Airline alliance

An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries. This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. ^[1]

In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs)/revenue passenger miles (RPMs), followed by SkyTeam with 20.4% and Oneworld with 17.8%, leaving 38.8% for others. ^[2] In 2019, by number of passengers, Star Alliance was leading 762 million, ^[3] followed by SkyTeam (630 million) ^[4] and Oneworld (535 million). ^[5]

Rationale

Benefits can consist of an extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks. Cost reductions come from sharing operation facilities (e.g. catering or computer systems), operation staff (e.g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks), investments and purchases (e.g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts). ^[6] Traveler benefits can include lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, different times to choose from, more destinations within easy reach, shorter travel times, more options of airport lounges shared with alliance members, fast track access on all alliance members if having frequent flyer status, faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers, round-the-world tickets, enabling travellers to fly over the world for a relatively low price. ^[7]

Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveller, such as higher prices when competition is erased on a certain route or less frequent flights; for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 (3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e.g., flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (a Delta Air Lines fortress hub) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (a KLM fortress hub). ^{[8] [9] [10]}

History

The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil and its parent company Pan American World Airways agreed to exchange routes to Latin America. In 1990, the African Joint Air Services (AJAS) Accord between Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia led to the launch of Alliance Air in 1994, with South African Airways, Air Tanzania, Uganda Airlines and the governments of Uganda and Tanzania as shareholders.^{[ citation needed ]}

The first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. In 1992, the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from the European Union, which gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on the other's soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved. In return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the transnational barriers and lack of antitrust immunity, and still do so.^{[ citation needed ]}

On May 14, 1997, an agreement was announced forming the Star Alliance with five airlines on three continents: United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, and Lufthansa. ^{[11] [12]} The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million (€18 million). ^{[13] [11]} which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999 and SkyTeam in 2000.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines (Virgin Atlantic; Virgin America; and the Virgin Australia Holdings group of airlines). ^[14] Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin Atlantic would join one of the existing alliances; ^[15] this idea was repeated in October 2012. ^[16] In December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines' 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. ^[17] Virgin America was absorbed into Alaska Airlines by 2018, which joined the Oneworld alliance in 2021. ^{[18] [19]} Meanwhile, Virgin Atlantic joined SkyTeam in 2023. ^[20]

On February 14, 2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name and would remain in the Oneworld alliance. US Airways' participation in Star Alliance lapsed. In 2012, in South America, LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines began their merger. In March 2014, with the merger complete, TAM left Star Alliance and became part of LAN in Oneworld.^{[ citation needed ]}

On September 21, 2015, the Vanilla Alliance was formed between several airlines based in the Indian Ocean region, in order to improve air connectivity within the region. The founding members are Air Austral, Air Mauritius, Air Madagascar, Air Seychelles, and Int'Air Îles.^{[ citation needed ]}

On January 18, 2016, the first alliance of low-cost carriers was formed, U-FLY Alliance. The founding members—HK Express, Lucky Air, Urumqi Air, and West Air—are all affiliated with HNA Group, although the alliance is also seeking airlines not within the group. ^[21]

On May 16, 2016, the world's largest alliance of low-cost carriers was formed, Value Alliance. The founding members were Cebu Pacific, Cebgo, Jeju Air, Nok Air, NokScoot, Scoot Airlines, Tigerair, Tigerair Australia, and Vanilla Air. ^[22]

Current alliances

Star Alliance

Three current members and one former member of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport Thai, United, Swiss and Scandinavian Airlines (SAS), the latter moving to SkyTeam in 2024

Boeing 787-9 of All Nippon Airways

Main article: Star Alliance

Star Alliance, founded in 1997, currently has 25 members: ^[23]

Aegean Airlines, 2010
Air Canada, founder
Air China, 2007
Air India, 2014
Air New Zealand, 1999
All Nippon Airways, 1999
Asiana Airlines, 2003
Austrian Airlines, 2000
Avianca, 2012
Brussels Airlines, 2009
Copa Airlines, 2012
Croatia Airlines, 2004
EgyptAir, 2008
Ethiopian Airlines, 2011
EVA Air, 2013
LOT Polish Airlines, 2003
Lufthansa, founder
Shenzhen Airlines, 2012
Singapore Airlines, 2000
South African Airways, 2006
Swiss International Air Lines, 2006
TAP Air Portugal, 2005
Thai Airways International, founder
Turkish Airlines, 2008
United Airlines, founder

Future members:
ITA Airways, Lufthansa takeover

Former members:

