Romanisation of Bengali

Romanisation of Bengali is the representation of written Bengali language in the Latin script. Various romanisation systems for Bengali are used, most of which do not perfectly represent Bengali pronunciation. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali, none has been adopted with the same degree of uniformity as Japanese or Sanskrit. ^{[note 1]}

The Bengali script has been included with the group of Indic scripts whose romanisation does not represent the phonetic value of Bengali. Some of them are the "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" or IAST system (based on diacritics), ^[1] "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards), ^[2] and the National Library at Calcutta romanisation. ^[3]

In the context of Bengali romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (the original spelling can be recovered), but transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). English does not have all sounds of Bengali, and pronunciation does not completely reflect orthography. The aim of romanisation is not the same as phonetic transcription. Rather, romanisation is a representation of one writing system in Roman (Latin) script. If Bengali script has "ত" and Bengalis pronounce it /to/ there is nevertheless an argument based on writing-system consistency for transliterating it as "त" or "ta." The writing systems of most languages do not faithfully represent the spoken sound of the language, as famously with English words like "enough", "women", or "nation" (see "ghoti").

History

Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the Latin alphabet in writing Bengali books. The most famous are the Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed and the Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes, both written by Manuel da Assumpção. However, the Portuguese-based romanisation did not take root. In the late 18th century, Augustin Aussant used a romanisation scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, Nathaniel Brassey Halhed used a romanisation scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar Sir William Jones devised a romanisation scheme for Bengali and other Indian languages in general; he published it in the Asiatick Researches journal in 1801. ^[4] His scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian system" of romanisation and served as a model for the next century and a half. Professor Lightner of Lahore Government College opposed it. ^[5]

100 years after that i.e. at the beginning of the 20th century, Drew, an assistant professor at Eton College recommended that Indian languages be written in Roman script and for this purpose the magazine called Roman Urdu was launched. ^[5]

Abul Fazal Muhammad Akhtaru-d-Din, in an article titled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" (বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন, Changes in the Bengali Alphabet) published in Daily Azad on April 18, 1949, said, Rabindranath Tagore once advocated the Roman alphabet for Bengali, but later he changed his opinion. ^[5]

Bengali language movement

During the Bengali Language Movement of the 1940s–50s, Romanization of Bengali was proposed along with other proposals regarding the determination of the state language of the then Pakistan, but like other proposals it also failed, by establishing Bengali as one of the state languages of Pakistan at that time, with its traditional letters. ^{[6] [5]} After 1947, many other East Pakistani academics, including Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda and Nazirul Islam Mohammad Sufian, supported the idea of writing Bengali in Roman script. ^[5] In 1948, Mohammad Ferdous Khan opposed it in his pamphlet "The language problem of today". ^[5]

Abul Fazl Muhammad Akhtar-ud-Din supported the Roman alphabet in his article entitled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" (বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন, Changes in the Bengali Alphabet) published in Daily Azad on 18 April 1949. ^[5]

At 1949, Language Committee of the East-Bengal Government conducted a survey among teachers, intellectuals, high civil servants, members of the Legislative Council, according to which, out of 301 respondents, 96 favored the introduction of the Arabic script, 18 the Roman script and 187 the retention of the Bengali script. Besides, many people did not give any answer. ^[5]

After language movement

In 1957, the East Pakistan Education Commission recommended the use of the revised Roman script in adult education. ^[5]

Around 1957-58, there was a significant demand for the use of Roman letters again. At that time Muhammad Abdul Hai and Muhammad Enamul Haque opposed it. ^[5]

Transliteration and transcription

Romanisation of a language written in a non-Roman script can be based on either transliteration (orthographically accurate and the original spelling can be recovered) or transcription (phonetically accurate, and the pronunciation can be reproduced). The distinction is important in Bengali, as its orthography was adopted from Sanskrit and ignores several millennia of sound change. All writing systems differ at least slightly from the way the language is pronounced, but this is more extreme for languages like Bengali. For example, the three letters শ, ষ, and স had distinct pronunciations in Sanskrit, but over several centuries, the standard pronunciation of Bengali (usually modelled on the Nadia dialect) has lost the phonetic distinctions, and all three are usually pronounced as IPA [ʃɔ]. The spelling distinction persists in orthography.

