several vehicles were trapped by floodwaters along Federal Highway 68, particularly at the Acaponeta toll booth. Civil Protection and Mexican Navy personnel conducted at least 80 land and water rescues. [79] Flooding also forced the closure of Federal Highway 15D between Acaponeta and La Guásima. [87]

Elsewhere

Willa brought heavy rains and flooding to parts of Michoacán, [88] causing streams and rivers to overflow. The Cointzio Dam reached 98% capacity, and water and sewage systems in the state capital, Morelia, reached full capacity. Waters reached 3.3 ft (1 m) deep in some parts of the capital, which inundated 40 neighborhoods and entered hundreds of homes. The Jacarandas neighborhood had to be evacuated due to odor from the sewage system. Three shelters were set up to house affected city residents. [89] [90] [91] Damage in Morelia was estimated at Mex$35 million (US$1.79 million). [92] In Atapaneo, a landslide caused a freight train to derail, injuring two people. [88] [91] Rains from the storms raised water levels on Lake Chapala. [93]

Strong waves from Willa overturned a boat; two brothers drowned off the coast of Colima while scattering a relative's ashes. The bodies were recovered by local officials and the Mexican Navy. [94] Due to the unsettled weather produced by Willa and the nearby Tropical Storm Vicente, numerous oil tankers were unable to unload fuel at ports in Manzanillo and Tuxpan. Combined with the closure of a major pipeline that transports petroleum to Guadalajara, this caused a fuel shortage in Jalisco, with some 500 gas stations being affected. [95]

Heavy rains in neighboring Jalisco flooded streets and overflowed streams. In Melaque, infantry soldiers evacuated their headquarters when it flooded. Strong currents broke a fence for a crocodile habitat in La Manzanilla, allowing hundreds to escape. [96] At least a dozen houses in Punta Pérula were flooded with up to 24 in (60 cm) of water. Strong waves occurred off the coast of Puerto Vallarta; landslides and fallen trees were also reported there. [34] Heavy rainfall killed two people in Nogales, Sonora, where floods also swept away cars and entered homes and businesses. [97] The Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos Rivers in Veracruz overflowed their banks due to the excessive rainfall. [98]

In the municipality of Mezquital in the state of Durango, a power worker was shocked and fell to his death amid the storm's heavy rainfall. [99] At least five towns flooded in the state. Landslides in Pueblo Nuevo municipality, Durango, damaged 35 homes across 10 rural communities. [100] The Durango-Mazatlán highway was partially closed from October 23–24. Schools across the state were also canceled until October 25. [101] [102] Losses in Lerdo, Durango, reached about Mex$140 million (US$7.14 million). [103] A total of 200 people were evacuated from the area surrounding the Santa Elena dam due to overflowing water. [101]

A total of ten landslides occurred in the state of Hidalgo as a result of heavy rainfall from Willa and the nearby Tropical Storm Vicente. In municipalities of the Huasteca and Sierra regions, highway accesses were blocked by boulders and tree limbs. Two people were hospitalized due to a landslide in Zacualtipán. Seven people were evacuated after a house was buried in Calnali. Roads in Huehuetla and Tenango were impassable due to landslides. Landslides affected the Tlanchinol-Hueyapa state highway in Tepehuacán, the Pachuca-Huejutla highway in the municipality of Mineral del Chico, and the Mexico City–Tampico federal highway. [104]

United States

On October 24, the remnants of Hurricane Willa brought heavy rainfall and thunderstorms to the U.S. states of Texas and Louisiana. [1] The area had already been saturated from excessive rainfall within the past month. A Flash Flood Warning was issued for Galveston County, in southeastern Texas. [105] [106] Rainfall reached 4.9 in (120 mm) at the Scholes International Airport at Galveston; [1] this broke the city's daily rainfall record, surpassing the previous record set in 1883. [107] Flash flooding from the rains collected in bayous, covering streets and flooding some cars. [108] [109] Floodwaters entered the dorms at the Texas A&M University at Galveston. [110]

Aftermath

Mexican authorities sent 45,000 people to assist with relief efforts. Included in this group were soldiers, sailors, doctors, and nurses. [111] [76] Plan DN-III-E, a disaster relief and rescue plan, was activated in the states of Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa. About 11,000 soldiers were deployed in the municipalities of Culiacán, El Rosario, Escuinapa, Elota, and Mazatlán in Sinaloa to help with transporting civilians to four shelters. In Sinaloa, approximately 1,820 people were provided with 1,400 food rations. Soldiers also worked to repair window damage at the Teacapan Hospital as well as remove trees from roads. Around 590 soldiers were deployed in Durango. In Colima, 262 soldiers were deployed to monitor the level of the Marabasco River. In Michoacán, officials mobilized 500 soldiers to help families impacted by the hurricane. One hundred and eighteen soldiers evacuated 154 people in the cities of Melaque, Puerto Vallarta, and Tomatlán in Jalisco. [112] [113] [91] The government of Mexico City established a collection center for food, cleaning products, and hygiene products; this center was located in Mexico City's Pushkin Garden. [114] About 3,000 meals were distributed by the Mexican Army in a community kitchen in Tuxpan, Nayarit, as a part of Plan DN-III-E. [84] The National System for Integral Family Development (DIF) sent 1,764 US tons (1,600 metric tons) of aid, including pantries, galvanized sheet metal, and bottled water, to areas affected by Willa. [115]