• Adria Airways, 2004–2019, defunct
• Ansett Australia, 1999–2001, defunct
• Blue1, 2004–2012, defunct
• BMI, 2000–2012, absorbed into British Airways ^[24]
• Continental Airlines, 2009–2012, merged with United Airlines
• Mexicana de Aviación, 2000–2004, joined Oneworld in 2009
• Scandinavian Airlines, founder, 1997–2024, joined SkyTeam in 2024
• Shanghai Airlines, 2007–2010, merged with China Eastern Airlines and joined SkyTeam in 2011
• Spanair, 2003–2012, defunct
• TACA, 2012–2013, merged with Avianca
• TAM Airlines, 2010–2014, merged with LAN Airlines and joined Oneworld in 2014
• US Airways, 2004–2014, joined Oneworld as an affiliate member of American Airlines
• Varig, 1997–2007, defunct

Star Alliance Connecting Partners

• Juneyao Air, 2017

Star Alliance Intermodal Partnership

• Deutsche Bahn, 2022 ^{[25] [26]}

Oneworld

Royal Air Maroc Boeing 787-8

Main article: Oneworld

Oneworld, founded in 1999, currently has 14 members: ^[27]

Alaska Airlines, 2021
American Airlines, founder
British Airways, founder
Cathay Pacific, founder
Fiji Airways, 2025
Finnair, 1999
Iberia Airlines, 1999
Japan Airlines, 2007
Malaysia Airlines, 2013
Qantas, founder
Qatar Airways, 2013
Royal Air Maroc, 2020
Royal Jordanian, 2007
SriLankan Airlines, 2014

Former members:

• Aer Lingus, 2000–2007, left the alliance ^[28]
• Air Berlin, 2012–2017, defunct
• Canadian Airlines, founder, 1999–2000, acquired by Air Canada
• LATAM Brasil, 2014–2020
• LATAM Chile, 2000–2020
• Malév Hungarian Airlines, 2007–2012, defunct
• Mexicana de Aviación, 2009 (ceased operations in 2010)
• S7 Airlines, 2010–2022, suspended from alliance
• US Airways, 2014–2015, merged with American Airlines

Future members:

• Oman Air, joining on 30 June 2025 ^[29]
• Hawaiian Airlines, joining in 2026

SkyTeam

Boeing 777-300ER of Garuda Indonesia

Main article: SkyTeam

SkyTeam, founded in 2000, currently has 18 members: ^[30]

Aerolíneas Argentinas, 2012
Aeroméxico, founder
Air Europa, 2007
Air France, founder
China Airlines, 2011
China Eastern Airlines, 2011
Delta Air Lines, founder
Garuda Indonesia, 2014
Kenya Airways, 2007
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 2004
Korean Air, founder
Middle East Airlines, 2012
Saudia, 2012
Scandinavian Airlines, 2024
TAROM, 2010
Vietnam Airlines, 2010
Virgin Atlantic, 2023
XiamenAir, 2012

Former members:

• Aeroflot, 2006–2022, suspended from alliance
• Alitalia, 2001–2021, defunct
• China Southern Airlines, 2007–2018
• Continental Airlines, 2004–2009, joined Star Alliance in 2009
• Copa Airlines, 2007–2009, joined Star Alliance in 2012
• Czech Airlines, 2001–2024, defunct
• ITA Airways, 2021–2025
• Northwest Airlines, 2004–2010, merged with Delta Air Lines

Vanilla Alliance

ATR 72-500 of Air Mauritius.

Main article: Vanilla Alliance

Vanilla Alliance, founded in 2015, currently has 5 members: ^[31]

Air Austral, founder
Air Madagascar, founder
Air Mauritius, founder
Air Seychelles, founder
Int'Air Îles, founder

Former alliances

U-FLY Alliance

Main article: U-FLY Alliance

U-FLY Alliance, founded in 2016, had 4 members: ^[32]

Eastar Jet, 2016
Lucky Air, founder
Urumqi Air, founder
West Air, founder

Former members:

• HK Express, 2016-2019, founder, acquired by Cathay Pacific in 2019.

Value Alliance

Main article: Value Alliance

Value Alliance, founded in 2016, had 5 members: ^[33]

Cebu Pacific, founder
Cebgo, founder
Jeju Air, founder
Nok Air, founder
Scoot, founder

Former members:

• NokScoot, 2016–2020, defunct
• Tigerair, 2016–2017, merged with Scoot
• Tigerair Australia, 2016–2018, founder
• Vanilla Air, 2016–2018, founder, merged with Peach Aviation

