Pius Wars

Last updated

The Pius War (or Pius Wars) refer to debates over the legacy of Pope Pius XII and his actions during the Holocaust. The phrase was first coined in a 2004 book of the same name. [1]

Contents

World War II

Pius XII was crowned Pope of the Catholic Church on 2 March 1939, and was thus leader of the Church and of the Vatican City, a neutral state, during all of World War II. During Pius's reign, and for several years after his death in 1958, he was praised by political leaders, civilians, and the press. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

1960s

In 1963, a play entitled The Deputy which portrayed Pius XII as a sycophantic aide to Hitler, was produced on the German stage. [9] This event began the first serious public discussion of Pius's record. [10]

"Pius Wars" books and articles published during the 1960s include:

The Deputy : A Christian Tragedy” (original title: “Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel") signaled the beginnings of the Pius Wars. It was first staged in Germany in 1963, but was subsequently translated into multiple languages, staged in several countries, and given much publicity. Its author, Rolf Hochhuth, also published a book based on the play, which purported to give evidence that his portrayal of the Pope was accurate. The controversy the play raised received much attention for several years, but became muted for a time after Hochhuth published a second play, The Soldiers, also denigrating Winston Churchill, which was roundly condemned. [11]

Irish Catholic journalist Desmond Fisher attempted to rebut Hochhuth's charges in Pope Pius XII and the Jews: An Answer to Hochhuth’s Play, Der Stellvertreter, a pamphlet also published in 1963, when the play was first staged. [12]

An American professor of political science, Guenter Lewy, published The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany in 1964, soon after “The Deputy” was staged but said in his preface that research for the book began in 1960. Lewy relied primarily on “large quantities of German State and Party documents and the opening of some Church archives". He opined that the "often fierce reaction to Hochhuth's play" was due to its having touched a "raw nerve" and says that the relationship between the Catholic Church and Nazi Germany is "a subject which for many years has been obscured by what may justifiably be called an extensive mythology." [13]

Lewy used Nazi Party, German State, and German Catholic diocesan archives that were seized by the Allies to reconstruct Nazi-Vatican relations prior to and during World War II. [14]

In 1965 Carlo Falconi attempted to support Hochhuth's thesis in a more scholarly way, [15] with Il Silenzio di Pio XII. (The Silence of Pius XII, an English translation, was published in 1970.) In 1967, Falconi published The Popes of the Twentieth Century, in which he again criticized Pius for "failing to speak out" – "[Pius XII] was also guilty of inadmissable silence about the millions of civilian victims of Nazism – Jews, Poles, Serbs, Russians, gypsies, and others. [16]

In 1966 Saul Friedländer, an Israeli historian, used primary documents to support Hochhuth's thesis in Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation. [17] (The book was first published in 1964, in Paris, under the title, Pie XII et le IIIe Reich, Documents.) Friedländer suggested the Vatican should open its record archives, and in 1964, Pope Paul VI commissioned a group of Jesuit scholars to edit and publish the Vatican's records. These were published in eleven volumes between 1965 and 1981. [18]

In Three Popes and the Jews, Israeli journalist and former DELASEM member Pinchas Lapide in 1967 defended Pius XII, claiming that the Pope, through the Catholic hierarchy, was responsible for saving from 700,000 to 870,000 Jewish lives. [19]

In Death in Rome, the first of his books on Pius XII's record in regard to Rome's Jewish population, Robert Katz in 1967 accused the Pope of having foreknowledge of the Ardeatine Caves massacre. [20] [21]

In Black Sabbath: A Journey Through a Crime Against Humanity, his second book on Pius XII, Katz accused him of failing to protect Rome's Jews, and of having done nothing to prevent the deportation of Jews from the Roman ghetto. [22] [23]

In 1969 University of Lucerne professor of history Victor Conzemius  [ de ] defended Pius XII's record in Pius XII and Nazi Germany in Historical Perspective (Historical Studies: Papers Read before the Irish Conference of Historians, VII) and in many other writings. He called the attacks on Pius "spurious." [24]

1970s and 1980s

British historian Anthony Rhodes defended both Pius XI and Pius XII in his 1973 book titled The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922 – 1945, asserting that the Popes' primary concern was pastoral. [25] [26]

