Anaplasma bovis

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Anaplasma bovis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Rickettsiales
Family: Ehrlichiaceae
Genus: Anaplasma
Species:
A. bovis
Binomial name
Anaplasma bovis
Dumler et al. 2001

Anaplasma bovis [1] is gram negative, obligate intracellular organism, which can be found in wild and domestic ruminants, and potentially a wide variety of other species. It is one of the last species of the Family Anaplasmaceae (formerly Ehrlichiaceae) to be formally described. It preferentially infects host monocytes, [2] and is often diagnosed via blood smears, PCR, and ELISA. A. bovis is not currently considered zoonotic, and does not frequently cause serious clinical disease in its host (although clinical disease has been noted in calves). This organism is transmitted by tick vectors, so tick bite prevention is the mainstay of A. bovis control, although clinical infections can be treated with tetracyclines. This organism has a global distribution, with infections noted in many areas, including Korea, [3] Japan, [4] Europe, Brazil, Africa, and North America. [2]

Contents

History and Taxonomy

The clinical syndrome which is now linked to members of the genus Anaplasma have been reported since 1780, although at the time, the actual pathogenic agent was not yet known. [2] In the early 1900s, many other members of this genus were described and determined to be the causative agent of Anaplasmosis in a wide variety of domestic and wildlife species [5] . Anaplasma bovis itself, was first identified in 1936, in cattle hosts. [6]

With the development of more sensitive molecular methods, there has been a drastic reorganization in the taxonomic classifications of Rickettsial organisms within the past 20 years. Generally, these organisms are grouped according to morphology, ecology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics. [2] Under the previous taxonomic organization, the order contained 2 families; Family Rickettsialaceae, and Family Ehrlicheae. In the dramatic reorganization that occurred in 2001, the family Ehrlichiaceae was replaced by family Anaplasmaceae, and via molecular phylogenetic analyses, the genera within these classes were redistributed based on genetic similarities. [1] The current taxonomic organization includes the Genera Anaplasama, Ehrlichia, Wolbachia, and Neorickettsia within the Family Anaplasmaceae, and the Genera Rickettsia and Orientia within the Family Rickettsiaceae. [2]

Anaplasma bovis is currently one of 6 recognized species within the Genus Anaplasma. Other members of this genus include the species A. phagocytophilum, A. marginale, A. platys, A. ovis, and A. centrale [7]

Morphological Characteristics

A typical (uninfected) monocyte on blood smear Monocytes, a type of white blood cell (Giemsa stained).jpg
A typical (uninfected) monocyte on blood smear

Anaplasma bovis is a gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria. [8] The bacteria lives within the mononuclear cells of cattle, specifically monocytes. When the bacteria is suspected you can take a blood smear and observe the cells for presence of A. bovis within. Commonly observed forms on a blood smear are small spherical bodies within monocytes that can measure from 0.5 to 6 μm. [9] The morulae have acidophilic shades including pale red, dark purple, light purple and pink. A study by Prasath, N.B. et, al. showed that about 80% of monocytes contained inclusion bodies in an infected Jersey cow.

Epidemiology

Geographic Distribution

Anaplasma bovis has a large geographic distribution affecting many different countries across the world. It has been detected in Brazil, North America, Africa, Japan, China, Pakistan, Israel and Korea. [3] [6] Anaplasma bovis has the highest reporting in cattle, goats, and wild deer. [7] Cattle and Buffalo have been infected by A. bovis in Africa, South America, the Middle East and Japan. [8] Geographic distribution is largely influenced by season, climate and weather due to changes in tick population and distribution. [10] [11] A. bovis has been found across the world in many different countries, having a significant impact on animal production and the health of wildlife species. Research is limited on the prevalence and geographic distribution of A. bovis within specific countries, so provides an area for further development within the literature.

North Africa

DNA of A. bovis has been reported in domestic species such as cattle, sheep and goats. [12] The highest infection rate of A. bovis in North Africa is reported in sheep at 42.7% of the population. [13]

Japan and Korea

Anaplasma bovis has also been detected in deer from Japan and Korea. Research on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu has shown the prevalence of A. bovis in Hemaphysalis longicornis ticks on Honshu island. Detection of A. bovis DNA was also found from blood samples of native wild deer on both islands. [14] Anaplasma bovis has also been detected in dogs and cats in Japan. [15] [16]

China and Taiwan

Research has shown that A. bovis has been detected in areas of China. A study done in Chongqing, China determined that the prevalence of A. bovis within a sample population was 8.4% using blood sample collection and DNA extraction. [17] A. bovis has also been detected in small mammals in Taiwan. [18]