Statistics

Alliance	Members	Passengers /year	Countries served	Destination	Fleet	Employees	Revenue /year (US$)	Flights /day	RPK [2]
Star Alliance [34]	26	642.1 Mn	195	1,360	5,000	432,603	179.05 Bn	19,000	1536 Bn	23%
SkyTeam [35]	19	665.4 Mn	175	1,062	3,937	481,691 [36]	140.98 Bn [36]	17,343	1362 Bn	20.4%
Oneworld [37]	13	557.4 Mn	161	1,016	3,560	382,913	130.92 Bn	13,814	1189 Bn	17.8%
Value Alliance [38]	7	180 Mn	30	183	554	-	-	400	107 Bn	1.6%
U-FLY Alliance	8	200 Mn	18	149	593	-	-	420	40 Bn	0.6%
Vanilla Alliance	5	2.3 Mn	26	89	46	-	-	-	-

Airline alliance market share by network capacity 2007

See also

• Codeshare agreement
• Interlining

Notes and references

1. Fernandez de la Torre, Pablo E. (1999). "Airline alliances : the airline perspective". DSpace@MIT. hdl:1721.1/68159 . Retrieved April 15, 2014.
2. "Scheduled Passengers Carried". World Air Transport Statistics 60th Edition. IATA. Archived from the original on 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
3. "backgrounder". Star Alliance. 18 Oct 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019.
4. "Fact Sheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-29.
5. "20 years, 20 facts, oneworld". OneWorld. 2019-02-01. Archived from the original on 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
6. Crail, Chauncey (2021-02-10). "What Is An Airline Alliance?". Forbes Advisor. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
7. Gaggero, Alberto A.; Bartolini, David (2012). "The Determinants of Airline Alliances". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 46 (3): 399–414. ISSN   0022-5258. JSTOR   24396319.
8. Flores-Fillol, Ricardo; Moner-Colonques, Rafael (2007). "Strategic Formation of Airline Alliances". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 41 (3): 427–449. ISSN   0022-5258. JSTOR   20054029.
9. Armantier, Olivier; Richard, Oliver (2008). "Domestic Airline Alliances and Consumer Welfare". The RAND Journal of Economics. 39 (3): 875–904. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2008.00042.x. ISSN   0741-6261. JSTOR   25474400.
10. "Airline Alliance's Benefits and Drawbacks Explained". www.aerotime.aero. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
11. Bryant, Adam (14 May 1997). "United and 4 Others to Detail Air Alliance Today". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
12. Tagliabue, John (15 May 1997). "5 Airlines Extend Limits of Alliances". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
13. Meredith, Robyn (15 May 1997). "Airline Alliance Picks Y.& R." The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
14. Perman, Stacy (2010-09-05). "Virgin's Richard Branson Circles His Wagons". Time . Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
15. Bruner, Jon (2011-09-14). "Virgin Atlantic Will Join an Alliance Soon, Says Richard Branson". Forbes.
16. Quinn, James (2012-10-26). "Virgin Atlantic to join global airline alliance, says Branson". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05.
17. "Delta and Virgin Atlantic To Form Strategic Alliance". ir.delta.com. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
18. "Virgin America flights become Alaska next April". Flightglobal.com. 2017-10-05. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
19. "Alaska Airlines Officially Joins oneworld". 2021-03-31. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
20. "Virgin Atlantic to join SkyTeam alliance today". corporate.virginatlantic.com. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
21. "HNA Group: four airlines form U-FLY Alliance, world's first LCC grouping, showing HNA consolidation". CAPA - Centre for Aviation. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
22. "Singapore Airlines’ Low-Cost Carriers, Others Start Alliance". Bloomberg. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
23. "Member airline". Star Alliance. June 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04.
24. "Bmi Formally Leaves". Star Alliance. 2012-05-31. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
25. "Star Alliance Intermodal Partnership". Star Alliance.
26. "Deutsche Bahn joins Star Alliance". Aviation24.be. 29 June 2022.
27. "Member Airlines". Oneworld.
28. "Aer Lingus leaving Oneworld". Oneworld.
29. "Oman Air to join Oneworld on June 30, 2025 - Executive Traveller". www.executivetraveller.com. 2024-11-20. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
30. "Facts and Figures". Amsterdam: SkyTeam. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
31. "Vanilla Alliance agreements signed in Antananarivo". ch-aviation. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
32. "UFLY Alliance". www.uflyalliance.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
33. "Value Alliance". www.valuealliance.com/. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
34. "Facts and Figures". Star Alliance. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.
35. "Factsheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. Summer 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-17.
36. "Factsheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30.
37. "oneworld at a glance". Oneworld. July 2016.
38. "About". Value Alliance.

External links

• Oneworld
• SkyTeam
• Star Alliance
• Value Alliance
• Graham Dunn (15 May 2017). "The 20-year history of global airline alliances". Flightglobal.