According to journalist William Doino, Jr., "By the late 1960s, the attack on Pius XII seemed to have been turned back with the discrediting of The Deputy. One of the few books to appear in the next generation of scholarship was John F. Morley's Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939 – 1943. [27]

Father Morley's 1980 book was one of the first to take into account the Vatican's Actes et Documents, although his book ends with the events of 1943 and was published before the last two volumes of the Actes were available. [28]

Morley used these and other primary Vatican documents to find fault with the Vatican for not confronting the Nazis in regards to the persecution of the Jews. He also blames the Vatican for primarily concentrating on helping Jews who had been baptized into the Catholic Church. [29]

Father Michael O'Carroll used Vatican archival documents, Nuremberg Trial transcripts, and other primary documents to rebut Father Morley's Vatican Diplomacy in another 1980 book, Pius XII: Greatness Dishonored – A Documented Study.

1990s

After Father Morley's book and its rebuttal, the controversy died down until 1997, when ex-priest James Carroll wrote an article for the New Yorker titled The Silence, which once again brought up the question of Pius’s “silence.” The article was followed by a large number of anti-Pius articles and books as well as a flurry of rebuttals. [30]

James Carroll drew parallels in this article between the reign of Pope John Paul II and that of Pius XII. He claimed that, despite John Paul's attempts, Catholic-Jewish relations would never improve until the Church admitted that Pius XII did wrong in not speaking out against the Nazi regime. The reason, he said, that the Church refused to admit its wrongdoing was that it could not break the tenet of papal infallibility. [31]

A Catholic sister of the order Religious Teachers Filippini, Dr. Margherita Marchione collected oral histories from Italian Jews and Catholics to make the case that in her 1997 Yours Is a Precious Witness: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy that "No longer can one speak of [Pius XII's] silence.... His was a language of action. [32]

Father Pierre Blet  [ fr ], one of the four Jesuit priests who edited the Vatican's multi-volume Actes et Documents (purporting to contain the Vatican's most salient wartime documents), in 1999 wrote Pius XII and the Second World War According to the Archives of the Vatican to summarize the findings of the Actes. His opinion was that Pius XII would be vindicated once the Vatican Archives were fully opened (which they were in 2020). [33]

In Hitler’s Pope, English journalist and ex-Catholic seminarian John Cornwell made the case that Pius XII actually aided Hitler's rise to power by encouraging German Catholic Center Party and German Catholic Bishops to support him. [34] The book has been both praised and condemned. Kenneth L. Woodward wrote in Newsweek that the book was "a classic example of what happens with an ill-equipped journalist assumes the air of sober scholarship.... Most of his sources are secondary and written by Pacelli's harshest critics. Errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page.... This is bogus scholarship, filled with nonexistent secrets, aimed to shock." [35] In a 2004 interview with The Economist, Cornwell admitted that “Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war." [36]

2000s

Liberal Catholic Garry Wills denigrated Pius XII and other Popes in Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit, a 2000 argument against papal power and in favor of Church reform. [37]

In Hitler, the War, and the Pope Catholic University of Mississippi law professor Ronald J. Rychlak in 2000 compiled "an enormous amount of evidence" in defense of Pius XII's wartime record. "Since Rychlak's critique appeared, no historian has taken Cornwell's book seriously." [38]

Also in 2000, Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 suggested, among other charges, that it was no accident that Pius's detractors waited until after his death to speak out, and pointed out that all those who did were post-war appointees. [39] He also opined that Pius's reputation began to wane, not in 1963, but after a question about his refusal to speak publicly about the Holocaust came up during the Eichmann Trial. [40]

In a 2001 historical review of Jewish-Christian relations, ex-priest James Carroll regretted lost possibilities for the avoidance of schism. The book, Constantine's Sword , culminated in an indictment of Pius XII's wartime record. Liberal Catholics endorsed the book. [41]

Brown University professor of ethnography and history David I. Kertzer's website described his 2001 book, The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism, as "A groundbreaking historical study based on documents previously locked in the Vatican’s secret archives" and adds that "the book is full of shocking revelations" regarding the actions not only of Pius XII but of many other antisemitic Popes throughout history. [42]

Jewish-American professor of history Susan Zuccotti argued in her 2002 book Under His Very Windows that Pius XII did not even try to save the Roman Jews during the Razzia of 1943, even though it happened "under his very windows." [43] The book won a National Jewish Book Award for works on Jewish-Christian relations. Zuccotti also wrote that the lack of evidence in the form of written orders from the Pope, directing his followers to save Jews, indicates that no such orders were ever given. Critics contend that such orders would have been destroyed after reading.