The Marine Plan was activated in Sinaloa and Nayarit, resulting in the dispatch of 1,800 soldiers, 163 vehicles, 8 aircraft, 15 surface units, 6 ships, and 3 mobile kitchens. The Mexican Red Cross sent 48,502 US tons (44,000 metric tons) of supplies to Nayarit and Sinaloa; the aid delivered to Nayarit pantries consisted of 19,842 US tons (18,000 metric tons), including a thousand hygiene kits. Approximately 28,660 US tons (26,000 metric tons) of goods were sent to Sinaloa pantries. Additionally, collection centers were opened in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Guanajuato. Around 178 people were evacuated from Cristo Rey and El Rosario in Escuinapa. Soldiers distributed 500 food portions using a mobile kitchen in the Nayarit municipality of Tecuala. [116] [117] The Tuxpan municipal government provided 1,400 US tons (1,270 metric tons) of food, water, supplies, clothing, and medicine to affected individuals. [85] Officials in Nayarit sent 76 vehicles with medical supplies to reach the most affected residents in northern Nayarit. [81] The Jalisco State Civil Fire and Protection Unit used aquatic vehicles to transport supplies to the Tuxpan Municipality and assess damage in Nayarit. [118] For one week, officials made Federal Highway 15D  –a toll road –free of charge, and instead collected more than Mex$1.1 million (US$57,000) in donations for the residents left homeless by the hurricane. [119] The office of the Attorney General of the Republic sent 12.1 US tons (11 metric tons) of food as well as four doctors and 500 kg (1,100 lb) of medicine to Sinaloa and Nayarit. [120] Save the Children sent 800 hygiene kits to children in Nayarit. They also were operating 17 dining facilities for nearly 3,000 children, but were forced to close four located in Isla del Bosque, Escuinapa, and Teacapán due to power outages. [121]

Petróleos Mexicanos reported gasoline shortages in the state of Guanajuato following Hurricane Willa. The shortages were blamed on infrastructural damage and an increase in fuel theft caused by Willa. The unloading of fuel was not possible in some ports. Additionally, gasoline pipelines had to be shut down due to theft; the Tula-Salamanca section was closed for repairs as a result of damage left by thieves. [122]

Sinaloa Governor Quirino Ordaz Coppel declared a state of emergency for seven municipalities. [123] Argentine footballer Diego Maradona, then coach of the Dorados de Sinaloa, hosted a charity dinner on November 5 to provide financial support for individuals affected by Willa and Tropical Depression Nineteen-E. [124]

In Nayarit, the National Civil Protection Coordination designated the municipalities of Acaponeta, El Nayar, Huajicori, Rosamorada, Ruiz, Santiago Ixcuintla, Tecuala, and Tuxpan as disaster areas. [125] In the municipality of Escuinapa in Sinaloa, it was reported that over 2,000 families were living under plastic roofs six months after the storm. Additionally, Mayor Emmet Soto Grave stated that there were many irregularities in the damage reported by the previous government. In total, 144 houses had been counted as damaged by the government from October 23–28, while more than 2,000 were actually affected. After President Andrés Manuel López Obrador had federal officials visit the city, more inaccuracies regarding damage to roads, educational institutions, and areas of tourism were discovered. [126] In the time after Willa's dissipation, the National Water Commission reported that the Baluarte River had seen a major increase in chromium, mercury, and nickel concentrations a month after the storm. [127] Throughout the region, mango orchards were severely damaged by wind gusts from Willa, resulting in a 50–75% decrease in production. This decrease equated to a loss of about 77,162 US tons (70,000 metric tons) or 13,300 ha (32,900 acres) of mango. [128] [129] At least 1,200 farmers required loans due to significant losses. [130] The mayor of Mazatlán sent 60 workers, two cranes, and three dump trucks to Escuinapa. [59] Several months after the storm, the communities of Maloya and Buenavista in El Rosario were mostly without potable water. [57]

During the first week after the storm, at least 180,000 people had no outside communication or food as a result of the flood of the San Pedro and Acaponeta rivers. [82] Some people had to rid their entire house of river mud without assistance. [131] Those affected by Willa in Nayarit said they felt "abandoned by the authorities" after only receiving help from disaster organizations for the month and a half following the storm. Schools in Tuxpan did not have classes during that time as the facilities were unusable. The town of Los Sandovales in Acaponeta was destroyed, resulting in many of the families there becoming homeless. [132] [133] In the weeks after Willa, the state government of Nayarit announced that it was unable to provide funds towards reconstruction as a result of the state's bankruptcy. [134] [77] In 2019, the Mexican Government announced that it would provide Mex$250 million (US$10.4 million) for the reconstruction of Nayarit municipalities, which was slated to begin in February. [135] Approximately Mex$23.19 million (US$961,000) in federal relief funds were distributed to the municipalities of Tuxpan, Rosamorada, Tecuala, Acaponeta, and Huajicori; 533 families in these municipalities were awarded Mex$30,000 (US$1,250) to cover damage to their homes. Two federal officials gave another 30 families Mex$120,000 (US$5,000) after their homes were completely destroyed. [136] The federal government also allocated Mex$2 billion (US$83.6 million) for the reconstruction of public infrastructure, such as highways, bridges, schools, and hospitals. [135] The cost to repair public infrastructure in Nayarit was evaluated at approximately Mex$2.2 billion (US$92 million); [137] it also was estimated that Mex$39 million (US$1.6 million) was required to cover the costs of mud removal from main roads in the state. [138] Coppel, a nationwide department store, was given Mex$66 million (US$2.8 million) by the federal government; this allowed Coppel to provide 4,400 families with Mex$15,000 (US$625) vouchers for furniture and appliances. [137] In Sinaloa, people used their own funds to rebuild their homes due to lack of resources from Fonden. The state delivered Mex$2 million (US$101,000) worth of rotten mattresses to victims and allowed them access to pantries in exchange for support letters. Support ranging between Mex$1,800–10,000 (US$90–$500) was provided to small businesses. [139] A Sinaloan state official said that it could take three years for Fonden to allocate funds for repairs. [140] Fonden had authorized a total of Mex$84.7 million (US$4.3 million) to cover damage resulting from Willa; however, no repair work had commenced in the months after the storm and the whereabouts of the funds were unknown. [57] A few days after President López Obrador's tour of Sinaloa, including the city of Mazatlán, Fonden allotted Mex$510 million (US$23.9 million) for damage in Escuinapa and El Rosario. [141] [142]