In written texts, distinguishing between homophones, such as শাপ shap "curse" and সাপ shap "snake", is easy. Such a distinction could be particularly relevant in searching for the term in an encyclopaedia, for example. However, the fact that the words sound identical means that they would be transcribed identically, so some important distinctions of meaning cannot be rendered by transcription. Another issue with transcription systems is that cross-dialectal and cross-register differences are widespread, so the same word or lexeme may have many different transcriptions. Even simple words like মন "mind" may be pronounced "mon", "môn", or (in poetry) "mônô" (as in the Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana").

Often, different phonemes are represented by the same symbol or grapheme. Thus, the vowel এ can represent either [e] (এল elo[elɔ] "came") or [ɛ] (এক êk[ɛk] "one"). Occasionally, words written in the same way (homographs) may have different pronunciations for differing meanings: মত can mean "opinion" (pronounced môt), or "similar to" (môtô). Therefore, some important phonemic distinctions cannot be rendered in a transliteration model. In addition, to represent a Bengali word to allow speakers of other languages to pronounce it easily, it may be better to use a transcription, which does not include the silent letters and other idiosyncrasies (স্বাস্থ্য sbasthyô, spelled <swāsthya>, or অজ্ঞান ôggên, spelled <ajñāna>) that make Bengali romanisation so complicated. Such letters are misleading in a phonetic romanisation of Bengali and are often a result of inclusion of the Bengali script with other Indic scripts for romanisation, but the other Indic scripts lack the inherent vowel ô, which causes chaos for Bengali romanisation.

A phenomenon in which romanisation of Bengali unintentionally leads to humorous results when translated is known as Murad Takla.

Comparison of romanisations

Comparisons of the standard romanisation schemes for Bengali are given in the table below. Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages, including Bengali. Many standards (like NLK/ISO), use diacritic marks and permit case markings for proper nouns. Schemes such as the Harvard-Kyoto one are more suited for ASCII-derivative keyboards and use upper- and lower-case letters contrastively, so forgo normal standards for English capitalisation.

• "NLK" stands for the diacritic-based letter-to-letter transliteration schemes, best represented by the National Library at Kolkata romanisation or the ISO 15919, or IAST. It is the ISO standard, and it uses diacritic marks like ā to reflect the additional characters and sounds of Bengali letters.
• ITRANS is an ASCII representation for Sanskrit; it is one-to-many: more than one way of transliterating characters may be used, which can make internet searches more complicated. ITRANS ignores English capitalisation norms to permit representing characters from a normal ASCII keyboard.
• "HK" stands for two other case-sensitive letter-to-letter transliteration schemes: Harvard-Kyoto and XIAST scheme. Both are similar to the ITRANS scheme and use only one form for each character.

Vowels

Bengali	IAST	ISO 15919	Avro	ITRANS	Devanagari	WX	B.C
অ	a	a	o	a	अ	a	a
আ	aa	ā	a	A/aa	आ	A	aa
ই	i	i	i	i	इ	i	i
ঈ	ee	ī	I	I/ii	ई	I	undefined
উ	u	u	u	u	उ	u	u
ঊ	oo	ū	U	U/uu	ऊ	U	undefined
ঋ	RI	r̥	rri	RRi/R^i	ऋ	q	undefined
ৠ	RI	r̥̄	-	r̥̄	ॠ	-	undefined
ঌ	LI	l̥	-	l̥	ऌ	-	undefined
ৡ	LI	l̥̄	-	l̥̄	ॡ		undefined
এ	e	ē	e	e	ए	e	e
ঐ	oi	ai	OI	ai	ऐ	E	oi
ও	o	ō	O	o	ओ	o	o
ঔ	ou	au	OU	au	औ	O	ou
অ্যা	ae	æ	oZa	-	-	-	ae