Also in 2002, Saint Louis University professor of history José M. Sánchez wrote Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy, intended to be a survey of then-current scholarship on Pius XII and the Holocaust. William Doino, Jr., nonetheless called it "a subtle but highly effective defense of Pius XII." [44]

Catholic Joseph Bottum and Jewish Rabbi David G. Dalin edited The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII, a collection of essays defending Pius XII and his actions during the years leading up to and including the Second World War. The eleven essays are followed by an annotated bibliography of works on this theme compiled by William Doino, Jr. In the introduction to the book, Joseph Bottum states, "The Pius War is over, more or less.... [I]n the end, the defenders of Pius XII won every major battle. Along the way, they also lost the war." [45]

2010s

In 2015, American historian Mark Riebling told the story of the Vatican's World War II spy network in Church of Spies:

"History has accused wartime pontiff Pius the Twelfth of complicity in the Holocaust and dubbed him 'Hitler's Pope.' But a key part of the story has remained untold. Pius... skimmed from church charities to pay covert couriers.... He sent birthday cards to Hitler – while secretly plotting to kill him.... Gun-toting Jesuits stole blueprints to Hitler's homes. A Catholic book publisher flew a sports plane over the Alps with secrets filched from the leader of Hitler's bodyguard. The keeper of the Vatican crypt ran a spy ring that betrayed German war plans and wounded Hitler in a briefcase bombing.... [This] secret war muted [Pius's] public response to Nazi crimes. Fearing that overt protest would impede his covert actions, he never spoke the 'fiery words' he wanted." [46]

Belgian professor Johan Ickx wrote Le Bureau: Les Juifs de Pie XII ("The Office: The Jews of Pius XII"), one of the first books based on primary sources from the Vatican's March 2, 2020, opening of the Pius XII Archives (often referred to as the Secret Archives). "The book, published in September (2020) but so far only in French, reveals correspondence with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to prevent the escalation of the war, Pius' support for an escape route to help the most persecuted, diplomatic attempts to influence the policing of the Third Reich, the rejection of Marshal Pétain's anti-racial laws, an emergency organization of baptisms to save thousands of Jews from deportation, and the condemnation of priests sympathetic to the Nazis in Slovakia." [47] [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Pius XII</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958

Pope Pius XII was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations, including the Reichskonkordat treaty with the German Reich.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aloisius Joseph Muench</span> American prelate

Aloisius Joseph Muench was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Fargo from 1935 to 1959, and as Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1951 to 1959. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael von Faulhaber</span> German Roman Catholic cardinal (1869–1952)

Michael Ritter von Faulhaber was a German Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 1952. Created Cardinal in 1921, von Faulhaber criticized the Weimar Republic as rooted in treason in a speech at the 62nd German Catholics' Day of 1922. Cardinal von Faulhaber was a leading member and co-founder of the Amici Israel, a priestly association founded in Rome in 1926 with the goal of working toward the Jewish conversion to Christianity in a non-polemical manner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Kertzer</span> American anthropologist

David Israel Kertzer is an American anthropologist, historian, and academic, specializing in the political, demographic, and religious history of Italy. He is the Paul Dupee, Jr. University Professor of Social Science, Professor of Anthropology, and Professor of Italian Studies at Brown University. His book The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe (2014) won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. From July 1, 2006, to June 30, 2011, Kertzer served as Provost at Brown.