Notes

  1. ↑ All damage totals are listed first in 2018 Mexican pesos, and converted to 2018 United States dollars (US$) via the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [2]
  2. ↑ Operationally, Willa was reported as having intensified by 120 mph (195 km/h) to a high-end Category 4 hurricane in 48 hours, [16] but the timing of the system's peak intensity was adjusted in the post-storm reanalysis. [1]

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Hurricane Erick brought minor impacts to the western coastline of Mexico in July 2013, and was the last of a succession of four Category 1 hurricanes to affect the Pacific coast of Mexico early in the 2013 Pacific hurricane season. The fifth named storm and fourth hurricane of the annual season, Erick originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on June 18. The wave tracked swiftly westward with little development, emerging into the eastern Pacific on July 1. As a result of favorable environmental conditions, the wave developed into a tropical depression on July 4, and further into Tropical Storm Erick at 0000 UTC on July 5. Steered generally west-northwest, Erick intensified into a Category 1 hurricane and reached its peak intensity with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on July 6. Its proximity to land and track over increasingly cooler waters caused the storm to deteriorate into a tropical storm the following day, though it remained at such intensity until degenerating into a remnant low early on July 9. The remnant circulation dissipated a few hours later, southwest of Baja California Sur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Manuel</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2013

Hurricane Manuel brought widespread flooding across much of Mexico in September 2013, in conjunction with Hurricane Ingrid. The fifteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Manuel originated from a strong area of low pressure south of Acapulco on September 13. Within favorable conditions aloft, the storm intensified into a tropical storm as it tracked northward. The following day, Manuel curved westward and strengthened to a point just shy of hurricane intensity before making its first landfall at that intensity on September 15. Due to interaction with land, the tropical storm quickly weakened, and its center dissipated over western Mexico on September 16. However, the storm's remnants continued to track northwestward into the Gulf of California, where they reorganized into a tropical cyclone the next day. Manuel regained tropical storm status on September 18 as it began to curve northeastward. Shortly thereafter, Manuel attained Category 1 hurricane intensity, before making its final landfall just west of Culiacán at peak intensity. Over land, Manuel quickly weakened due to interaction with Mexico's high terrain, and the storm dissipated early on September 20.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Cosme (2013)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2013

Hurricane Cosme caused flooding along the Pacific coast of Mexico in June 2013. The third named tropical cyclone of the 2013 Pacific hurricane season, the storm system formed from a tropical wave south of Manzanillo, Colima, on June 23. The cyclone intensified into a tropical storm on June 24, and soon after strengthened into a hurricane on June 25. Early the following day, Cosme attained its peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar. However, Cosme then began to encounter stable air and lower sea surface temperatures, causing the system to weaken to a tropical storm late on June 26. The system continued to weaken and degenerated into a remnant low pressure surface trough about 690 mi (1,110 km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, on June 27. The remnants persisted until dissipating well east-southeast of the Hawaiian Islands on July 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Odile</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2014

Hurricane Odile is tied for the most intense landfalling tropical cyclone in the Baja California Peninsula during the satellite era. Sweeping across the peninsula in September 2014, Odile inflicted widespread damage, particularly in the state of Baja California Sur, in addition to causing lesser impacts on the Mexican mainland and Southwestern United States. The precursor to Odile developed into a tropical depression south of Mexico on September 10 and quickly reached tropical storm strength. After meandering for several days, Odile began to track northwestward, intensifying to hurricane status before rapidly reaching its Category 4 hurricane peak intensity on September 14. The cyclone slightly weakened before making landfall near Cabo San Lucas with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h). Odile gradually weakened as it tracked across the length of the Baja California Peninsula, briefly crossing into the Gulf of California before degenerating into a remnant system on September 17. These remnants tracked northeastward across the Southwestern United States before they were no longer identifiable on September 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Patricia</span> Category 5 Pacific hurricane in 2015

Hurricane Patricia was the most powerful tropical cyclone on record worldwide in terms of maximum sustained winds and the second-most intense on record worldwide in terms of pressure, with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 872 mbar, behind Typhoon Tip's 870 mbar. Originating from a sprawling disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec, south of Mexico, in mid-October 2015, Patricia was first classified a tropical depression on October 20. Initial development was slow, with only modest strengthening within the first day of its classification. The system later became a tropical storm and was named Patricia, the twenty-fourth named storm of the annual hurricane season. Exceptionally favorable environmental conditions fueled explosive intensification on October 22. A well-defined eye developed within an intense central dense overcast and Patricia grew from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours—a near-record pace. On October 23, the hurricane achieved its record peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 215 mph (345 km/h). This made it the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere and the strongest globally in terms of one-minute maximum sustained winds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Newton (2016)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2016