Consonants

Bengali	IAST	ISO 15919	Avro	ITRANS	Devanagari	B.C
ক	ka	ka	k	ka	क	ka
খ	kha	kha	kh	kha	ख	kha
গ	ga	ga	g	ga	ग	ga
ঘ	gha	gha	gh	gha	घ	gha
ঙ	ng	ṅa	Ng	~Na	ङ	undefined
চ	ca	ca	c	ca	च	cca
ছ	cha	cha	ch	Cha	छ	cha
জ	ja	ja	j	ja	ज	undefined
ঝ	jha	jha	jh	jha	झ	jha
ঞ	ya	ña	NG	~na	ञ	undefined
ট	ta	ṭa	T	Ta	ट	ta
ঠ	tha	ṭha	Th	Tha	ठ	tha
ড	da	ḍa	D	Da	ड	da
ঢ	dha	ḍha	Dh	Dha	ढ	dha
ণ	na	ṇa	N	Na	ण	undefined
ত	'ta	ta	t	ta	त	'ta
থ	'tha	tha	th	tha	थ	'tha
দ	'd	da	d	da	द	'da
ধ	'dha	dha	dh	dha	ध	'dha
ন	na	na	n	na	न	na
প	pa	pa	p	pa	प	pa
ফ	pha	pha	ph/f	pha	फ	pha
ব	ba	ba	b	ba	ब	ba
ভ	bha	bha	bh/v	bha	भ	bha
ম	ma	ma	m	ma	म	ma
য	ja	y	z	ya	य	ja
র	ra	ra	r	ra	र	ra
ল	la	la	l	la	ल	la
শ	sha	śa	sh/S	sha	श	sha
ষ	sha	ṣa	Sh	Sha	ष	undefined
স	sa	sa	s	sa	स	sa
হ	tha	ha	h	ha	ह	ha
ড়	rha	ṛ	R	-	ड़	rra
ঢ়	rha	ṛh	Rh	-	ढ़	undefined
য়	y	ẏ	y/Y	-	य़	y

Additional Consonants

বাংলা	ISO 15919	ITRANS	Devanagari	WX
ক়	qa	qa	क़	kZa
ফ়	fa	fa	फ़	fZa
ভ়	va	va	भ़	vZa
জ়	za	za	ज़	zZa

Examples

The following table includes examples of Bengali words romanised by using the various systems mentioned above.

Example words

Bengali script	Meaning	NLK	ITRANS	HK	Devanagari	IPA
মন	'mind'	mana	mana	mana	मन	[mon]
সাপ	'snake'	sāpa	saapa	sApa	साप	[ʃap]
শাপ	'curse'	śāpa	shaapa	zApa	शाप	[ʃap]
মত	'opinion'	mata	mata	mata	मत	[mɔt]
মতো	'like'	mato	mato	mato	मतो	[mɔto]
তেল	'oil'	tēla	tela	tela	तेल	[tel]
গেল	'went'	gēla	gela	gela	गेल	[ɡɛlɔ]
জ্বর	'fever'	jvara	jvara	jvara	ज्वर	[dʒɔr]
স্বাস্থ্য	'health'	svāsthya	svaasthya	svAsthya	स्वस्थ्य	[ʃastʰːo]
বাংলাদেশ	'Bangladesh'	bāṃlādēśa	baa.mlaadesha	bAMlAdeza	बांलादेश	[baŋladeʃ]
ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি	'consonant'	byañjanadhvani	bya~njanadhvani	byaJjanadhvani	ब्यञ्जनध्वनि	[bɛndʒɔndʱoni]
আত্মহত্যা	'suicide'	ātmahatyā	aatmahatyaa	AtmahatyA	आत्महत्या	[atːohɔtːa]

A detailed example is given below by the lyrics of the " Amar Sonar Bangla " as written by Rabindranath Tagore, the first ten lines of this song currently constitute Bangladesh's national anthem.