<i>Hitlers Pope</i> 1999 book by John Cornwell

Hitler's Pope is a book published in 1999 by the British journalist and author John Cornwell that examines the actions of Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII, before and during the Nazi era, and explores the charge that he assisted in the legitimization of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany, through the pursuit of a Reichskonkordat in 1933. The book is critical of Pius' conduct during the Second World War, arguing that he did not do enough, or speak out enough, against the Holocaust. Cornwell argues that Pius's entire career as the nuncio to Germany, Cardinal Secretary of State, and Pope, was characterized by a desire to increase and centralize the power of the Papacy, and that he subordinated opposition to the Nazis to that goal. He further argues that Pius was antisemitic and that this stance prevented him from caring about the European Jews.

<i>The Myth of Hitlers Pope</i>

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis is a 2005 book by American historian and Rabbi David G. Dalin. It was published by Regnery Publishing.

<i>The Deputy</i> 1963 play written by Rolf Hochhuth

The Deputy, a Christian tragedy, also published in English as The Representative , is a controversial 1963 play by Rolf Hochhuth which portrayed Pope Pius XII as having failed to take action or speak out against the Holocaust. It has been translated into more than twenty languages. The play's implicit censure of a venerable if controversial pope has led to numerous counterattacks, of which one of the latest is the 2007 allegation that Hochhuth was the dupe of a KGB disinformation campaign, later confirmed by both the Venona Project and Mitrokhin Files in declassification of the Soviet disinformation campaign Operation Seat 12. The Encyclopædia Britannica assesses the play as "a drama that presented a critical, unhistorical picture of Pius XII" and Hochhuth's depiction of the pope having been indifferent to the Nazi genocide as "lacking credible substantiation.". However, it has since been discovered that Pope Pius XII seems to have known about concentration camps.

<i>A Moral Reckoning</i> 2002 book by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen

A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair is a 2003 book by the political scientist Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, previously the author of Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996). Goldhagen examines the Roman Catholic Church's role in the Holocaust and offers a review of scholarship in English addressing what he argues is antisemitism throughout the history of the Church, which he claims contributed substantially to the persecution of the Jews during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Leiber</span> German Roman Catholic priest (1887–1967)

Robert Leiber, S.J. was a close advisor to Pope Pius XII, a Jesuit priest from Germany, and Professor for Church History at the Gregorian University in Rome from 1930 to 1960. Leiber was, according to Pius's biographer Susan Zuccotti, "throughout his entire papacy his private secretary and closest advisor".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cesare Orsenigo</span> Roman Catholic archbishop (1873 – 1946)

Cesare Vincenzo Orsenigo was Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1930 to 1945, during the rise of Nazi Germany and World War II. Along with the German ambassador to the Vatican, Diego von Bergen and later Ernst von Weizsäcker, Orsenigo was the direct diplomatic link between Pope Pius XI and Pope Pius XII and the Nazi regime, meeting several times with Adolf Hitler directly and frequently with other high-ranking officials and diplomats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Pius XII and Judaism</span> Overview of the relationship between Pope Pius XII and Judaism

The relations between Pope Pius XII and Judaism have long been controversial, especially those questions that surround Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. Other issues involve Pius's Jewish friendships and his attitude towards the new state of Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</span> Overview of the relationship between Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust

The papacy of Pius XII began on 2 March 1939 and continued to 9 October 1958, covering the period of the Second World War and the Holocaust, during which millions of Jews were murdered by Adolf Hitler's Germany. Before becoming pope, Cardinal Pacelli served as a Vatican diplomat in Germany and as Vatican Secretary of State under Pius XI. His role during the Nazi period has been closely scrutinised and criticised. His supporters argue that Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the Nazis during the war and, through directing his Church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Pius maintained links to the German Resistance, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was, however, considered inadequate by the Allied Powers, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality.

Pope Pius XII's response to the Roman razzia, or mass deportation of Jews, on October 16, 1943 is a significant issue relating to Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. Under Mussolini, no policy of abduction of Jews had been implemented in Italy. Following the capitulation of Italy in 1943, Nazi forces invaded and occupied much of the country, and began deportations of Jews to extermination camps. Pius XII protested at diplomatic levels, while several thousand Jews found refuge in Catholic networks, institutions and homes across Italy, including in Vatican City and Pope Pius' Summer Residence. The Catholic Church and some historians have credited this rescue in large part to the direction of Pope Pius XII. However, historian Susan Zuccotti researched the matter in detail and states that there is "considerable evidence of papal disapproval of the hiding of Jews and other fugitives in Vatican properties."