Hurricane Newton was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall on the Baja California Peninsula at hurricane strength since Hurricane Odile in 2014. The fifteenth tropical depression, fifteenth named storm and ninth hurricane of the 2016 Pacific hurricane season, Newton formed from a tropical wave to the south of Mexico on September 4, 2016. Moving northwards through an environment conducive for additional development, Newton rapidly strengthened, reaching hurricane strength on the following day. Newton made landfall on the Baja California Peninsula just below peak strength on the same day. Interaction with the mountainous terrain of the peninsula caused some slight weakening, but Newton remained a hurricane till it entered the Gulf of California. Increasing wind shear caused Newton to weaken at a faster pace, and the system made landfall in Sonora late on September 6 as a strong tropical storm. The cyclone continued to rapidly weaken over the rugged terrain of Sonora, and it degenerated into a remnant low just south of the Mexico–United States border on September 7. The remnants of Newton dissipated early on the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2018 Pacific hurricane season was one of the most active Pacific hurricane seasons on record, producing the highest accumulated cyclone energy value on record in the basin. The season had the fourth-highest number of named storms – 23, tied with 1982. The season also featured eight landfalls, six of which occurred in Mexico. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated when the first tropical depression formed on May 10, five days prior to the official start of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bud (2018)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2018

Hurricane Bud was a Category 4 hurricane that brought winds and severe flooding to Mexico throughout its existence as a tropical cyclone in June 2018. It was the second named storm, hurricane, and major hurricane of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season. Bud originated from a tropical wave that departed from Western Africa on May 29. It traveled across the Atlantic Ocean before entering the Northeast Pacific Ocean late on June 6. The system moved towards the northwest and steadily organized, becoming a tropical depression on June 9 and Tropical Storm Bud early the next day. Favorable upper-level winds, ample moisture aloft, and warm sea surface temperatures allowed the storm to rapidly intensify to a hurricane late on June 10, and further to a major hurricane on the following day. Bud ultimately peaked the next morning with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 943 mbar. Its track curved more northward while the storm rapidly succumbed to the effects of upwelling. Bud made landfall on Baja California Sur as a minimal tropical storm early on June 15. On the next day, land interaction and increasing wind shear caused Bud to degenerate into a post-tropical cyclone. It opened up into a trough of low-pressure on June 16. The remnants of Bud moved towards the Southwestern United States, bringing tropical moisture and gusty winds to the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Depression Nineteen-E (2018)</span> Pacific tropical depression in 2018

Tropical Depression Nineteen-E was a weak yet costly tropical cyclone that caused significant flooding throughout Northwestern Mexico and several states within the United States in September 2018. The storm was also the first known tropical cyclone to form over the Gulf of California. Nineteen-E originated from a tropical wave that left the west coast of Africa on August 29 to 30. It continued westward, crossed over Central America, and entered the northeastern Pacific Ocean by September 7. It then meandered to the southwest of Mexico for the next several days as it interacted with a mid-to-upper level trough. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) continued to track the disturbance for the next several days as it traveled northward. A surface trough developed over the Baja California peninsula on September 18. Despite disorganization and having close proximity to land, the disturbance developed into a tropical depression in the Gulf of California on September 19, after having developed a circulation center and more concentrated convection. The system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1002 mbar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Vicente (2018)</span> Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone with landfall in Mexico

Tropical Storm Vicente was an unusually small tropical cyclone that made landfall as a tropical depression in the Mexican state of Michoacán on October 23, 2018, causing deadly mudslides. The 21st named storm of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season, Vicente originated from a tropical wave that departed from Africa's western coast on October 6. The wave traveled westward across the Atlantic and entered the Eastern Pacific on October 17. The disturbance became better defined over the next couple of days, forming into a tropical depression early on October 19. Located in an environment favorable for further development, the system organized into Tropical Storm Vicente later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Lorena (2019)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2019

Hurricane Lorena was a strong Pacific hurricane in September 2019 that brought heavy rainfall, flooding, and mudslides to Southwestern Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula and also brought severe weather to the U.S. state of Arizona. Lorena was the thirteenth named storm and seventh and final hurricane of the 2019 Pacific hurricane season. A tropical wave, originally from the North Atlantic, entered the East Pacific basin on September 16. With increasing thunderstorm development, Lorena formed as a tropical storm on September 17 alongside Tropical Storm Mario. Lorena made its passage northwestward and quickly gained strength before it made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in Jalisco on September 19. Due to interaction with the mountainous terrain, Lorena weakened back to a tropical storm. After moving into the warm ocean temperatures of the Gulf of California, however, Lorena re-strengthened into a hurricane, and reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 985 millibars (29.1 inHg) Lorena made a second landfall in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur, and quickly weakened thereafter. Lorena weakened to a tropical storm over the Gulf of California, and became a remnant low on September 22, shortly after making landfall in Sonora as a tropical depression. The remnant low moved inland over Mexico, and eventually dissipated inland over Arizona on September 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Hernan (2020)</span> Eastern Pacific tropical storm in 2020

Tropical Storm Hernan was a short-lived tropical cyclone that brought widespread flooding and destructive mudslides to southwestern Mexico in late August 2020. Hernan was the thirteenth tropical cyclone and eighth named storm of the 2020 Pacific hurricane season. The system developed from a low-pressure area to the southwest of Mexico on August 26, as a low-end tropical storm. Moving generally northward and paralleling the west coast of Mexico, Hernan was hindered by a high wind shear environment and only slightly strengthened. The cyclone achieved its peak intensity around 06:00 UTC on August 27 with maximum sustained winds of 70 km/h (45 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg). Passing just offshore of the state of Jalisco, Hernan turned west and degenerated to a remnant low on August 28. The low passed near the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula later that day and dissipated shortly thereafter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Ivo (2019)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 2019