Bengali original [7] [8] [9]	Romanisation of Bengali	IPA transcription [note 2]
আমার সোনার বাংলা, আমি তোমায় ভালোবাসি। চিরদিন তোমার আকাশ, তোমার বাতাস, আমার প্রাণে বাজায় বাঁশি॥ ও মা, ফাগুনে তোর আমের বনে ঘ্রাণে পাগল করে, মরি হায়, হায় রে— ও মা, অঘ্রাণে তোর ভরা ক্ষেতে আমি কী দেখেছি মধুর হাসি॥ কী শোভা, কী ছায়া গো, কী স্নেহ, কী মায়া গো— কী আঁচল বিছায়েছ বটের মূলে, নদীর কূলে কূলে। মা, তোর মুখের বাণী আমার কানে লাগে সুধার মতো, মরি হায়, হায় রে— মা, তোর বদনখানি মলিন হলে, ও মা, আমি নয়নজলে ভাসি॥ তোমার এই খেলাঘরে শিশুকাল কাটিলে রে, তোমারি ধুলামাটি অঙ্গে মাখি ধন্য জীবন মানি। তুই দিন ফুরালে সন্ধ্যাকালে কী দীপ জ্বালিস ঘরে, মরি হায়, হায় রে— তখন খেলাধুলা সকল ফেলে, ও মা, তোমার কোলে ছুটে আসি॥ ধেনু-চরা তোমার মাঠে, পারে যাবার খেয়াঘাটে আমার সোনার বাংলা , সারা দিন পাখি-ডাকা ছায়ায়-ঢাকা তোমার পল্লীবাটে, তোমার ধানে-ভরা আঙিনাতে জীবনের দিন কাটে, মরি হায়, হায় রে— ও মা, আমার যে ভাই তারা সবাই, ও মা, তোমার রাখাল তোমার চাষি॥ ও মা, তোর চরণেতে দিলেম এই মাথা পেতে— দে গো তোর পায়ের ধুলা, সে যে আমার মাথার মানিক হবে। ও মা, গরিবের ধন যা আছে তাই দিব চরণতলে, মরি হায়, হায় রে— আমি পরের ঘরে কিনব না আর, মা, তোর ভূষণ ব'লে গলার ফাঁসি	Amar shōnar Bangla, ami tōmay bhalōbashi. Cirodin tōmar akash, tōmar batash, amar prane bajay bãshi. Ō ma, phagune tōr amer bone ghrane pagol kore, Mori hay, hay re: Ō ma, Oghrane tōr bhora khete ami ki dekhechi modhur hashi. Ki shōbha, ki chaya gō, ki sneho, ki maya gō, Ki ãcol bichayecho boṭer mule, nodir kule kule. Ma, tōr mukher bani amar kane lage shudhar motō, Mori hay, hay re: Ma, tōr bodonkhani molin hole, ō ma, ami noyonjole bhashi. Tōmar ei khelaghore shishukal kaṭile re, Tōmari dhulamaṭi ongge makhi dhonno jibon mani. Tui din phurale shondhakale ki dip jalish ghore, Mori hay, hay re: Tokhon kheladhula shokol phele, ō ma, tōmar kōle chuṭe ashi. Dhenu-cora tōmar maṭhe, pare jabar kheyaghaṭe, Shara din pakhi-ḍaka chayay-ḍhaka tōmar pollibaṭe, Tōmar dhane-bhora anginate jiboner din kaṭe Mori hay, hay re: Ō ma, amar je bhai tara shobai, ō ma, tōmar rakhal tōmar cashi. Ō ma, tōr coronete dilem ei matha pete: De gō tōr payer dhula, she je amar mathar manik hobe. Ō ma, goriber dhon ja ache tai dib corontole, Mori hay, hay re: Ami porer ghore kinbo na ar, ma, tōr bhushon bole golar phãshi.	[a.mar ʃo.nar baŋ.la ǀ a.mi to.maj bʱa.lo.ba.ʃi] [t͡ʃi.ro.din to.mar a.kaʃ ǀ to.mar ba.taʃ ǀ a.mar pra.ne ba.d͡ʒaj bã.ʃi ‖] [o ma ǀ pʰa.gu.ne tor a.mer bo.ne gʱra.ne pa.gol kɔ.re ǀ] [mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ] [o ma ǀ ɔ.gʱra.ne tor bʱɔ.ra kʰe.te a.mi ki de.kʰe.t͡ʃʰi mo.dʱur ha.ʃi ‖] [ki ʃo.bʱa ǀ ki t͡ʃʰa.ja go ǀ ki sne.ho ǀ ki ma.ja go ǀ] [ki ã.t͡ʃol bi.t͡ʃʰa.je.t͡ʃʰo bɔ.ʈer mu.le ǀ no.dir ku.le ku.le] [ma ǀ tor mu.kʰer ba.ni a.mar ka.ne la.ge ʃu.dʱar mɔ.to ǀ] [mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ] [ma ǀ tor bɔ.don.kʰa.ni mo.lin ho.le ǀ o ma ǀ a.mi nɔ.jon.d͡ʒɔ.le bʱa.ʃi ‖] [to.mar ei kʰɛ.la.gʱɔ.re ʃi.ʃu.kal ka.ʈi.le re ǀ] [to.ma.ri dʱu.la.ma.ʈi ɔŋ.ge ma.kʰi dʱon.no d͡ʒi.bɔn ma.ni] [tu.i din pʰu.ra.le ʃon.dʱa.ka.le ki dip d͡ʒa.liʃ gʱɔ.re ǀ] [mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ] [tɔ.kʰon kʰɛ.la.dʱu.la ʃɔ.kol pʰe.le ǀ o ma ǀ to.mar ko.le t͡ʃʰu.ʈe a.ʃi ‖] [dʱe.nu.t͡ʃɔ.ra to.mar ma.ʈʰe ǀ pa.re d͡ʒa.bar kʰe.ja.gʱa.ʈe ǀ] [ʃa.ra din pa.kʰi.ɖa.ka t͡ʃʰa.jaj.ɖʱa.ka to.mar pol.li.bʱa.ʈe ǀ] [to.mar dʱa.ne.bʱɔ.ra aŋ.i.na.te d͡ʒi.bɔ.ner din ka.ʈe] [mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ] [o ma ǀ a.mar d͡ʒe bʱa.i ta.ra ʃɔ.bai̯ ǀ o ma ǀ to.mar ra.kʰal to.mar t͡ʃa.ʃi ‖] [o ma ǀ tor t͡ʃɔ.ro.ne.te di.lem ei̯ ma.tʰa pe.te ǀ] [de go tor pa.jer dʱu.la ǀ ʃe d͡ʒe a.mar ma.tʰar ma.nik hɔ.be] [o ma ǀ go.ri.ber dʱɔn d͡ʒa a.t͡ʃʰe tai̯ di.bo t͡ʃɔ.ron.tɔ.le ǀ] [mo.ri haj ǀ haj re ǀ] [a.mi pɔ.rer gʱɔ.re kin.bo na ar ǀ ma ǀ tor bʱu.ʃon bo.le gɔ.lar pʰã.ʃi ‖]