Three Popes and the Jews is a 1967 book by Pinchas Lapide, a former Israeli Consul to Milan, who at the time of publication was a deputy editor in the Israeli Prime Minister's press office. The "three popes" are Pope Pius XII (1939-1958), Pope John XXIII (1958-1963), and Pope Paul VI (1963-1978).

Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address was a speech delivered by Pope Pius XII over Vatican Radio on Christmas 1942. It is notable for its denunciation of the extermination of people on the basis of race, and followed the commencement of the Nazi Final Solution program to exterminate the Jews of Europe. The significance of the denunciation is a matter of scholarly debate.

The public statements of Pope Pius XII on the Holocaust, or lack thereof, are one of the most controversial elements of the historical debate about Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. Pius XII's statements have been scrutinized as much, if not more, than his actions during the same period. Pius XII's statements, both public and private, are quite well documented in the Vatican Secret Archives; eleven volumes of documents from his papacy were published between 1965 and 1981 in Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.

Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War is a 2008 book by historian Michael Phayer which makes use of documents that had been released under US President Bill Clinton's 1997 executive order declassifying wartime and postwar documents.

<i>The Popes Jews</i> Book by Gordon Thomas

The Pope's Jews: The Vatican's Secret Plan to Save Jews from the Nazis is a 2012 book by the British author Gordon Thomas concerning the efforts of Pope Pius XII to protect Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. The Observer reported in 2013 that "Gordon Thomas, a Protestant, was given access to previously unpublished Vatican documents and tracked down victims, priests and others who had not told their stories before" and had uncovered "evidence on Pius XII's wartime efforts to save Jewish refugees".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II</span> Overview about the relationship between the Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II

Several Catholic countries and populations fell under Nazi domination during the period of the Second World War (1939–1945), and ordinary Catholics fought on both sides of the conflict. Despite efforts to protect its rights within Germany under a 1933 Reichskonkordat treaty, the Church in Germany had faced persecution in the years since Adolf Hitler had seized power, and Pope Pius XI accused the Nazi government of sowing 'fundamental hostility to Christ and his Church'. The concordat has been described by some as giving moral legitimacy to the Nazi regime soon after Hitler had acquired quasi-dictatorial powers through the Enabling Act of 1933, an Act itself facilitated through the support of the Catholic Centre Party. Pius XII became Pope on the eve of war and lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of conflict. His first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, called the invasion of Poland an "hour of darkness". He affirmed the policy of Vatican neutrality, but maintained links to the German Resistance. Despite being the only world leader to publicly and specifically denounce Nazi crimes against Jews in his 1942 Christmas Address, controversy surrounding his apparent reluctance to speak frequently and in even more explicit terms about Nazi crimes continues. He used diplomacy to aid war victims, lobbied for peace, shared intelligence with the Allies, and employed Vatican Radio and other media to speak out against atrocities like race murders. In Mystici corporis Christi (1943) he denounced the murder of the handicapped. A denunciation from German bishops of the murder of the "innocent and defenceless", including "people of a foreign race or descent", followed.

During the Holocaust, the Catholic Church played a role in the rescue of hundreds of thousands of Jews from being murdered by the Nazis. Members of the Church, through lobbying of Axis officials, provision of false documents, and the hiding of people in monasteries, convents, schools, among families and the institutions of the Vatican itself, saved hundreds of thousands of Jews. The Israeli diplomat and historian Pinchas Lapide estimated the figure at between 700,000 and 860,000, although the figure is contested.