Tropical Storm Ivo was a tropical cyclone that brought heavy rainfall to five states in Mexico, causing severe flooding during August 2019. The tenth tropical cyclone and ninth named storm of the 2019 Pacific hurricane season, Ivo arose from a low-pressure area that spawned south of Guatemala on August 16. The low-pressure system gradually organized over the next several days as it tracked west-northwestward. The system coalesced into a tropical depression early on August 21 and strengthened into Tropical Storm Ivo several hours later. Located within a favorable environment of moist air and warm sea surface temperatures, the cyclone quickly intensified, peaking the next day with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a pressure of 990 mbar (29.23 inHg). Increasing wind shear caused the storm's intensification to level off later that day, as the system turned towards the north-northwest. Ivo passed by Clarion Island midday on August 23, generating winds of 60 mph (100 km/h) on the island. Wind shear caused Ivo to significantly degrade in structure and intensity during the next couple of days. Cold sea surface temperatures, as well as dry and stable air, caused the cyclone to degenerate into a remnant low early on August 25. The low meandered over the eastern Pacific before opening up into a trough of low pressure early on August 27.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dolores (2021)</span> Eastern Pacific tropical storm in 2021

Tropical Storm Dolores was a strong tropical storm that made landfall in southwestern Mexico in June 2021. The fourth named storm of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, Dolores developed from a low-pressure area that formed offshore the Mexican state of Oaxaca on June 16, 2021. The low steadily developed organized deep convection and a closed surface circulation, becoming Tropical Depression Four-E around 06:00 UTC June 18. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm nine hours later and was named Dolores. Gradually approaching the southwestern coast of Mexico, Dolores steadily intensified despite its close proximity to land. The storm reached its peak intensity around 15:00 UTC June 19 with maximum sustained winds of 115 km/h (70 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 29.2 inHg (989 mbar), just below hurricane strength. Shortly after reaching this intensity, Dolores made landfall just northwest of Punta San Telmo, near the Colima–Michoacán state border. The storm rapidly weakened as it moved inland over Mexico and dissipated early on June 20 over the state of Zacatecas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Nora (2021)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Nora was a large tropical cyclone that caused significant damage across the Pacific Coast of Mexico in late August 2021. The fourteenth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, Nora was first monitored by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) as an area of low pressure near the coast of Mexico. On August 24, the low organized into tropical depression, but struggled to develop further due to wind shear in its surrounding environment. The depression eventually intensified into a tropical storm and was named Nora as it tracked to the west-northwest. Nora peaked as a strong Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 85 miles per hour (140 km/h) on August 28. The storm then grazed the west coast of Mexico and made landfall two separate times, first in the state of Jalisco, followed by neighboring Nayarit. Nora weakened as it interacted with land, dissipating on August 30 just inland of the Mexican coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Pamela</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Pamela was a Category 1 Pacific hurricane that caused seven deaths and US$10 million in damage across the northwestern and western states of Mexico in October 2021. The sixteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, the storm originated from a tropical wave over the Atlantic basin, over the Caribbean Sea. It then quickly crossed into the Pacific Ocean, where it slowly consolidated, with a low-pressure area forming from the wave on October 9. Environmental conditions in the area were proved favorable for tropical cyclogenesis and developed into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E on the next day. It then organized further into Tropical Storm Pamela on that night. Despite wind shear and dry air affecting the cyclone, Pamela continued to strengthen and became a hurricane on October 12 before weakening back to a tropical storm as it continued to succumb onto these factors. However, as the system turned towards the coast of Mexico, Pamela restrengthened to a low-end hurricane before making landfall over Estacion Dimas, Sinaloa on 15:00 UTC on October 13 before rapidly weakening inland. It then dissipated over Coahuila on the early hours on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Orlene (2022)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2022

Hurricane Orlene was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused minor damage to the Pacific coast of Mexico in October 2022. The cyclone was the sixteenth named storm, ninth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 2022 Pacific hurricane season. Orlene originated from a low-pressure area off the coast of Mexico. Moving towards the north, Orlene gradually strengthened, becoming a hurricane on October 1 and reaching its peak intensity the following day with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Orlene made landfall just north of the Nayarit and Sinaloa border, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Soon afterward, Orlene rapidly weakened and became a tropical depression, eventually dissipating over the Sierra Madre Occidental late on October 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Roslyn (2022)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2022

Hurricane Roslyn was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Pacific coast of Mexico in October 2022. The nineteenth named storm, tenth hurricane, and fourth major hurricane of the 2022 Pacific hurricane season, Roslyn formed on October 20, from an area of low pressure that developed off the southwestern coast of Mexico. The system moved west-northwestward, paralleling the coast, where it became a hurricane at 00:00 UTC, on October 22, and, within 18 hours rapidly intensified to a Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Roslyn made landfall on October 23 near Santa Cruz in northern Nayarit, at 11:20 UTC with 120 mph (195 km/h) winds. Inland, Roslyn weakened quickly to a tropical storm, and then dissipated over east-central Mexico on October 24.