Canada

Although further research must be done to determine the prevalence of A. bovis in Canada, the bacteria has been isolated from D. andersoni type ticks in Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta. [19]

Israel

Research regarding the distribution of many tick vector pathogens in Israel has shown that A. bovis can be isolated from R. sanguineus and R. turanicus ticks. [20]

Pakistan

Anaplasma bovis was isolated in asymptomatic tick infested cattle by taking blood samples, detecting the presence of Anaplasma by PCR methods and then analyzing the positive samples for differences in genetics. The prevalence of A.bovis within the sample population was 7.78%. [21]

Transmission and Risk Factors

An Adult Ixodes tick Ixodes hexagonus (aka).jpg
An Adult Ixodes tick

Anaplasma bovis is spread from host to host by tick vectors, specifically from the genera Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus, and Amblyomma. [2] The tick consumes a blood meal from an infected cattle host, taking up the bacteria. A. bovis can then be transmitted to a different animal when the tick goes on to take another blood meal from a susceptible bovine. [22]

In assessing risk factors for infection with Anaplasma, it was found that breed, location, sex, and season impact prevalence rates. [12] Exotic goat breeds were found to have higher prevalence rates when compared to indigenous breeds. In the summer, cattle and sheep have greater infections, compared to goats having greater infections in autumn. [12] Further, it was found that goats in a sub-humid area had significantly greater infections, and prevalence rate varied with differences in goat and sheep flocks. [13]

Virulence Factors

As an obligate intracellular pathogen, A. bovis exhibits cell and tissue tropism by preferentially infecting monocytes. [23] However, more specific virulence factors have not been identified, [20] and presentation of A. bovis in monocytes can vary. [9]

Clinical Significance

Cattle

Domestic cattle New born Frisian red white calf.jpg
Domestic cattle

Infection with Anaplasma bovis causes a disease known as monocytic anaplasmosis in cattle. [2] Infection is characterized by invasion of the organism into white blood cells called monocytes. [2] Infection with A. bovis in cattle is considered to be asymptomatic in most cases. [24] The OIE reports that A. bovis does not cause disease, however case reports of clinical illness do exist. [25] [26] Clinical disease is most likely to be detected in calves. [2] Clinically apparent infection manifests as a febrile illness with enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, mucous discharge, and pale mucous membranes. Anaplasmosis is also known to be a production limiting disease resulting in decreased milk production and weight loss. [27] Other species of Anaplasma, most commonly A. marginale, are well documented to cause disease in cattle. [25]

Other species

Anaplasma species typically infect ruminants. [28] A. bovis may also infect various types of deer, buffalo, goats, cottontail rabbits, racoons, and dogs. [24] [29] There is a case report in the literature of infection with A. bovis in a horse. [29] The horse presented with anorexia, low body condition, lethargy, and was febrile. A. bovis is not known to be transmissible to people and as such does not have zoonotic potential. [2]

DNA fragments of A. bovis have also been reported to be found in deer, raccoons, dogs, domestic cats, Hokkaido brown bear, and wildcats in Japan. [4]

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment

Diagnosis of Anaplasma infections relies mainly on visual inspection of blood smears along with molecular methods such as PCR and ELISA. [25] On blood smears, bacterial inclusions within monocytes may be visible. Live vaccines against other species of Anaplasma exist, however due to the low pathogenicity of A. bovis, there is no specific vaccine for this species. Prevention of tick bites using environmental control and parasiticides helps to prevent transmission of the organism. [27] Tetracycline antibiotics are typically used to treat clinical anaplasmosis. [28]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Q fever</span> Coxiella burnetii infection

Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. Rarely, the disease is tick-borne. The incubation period can range from 9 to 40 days. Humans are vulnerable to Q fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms. The bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite.

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease of dogs usually caused by the rickettsial agent Ehrlichia canis. Ehrlichia canis is the pathogen of animals. Humans can become infected by E. canis and other species after tick exposure. German Shepherd Dogs are thought to be susceptible to a particularly severe form of the disease; other breeds generally have milder clinical signs. Cats can also be infected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babesiosis</span> Malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with the alveoate Babesia or Theileria

Babesiosis or piroplasmosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with a eukaryotic parasite in the order Piroplasmida, typically a Babesia or Theileria, in the phylum Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis transmission via tick bite is most common in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. People can get infected with Babesia parasites by the bite of an infected tick, by getting a blood transfusion from an infected donor of blood products, or by congenital transmission . Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, Babesia is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals. They can have major adverse effects on the health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle the disease is known as Texas cattle fever or redwater.