References

  1. ↑ Bottum, Joseph; Dalin, David G. (2004). The Pius War. Lexington Books. ISBN   0739109065.
  2. ↑ Editorial (December 25, 1941). "The Pope's Message". New York Times: 24.
  3. ↑ Editorial (December 25, 1942). "The Pope's Verdict". New York Times: 16.
  4. ↑ "World Jewish Congress Presents $20,000 to Vatican in Recognition of Rescue of Jews". Jewish Telegraphic Agency: 5. October 12, 1945. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  5. ↑ "Ubi et Orbi". Time, the Weekly Newsmagazine. LXII (24): 70–82. December 14, 1953.
  6. ↑ "Israel Orchestra Plays for Pope Pius Xii in Historic Concert". Jewish Telegraphic Agency: 1. May 27, 1955. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  7. ↑ "Israel Government, U.S. Jewry Join in World Grief over Pope's Death". Jewish Telegraphic Agency: 4. October 10, 1958. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Paredes, Mark (July 31, 2010). "Pius XII: Saint or Sinner?". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  9. ↑ The Pius War. 2004. p. 13.
  10. ↑ Paredes, Mark (July 31, 2010). "Pius XII: Saint or Sinner?". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 17 February 2021."Serious criticism of Pius only began to be aired a generation after the war following the staging of the anti-Pius play “The Deputy” in 1963 (the playwright, Rolf Hochhuth, is a noted friend and defender of Holocaust denier David Irving)."
  11. ↑ The Pius War. 2004. pp. 162–63.
  12. ↑ Fisher, Desmond (1963). pope Pius XII and the Jews. Paulist Press.
  13. ↑ Lewy, Guenter (1964). The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (2000 ed.). Location 21: Da Capo Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. ↑ The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany. Location 26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ↑ The Pius War. 2004. p. 163.
  16. ↑ Falconi, Carlo (1967). The Popes of the Twentieth Century. p. 257.
  17. ↑ Demers, Frank (1967). ""Pius XII and the Third Reich" Review". Crosscurrents. 17 (2): 252–54. JSTOR   24457207.
  18. ↑ Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius Xii. Penguin. p. 376. ISBN   9780140296273.
  19. ↑ Lapide, Pinchas (1967). Three Popes and the Jews. Hawthorne Books. pp. 214–15.
  20. ↑ Katz, Robert (1967). Death in Rome. Macmillan.
  21. ↑ "Book Accusing Pius Decried by Vatican". New York Times: 7. January 25, 1967.
  22. ↑ Robert, Katz (1969). Black Sabbath: A Journey Through a Crime Against Humanity (First ed.). Macmillan.
  23. ↑ Pius War. 2004. p. 164.
  24. ↑ Pius War. p. 189.
  25. ↑ Rhodes, Anthony (1973). Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  26. ↑ Pius War. p. 208.
  27. ↑ The Pius War. p. 165.
  28. ↑ The Pius War. p. 165.
  29. ↑ The Pius War. pp. 165–66.
  30. ↑ The Pius War. p. 166.
  31. ↑ Carroll, James (March 31, 1997). "The Silence". The New Yorker. p. 52.
  32. ↑ Marchione, Margherita (1997). Yours Is a Precious Witness. Paulist Press. p. 1. ISBN   0809104857.
  33. ↑ Pius War. pp. 185–86.
  34. ↑ Steinfels, Peter (October 2, 1999). "Beliefs: In a New Book, a British Journalist Joins the Contentious Debate Concerning the Relationship between Pope Pius XII and Nazi Germany". New York Times: A11.
  35. ↑ Woodward, Kenneth (September 27, 1999). "The Case Against Pius XII". Newsweek, International Edition. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  36. ↑ "For God's Sake". The Economist. December 9, 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  37. ↑ Pius War. pp. 177–78.
  38. ↑ Pius War. pp. 208–09.
  39. ↑ Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965. Indiana University Press. p. 200. ISBN   9780253214713.
  40. ↑ Phayer, Michael. The Catholic Church and the Holocaust. p. 201.
  41. ↑ Morris, Charles R. (January 2001). "The Worst Thing About My Church". The Atlantic.
  42. ↑ Kertzer, David I. "The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Antisemitism". David Kertzer. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  43. ↑ Zuccotti, Susan (2002). Under His Very Windows. Yale Nota Bene. ISBN   0300084870.
  44. ↑ Pius War. p. 209.
  45. ↑ Pius War. p. 1.
  46. ↑ Riebling, Mark (2015). Church of Spies. Basic Books. ISBN   9780465022298. (quotation from flyleaf)
  47. ↑ Pentin, Edward (January 3, 2021). "Almost-Forgotten Gem of 2020: The Opening of the pope Pius XII Archives". National Catholic Register: 8.
  48. ↑ Ickx, Johan (2020). Le Bureau: Les Juifs de Pie XII. Michel Lafon.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.