References

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  49. ↑ "Huracán Willa deja sin luz y agua a varias comunidades de Sinaloa y provoca daños carreteros" [Hurricane Willa leaves several communities in Sinaloa without light and water and causes road damages] (in Spanish). Animal Politico. October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  50. ↑ Galimberti, Katy (July 2, 2019). "In Case You Missed It: Willa Fuels Flooding in Southern US, Joins Nor'easter; Mysterious Rectangular Iceberg Discovered in Antarctica". AccuWeather. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
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  52. ↑ "Estiman en 6 mil millones de pesos los daños dejados por huracán Willa en Escuinapa" [Hurricane Willa leaves 6 billion pesos in damage in Escuinapa]. Noticias Digitales Sinaloa (in Spanish). February 6, 2019. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  53. ↑ Bustamante, Jesús (February 1, 2019). "Frío también pega a hectáreas de cultivos en Sinaloa" [Cold also hits hectares of crops in Sinaloa]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  54. ↑ Tiznado, Carolina (July 16, 2019). "La Presa de la comunidad el Trébol II en Escuinapa esta en riesgo de colapsar" [The dam of the El Trébol II community in Escuinapa is at risk of collapse]. Noroeste (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  55. ↑ "El huracán Willa deja daños limitados a su paso por el noroeste de México" [Hurricane Willa leaves limited damage as it passes through northwest Mexico]. Efe (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Sinaloa también sufre impresionantes inundaciones debido a 'Willa'" [Sinaloa also suffers impressive floods due to Willa]. Vanguardia (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  57. 1 2 3 Ibarra, Aarón (June 25, 2019). "Sin aterrizar aún apoyos por el huracán 'Willa'y el Fonden busca nuevo recuento de daños" [Support for Hurricane Willa still not arriving and Fonden seeking new damage count]. Ríodoce (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  58. ↑ Quintero, Pedro (October 27, 2018). "Willa ocasiona una catástrofe en la agricultura y ganadería" [Willa causes a catastrophe in agriculture and livestock]. Debate (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  59. 1 2 Toxqui, Angélica (October 24, 2018). "Deja huracán Willa sólo daños menores en Mazatlán, Sinaloa" [Hurricane Willa leaves only minor damage in Mazatlán, Sinaloa]. Acustik Noticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  60. ↑ Reinhart, Brad; Reinhart, Amanda (7 March 2024). "Hurricane Otis – Tropical Cyclone Report (EP182023)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center . University Park, Florida, United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 1–39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  61. ↑ Jakubowski, Steve; Krovvidi, Adityam; Podlaha, Adam; Bowen, Steve. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  62. ↑ Costliest U.S. Tropical Cyclones Tables Update (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  63. ↑ Albarrán, Elizabeth (December 10, 2014). "Aseguradores pagaron 16,600 mdp por daños del huracán Odile" [Insurers Paid 16,600 MDP for Hurricane Odile Damages]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  64. ↑ Beven, Jack (January 10, 2011). Tropical Storm Agatha (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  65. ↑ "KCC estimates privately insured loss for Hurricane Hilary at $600m". Reinsurance News. August 29, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  66. ↑ Navarro, Myriam; Santos, Javier (November 11, 2018). "Ascienden a $10 mil millones los daños que causó 'Willa' en Nayarit" [The damages caused by 'Willa' in Nayarit amount to $10 billion]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  67. ↑ "South Texas Floods: October 17–22, 1998" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
  68. ↑ "Floods in Southeast Texas, October 1994" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. January 1995. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  69. ↑ "Guatemala - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  70. ↑ "5 Day Toll in El Salvador, 630 Killed, Crops, Destroyed". Anchorage Daily Times. September 23, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  71. ↑ "El Salvador Death Toll hits 565 as more bodies found". Ocala Star-Banner. September 22, 1982. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Tropical Storm Octave 1983". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  73. ↑ Rotzull, Brenda (October 7, 1983). "Domestic News". United Press International. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  74. ↑ Vargas, Gustavo (November 11, 2018). "Polo Domínguez: Daños en Nayarit por Willa podrían ser de 10 mil millones de pesos" [Polo Domínguez: Damage in Nayarit from Willa could be 10 billion pesos]. NTV (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  75. 1 2 Gutierritos, Jefferson (November 7, 2018). "El Desastre Aún No Termina: Hay Riesgo De Una Emergencia Sanitaria En Nayarit" [The Disaster Is Not Over Yet: There Is Risk Of A Health Emergency In Nayarit]. Sopitas (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  76. 1 2 3 Reza, Abraham; Arellano, Salvador (October 24, 2018). "Se desbordan ríos en Nayarit por 'Willa'" [Rivers overflow in Nayarit because of Willa]. Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  77. 1 2 Tello, Antonio; Madrigal, Guadalupe (November 23, 2018). "Gobierno de Nayarit se declara en bancarrota para atender emergencia por 'Willa'" [Nayarit government declares bankruptcy to address Willa emergency]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  78. ↑ Rochín, Victor (October 30, 2018). "Estiman daños en red hidroagrícola en el norte, por mas de de 700 millones de pesos" [Estimated damage to the hydro-agricultural network in the north is more than 700 million pesos]. Televisoras del Pacífico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  79. 1 2 "Nayarit en emergencia por desbordamiento de ríos tras "Willa"" [Nayarit in emergency due to overflow of rivers after Willa]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  80. ↑ Cacelín, Janet (November 1, 2018). "Fotos: Una semana después del paso del huracán Willa, 180,000 personas en Nayarit aún sufren los efectos de las inundaciones" [Photos: One week after Hurricane Willa, 180,000 people in Nayarit still suffer the effects of the floods]. Univision (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  81. 1 2 Cancino, Karina (October 25, 2018). "Cuatro muertos y 150 mil damnificados por paso de 'Willa' en Nayarit" [Four dead and 150,000 victims after the passage of Willa in Nayarit]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  82. 