Streptococcus bovis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, and colorectal cancer. S. gallolyticus is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and may cause ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat. It is also associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a frequent complication occurring in patients affected by cirrhosis. Equivalence with Streptococcus equinus has been contested.

<i>Babesia</i> Genus of protozoan parasites

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<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> Species of bacterium

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative bacterium that is unusual in its tropism to neutrophils. It causes anaplasmosis in sheep and cattle, also known as tick-borne fever and pasture fever, and also causes the zoonotic disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anaplasmosis</span> Medical condition

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease affecting ruminants, dogs, and horses, and is caused by Anaplasma bacteria. Anaplasmosis is an infectious but not contagious disease. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted through mechanical and biological vector processes. Anaplasmosis can also be referred to as "yellow bag" or "yellow fever" because the infected animal can develop a jaundiced look. Other signs of infection include weight loss, diarrhea, paleness of the skin, aggressive behavior, and high fever.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ehrlichiosis</span> Medical condition

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells.

<i>Anaplasma</i> Genus of bacteria

Anaplasma is a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the alphaproteobacterial order Rickettsiales, family Anaplasmataceae.

<i>Ehrlichia</i> Genus of bacteria

Ehrlichia is a genus of Rickettsiales bacteria that are transmitted to vertebrates by ticks. These bacteria cause the disease ehrlichiosis, which is considered zoonotic, because the main reservoirs for the disease are animals.

<i>Ehrlichia ruminantium</i> Ruminant disease

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<i>Ehrlichia ewingii</i> Species of bacterium

Ehrlichia ewingii is a species of rickettsiales bacteria. It has recently been associated with human infection, and can be detected via PCR serological testing. The name Ehrlichia ewingii was proposed in 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</span> Medical condition

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species complex, including Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in North America. These ticks also transmit Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</span> Medical condition

Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis is a form of ehrlichiosis associated with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. This bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogen affecting monocytes and macrophages.

Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection is an infectious disease caused by an intracellular bacteria, Ehrlichia ewingii. The infection is transmitted to humans by the tick, Amblyomma americanum. This tick can also transmit Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the bacteria that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).

<i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Variety of tick

The Asian blue tick is an economically important tick that parasitises a variety of livestock species especially cattle, on which it is the most economically significant ectoparasite in the world. It is known as the Australian cattle tick, southern cattle tick, Cuban tick, Madagascar blue tick, and Puerto Rican Texas fever tick.

Ehrlichia canis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that acts as the causative agent of ehrlichiosis, a disease most commonly affecting canine species. This pathogen is present throughout the United States, South America, Asia, Africa and recently in the Kimberley region of Australia. First defined in 1935, E. canis emerged in the United States in 1963 and its presence has since been found in all 48 contiguous United States. Reported primarily in dogs, E. canis has also been documented in felines and humans, where it is transferred most commonly via Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick.

<i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> Species of tick

Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, longhorned tick, bush tick, Asian tick, or cattle tick, is a parasitic arachnid belonging to the tick family Ixodidae. The Asian longhorned tick is a known livestock pest, especially in New Zealand, and can transmit a disease called theileriosis to cattle but not to humans. However, the tick has been associated with several other tickborne diseases in humans.

<i>Neorickettsia risticii</i> Species of bacterium

Neorickettsia risticii, formerly Ehrlichia risticii, is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria that typically lives as an endosymbiont to parasitic flatworms, specifically flukes. N. risticii is the known causative agent of equine neorickettsiosis, which gets its name from its discovery near the Potomac River in Maryland and Virginia. N. risticii was first recovered from horses in this region in 1984 but was not recognized as the causative agent of PHF until 1979. Potomac horse fever is currently endemic in the United States but has also been reported with lower frequency in other regions, including Canada, Brazil, Uruguay, and Europe. PHF is a condition that is clinically important for horses since it can cause serious signs such as fever, diarrhea, colic, and laminitis. PHF has a fatality rate of approximately 30%, making this condition one of the concerns for horse owners in endemic regions N. risticii is typically acquired in the middle to late summer near freshwater streams or rivers, as well as on irrigated pastures. This is a seasonal infection because it relies on the ingestion of an arthropod vector, which are more commonly found on pasture in the summer months. Although N. risticii is a well known causative agent for PHF in horses, it may act as a potential pathogen in cats and dogs as well. Not only has N. risticii been successfully cultured from monocytes of dogs and cats, but cats have become clinically ill after experimental infection with the bacteria. In addition, N. risticii has been isolated and cultured from human histiocytic lymphoma cells.

References

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