See also

• Dobhashi
• Roman Urdu
• Romanization of Arabic
• Devanagari transliteration
• Maltese language - a romanised language form of Classical Arabic language
• Fiji Hindi - a romanised language form of Hindi language

Notes

1. In Japanese, some debate exists as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardized, as it has few speakers, and sound change is not a large concern.
2. See Help:IPA/Bengali and Bengali phonology.

References

1. "Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration". Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration. Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
2. "ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package". Avinash Chopde. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
3. "Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration" (PDF). Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange — ISCII. Bureau of Indian Standards. 1 April 1999. p. 32. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
4. Jones 1801
5. Bashir Al Helal, History of the Language Movement, forthcoming publication, February 1995, pp. 685-692
6. হোসেন, সেলিনা; বিশ্বাস, সুকুমার; চৌধুরী, শফিকুর রহমান, eds. (21 February 1986). 1513. একুশের স্মারকগ্রন্থ' ৮৬ - সম্পাদনায় (in Bengali). Bangladesh: Bangla Academy. pp. 52–73. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
7. "Rabindranath Tagore - Songs - স্বদেশ - আমার সোনার বাংলা". tagoreweb.in. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
8. "জাতীয় সংগীত (পাঠ) - নেত্রকোণা জেলা". www.netrokona.gov.bd. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
9. "About Bangladesh-2". www.parjatanbd.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2021.