1 2 3 "Nayarit no se recupera tras el paso de 'Willa'; 180 mil habitantes siguen incomunicados" [Nayarit does not recover after the passage of Willa; 180 thousand inhabitants are still without outside communication]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). November 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  83. ↑ Torres, Raúl (November 5, 2018). "Concentran ayuda en Tuxpan, Nayarit, tras huracán Willa" [Aid concentrated in Tuxpan, Nayarit, after Hurricane Willa]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  84. 1 2 Moya, Ricardo (November 13, 2018). "Damnificados por "Willa" siguen removiendo escombros; buscan refugio" [Victims of Willa continue removing rubble; they seek refuge]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  85. 1 2 Nuño, Analy S. (November 20, 2018). "El naufragio de Nayarit, entre la ayuda civil y el gobierno ausente" [The shipwreck of Nayarit, between the civil aid and the absent government]. LadoB (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  86. ↑ "Rescatan a hombre arrastrado por río en Nayarit" [Man rescued after being dragged by a river in Nayarit]. El Informador (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  87. ↑ "Cerrada Autopista Villa Unión- Tepic por daños del huracán Willa" [Villa Unión-Tepic Highway closed due to damage from Hurricane Willa]. Noroeste (in Spanish). October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  88. 1 2 "Willa provoca inundaciones en Morelia e impactará en Sinaloa como categoría 3" [Willa causes floods in Morelia and will impact Sinaloa as category 3]. Animal Politico (in Spanish). October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  89. ↑ "Huracán Willa inunda Morelia" [Hurricane Willa floods Morelia]. La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  90. ↑ Gutierritos, Jefferson (October 23, 2018). "Morelia está literalmente bajo el agua por el huracán "Willa"" [Morelia is literally underwater after Hurricane Willa]. Sopitas (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  91. 1 2 3 "Activan Plan DN-III por lluvia e inundación en Morelia, Michoacán" [DN-III Plan activated due to rain and flood in Morelia, Michoacán]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  92. ↑ Piña, Ireri (October 25, 2018). "Necesarios 35 mdp para solventar daños por "Willa"" [35 million pesos needed to pay damage caused by Willa]. Contramuro (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  93. ↑ "No todo es destrucción… Willa provoca 'milagro' en el Lago de Chapala" [Not everything is destroyed ... Willa causes ‘miracle’ in Lake Chapala]. Reporte Indigo (in Spanish). October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  94. ↑ Martínez, Abraham Acosta (October 21, 2018). "Van a Colima a esparcir cenizas de familiar, mueren por oleaje de 'Willa'" [They go to Colima to scatter the ashes of a relative, they die from the waves of Willa]. Excelsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  95. ↑ Romo, Patricia (November 4, 2018). "Persiste desabasto de gasolina en Jalisco" [Gasoline shortage persists in Jalisco]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  96. ↑ "'Willa' deja cocodrilos sueltos en Barra de Navidad, Jalisco" [Willa leaves crocodiles loose in Barra de Navidad, Jalisco]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  97. ↑ "'Willa' pega en Sinaloa y deja 2 muertos en Sonora" [Willa hits Sinaloa and leaves 2 dead in Sonora]. Milenio (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  98. ↑ "Ríos de México Reviven Peligrosamente… El Papaloapan Y Coatzacoalcos Comienzan A Desbordarse" [Rivers of Mexico Rise Dangerously ... Papaloapan And Coatzacoalcos Begin To Overflow]. Reporte Indigo (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  99. ↑ "Trabajador de CFE muere electrocutado producto de las lluvias por 'Willa'" [CFE worker dies after being electrocuted as a result of the rains from Willa]. Tribuna (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  100. ↑ "Huracán 'Willa' deja daños en Durango" [Hurricane Willa leaves damage in Durango]. El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  101. 1 2 "Willa ocasiona diversas afectaciones en Durango" [Willa causes various damages in Durango]. El Sol de Mexico (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  102. ↑ "Tras paso de 'Willa' reabren la carretera Durango - Mazatlán" [Durango - Mazatlán highway reopened after the passage of Willa]. Milenio (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  103. ↑ "Hay daños evidentes en Lerdo por lluvias" [There is evident damage in Lerdo due to rains]. El Siglo de Durango (in Spanish). November 3, 2018. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  104. ↑ "Van 10 desgajamientos por lluvias en Hidalgo; afectan carreteras y vialidades" [Ten landslides due to rains in Hidalgo; highways and roads affected]. El Heraldo de México (in Spanish). October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  105. ↑ Barker, Aaron; Braate, Eric (October 24, 2018). "Hurricane Willa Leftovers to Bring Rain to Houston on Wednesday". KPRC Click2Houston. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  106. ↑ Yan, Holly (October 24, 2018). "Willa Will Drench US States and Could Turn into a Nor'easter". Cable News Network. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  107. ↑ October 2018 Regional Climate Summary (PDF) (Report). Houston, Texas National Weather Service. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  108. ↑ "Coastal Counties Flooded after Heavy Rains from Hurricane Willa Remnants". KPRC Click2Houston. October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  109. ↑ Event: Flash Flood in Arcadia, TX [2018-10-24 18:55 CST-6] (Report). Storm Events Database. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  110. ↑ Event: Flash Flood in Galveston, TX [2018-10-24 18:55 CST-6] (Report). Storm Events Database. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  111. ↑ Suárez, Tatiana (October 24, 2018). "Tras causar estragos en el pacífico mexicano, Willa se degrada a depresión tropical" [After wreaking havoc in the Mexican Pacific, Willa degrades to tropical depression]. France 24 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  112. ↑ Moya, Ricardo (October 24, 2018). "Aplica Sedena Plan DN-III-E tras paso de huracán "Willa" en Sinaloa" [Sedena Plan DN-III-E applied after the passage of Hurricane Willa in Sinaloa]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  113. ↑ "Sedena aplica Plan DN-III-E en costa del Pacífico por huracán 'Willa'" [Sedena applies Plan DN-III-E on the Pacific coast due to hurricane Willa]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  114. ↑ "Instala gobierno capitalino centro de acopio para apoyar a afectados por "Willa"" [Capital government installs collection center to support those affected by "Willa"]. Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  115. ↑ Espinosa, Gabriela (November 23, 2018). "El paso del Huràcan "Willa" dejó daños por 3 mil 650 millones de pesos en Nayarit" [The passage of Hurrican Willa left 3,650 million pesos of damage in Nayarit]. Sopitas (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  116. ↑ Mejía, Ximena (October 25, 2018). "Cruz Roja envía apoyo a damnificados de Nayarit y Sinaloa" [Red Cross sends support to victims in Nayarit and Sinaloa]. Excelsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  117. ↑ Moya, Ricardo (October 24, 2018). "Activan fase de auxilio del Plan Marina en Nayarit y Sinaloa por "Willa"" [Activation phase of the Marine Plan in Nayarit and Sinaloa activated by Willa]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  118. ↑ "Protección Civil Jalisco apoya en Nayarit a afectados por Willa" [Jalisco Civil Protection supports those affected by "Willa" in Nayarit]. Informador (in Spanish). October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  119. ↑ Navarro, Myriam (November 25, 2018). "Exitosa colecta para damnificados de Willa olvidados por el gobierno" [Successful collection for Willa victims forgotten by the government]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  120. ↑ "Trasladan 11 toneladas de víveres a Sinaloa y Nayarit por daños causados por huracán 'Willa'" [11 tons of food moved to Sinaloa and Nayarit due to damage caused by Hurricane Willa]. Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  121. ↑ "Huracán Willa: pequeñas comunidades de Sinaloa continúan afectadas" [Hurricane Willa: small communities in Sinaloa continue to be affected]. El Sol de Tijuana (in Spanish). October 27, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  122. ↑ "Robo de combustible deja con desabasto de gasolina a Guanajuato" [Fuel theft leaves Guanajuato with gasoline shortage]. Lopez-Doriga (in Spanish). November 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  123. ↑ Ibarra, Aarón (October 24, 2018). "Descarta Quirino Ordaz muertes por paso de huracán 'Willa'" [Quirino Ordaz rules out deaths from hurricane Willa]. Ríodoce (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  124. ↑ "Maradona apoya a los damnificados por el huracán Willa" [Maradona supports those affected by Hurricane Willa]. Esto (in Spanish). November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  125. ↑ Arellano, Salvador (October 31, 2018). "Declaran zona de desastre a 8 municipios de Nayarit por huracán 'Willa'" [8 municipalities in Nayarit declared a disaster zone due to Hurricane Willa]. MSN (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  126. ↑ Carlos, Adriana (March 24, 2019). "En Sinaloa, aún hay más de 2 mil viviendo en casas provisionales por 'Willa'" [In Sinaloa, there are still more than 2,000 living in provisional houses due to Willa]. Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  127. ↑ Cañedo, Sibely (March 29, 2019). "Tras el Huracán Willa, suben niveles de metales en río Baluarte" [After Hurricane Willa, metal levels rise in the Baluarte river]. Noroeste (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  128. ↑ "Huracán 'Willa' golpeó producción de mango en Sinaloa" [Hurricane Willa hits mango production in Sinaloa]. NNC.mx (in Spanish). June 7, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  129. ↑ Rochín, Victor (July 7, 2019). "Daños por el huracán Willa, provocan caída en la producción de mango en el sur de Sinaloa" [Damage caused by Hurricane Willa causes drop in mango production in southern Sinaloa]. Televisoras del Pacífico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  130. ↑ Cabanillas, Claudia (January 28, 2019). "Precios del mango se verán 'castigados' en Sinaloa" [Mango prices will be 'punished' in Sinaloa]. El Sol de Mazatlán (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  131. ↑ "Damnificados de Nayarit viven bajo el lodo tras paso de 'Willa'" [Victims in Nayarit live in the mud after the passage of Willa]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). November 3, 2018. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  132. ↑ "Nayarit, paralizado por falta de ayuda tras paso de huracán 'Willa'" [Nayarit, paralyzed due to lack of help after Hurricane Willa]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). December 8, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  133. ↑ "TRAGEDIA: Poderoso huracán "Willa" destruye un pueblo de México" [TRAGEDY: Powerful Hurricane Willa destroys a town in Mexico]. La Verdad Noticias (in Spanish). November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  134. ↑ "Nayarit, entre la crisis financiera y los daños de "Willa"" [Nayarit, between the financial crisis and the damage of Willa]. La Silla Rota (in Spanish). November 20, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  135. 1 2 "¡Por fin!, Reconstrucción de Nayarit tras huracán Willa inicia en febrero" [Finally !, Reconstruction of Nayarit after Hurricane Willa begins in February]. Vallarta Independiente (in Spanish). January 28, 2019. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  136. ↑ Navarro, Myriam (March 28, 2019). "Entregan hasta 120 mil pesos a familias damnificadas por 'Willa'" [Up to 120,000 pesos delivered to families affected by Willa]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  137. 1 2 Cancino, Karina (December 30, 2018). "Coppel recibe 66 mdp por programa de apoyo para damnificados del huracán 'Willa'" [Coppel receives 66 million pesos for support program for victims of Hurricane Willa]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Bloomberg. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  138. ↑ Méndez, Karla (November 14, 2018). "Sedatu realiza censo de viviendas dañadas por 'Willa' en Nayarit" [Sedatu conducts a census of homes damaged by Willa in Nayarit]. Excelsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  139. ↑ "Sinaloa asegura que superó contingencia por Willa; datos de reconstrucción no son públicos, acusan ONG" [Sinaloa assures that it overcame contingency of Willa; reconstruction data is not public, accuse NGO]. Animal Politico (in Spanish). November 18, 2018. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  140. ↑ Gamboa Parra, Jose Luis (November 3, 2018). "Sinaloa tendrá que esperar tres años para recibir el apoyo de Fonden" [Sinaloa will have to wait three years to receive Fonden's support]. Tribuna (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  141. ↑ Ibarra, Maria (January 31, 2019). "Fonden entregaría 510 mdp para reconstrucción del sur" [Fonden would deliver 510 million pesos for southern reconstruction]. Debate (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  142. ↑ "Recursos llegarán, pero tomará tiempo: AMLO a damnificados de Willa en Nayarit" [Resources will come, but it will take time: AMLO to victims of Willa in Nayarit]. Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). January 25, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.

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