Kaiapoi

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Kaiapoi
Kaiapoi June 14 2006 033.jpg
Blackwells in Kaiapoi; demolished after the earthquakes.
Kaiapoi
Coordinates: 43°22′54″S172°39′26″E / 43.38167°S 172.65722°E / -43.38167; 172.65722
Country New Zealand
Region Canterbury
Territorial authority Waimakariri District
WardKaiapoi-Woodend Ward
CommunityKaiapoi-Tuahiwi Community
Electorates
Government
 • Territorial Authority Waimakariri District Council
 • Regional council Environment Canterbury
 •  Mayor of Waimakariri Dan Gordon
 •  Waimakariri MP Matthew Doocey
 •  Te Tai Tonga MP Tākuta Ferris
Area
[1]
 • Total14.33 km2 (5.53 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2023) [2]
 • Total13,600
 • Density950/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
Local iwi Ngāi Tahu

Kaiapoi is a town in the Waimakariri District of the Canterbury region, in the South Island of New Zealand. The town is located approximately 17 kilometres north of central Christchurch, close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River. It is considered a satellite town of Christchurch and is part of the Christchurch functional urban area. [3]

Contents

Kaiapoi is known for its substantial precolonial pā, Te Kōhaka-a-kaikai-a-waro, established by powerful Kāi Tahu nobleman Tūrākautahi. [4] One of the sons of the powerful rangatira Tūāhuriri, Tūrākautahi exerted vast influence over historical Ōtautahi (the site of modern-day Christchurch). His family controlled the pā he established in the area until it was sacked in 1831 by Te Rauparaha and his followers. The pā was one of the greatest centre of knowledge, economics and natural resources, with a highly complex social structure. All decisions were undertaken by the nobility, who consulted with highly skilled tohunga. In selecting the pā site, Tūrākautahi determined that food (kai) would need to be poi ("swung in"- swung over the pā's protective walls via rope, and also because it lay in the middle of a swamp) from other places. [5] This is how Kaiapoi got its name, and can translated as a metaphor for "economics." [6] [7]

Kaiapoi suffered extensive damage in the 2010 Canterbury and also the February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, which rendered many homes uninhabitable and businesses inoperable. [8] Large areas were condemned as part of a residential red zone covering uninhabitable areas.

History

Ngāi Tahu pā site

Kaiapoi takes its name from the Māori pā (fortified village) [9] which was built just north of the site of the current town around the year 1700 by the Ngāi Tahu chief Tūrākautahi. Eventually to become the largest fortified village in the South Island, it lay on the site of a stronghold of an earlier tribe, Waitaha whose history and traditions Ngāi Tahu eventually adopted. [10] Tūrākautahi was the second son of Tūāhuriri, consequently Ngāi Tūāhuriri is the name of the hapu (subtribe) of this area.

In selecting the pā site, Tūrākautahi determined that kai (food/resources) would need to be poi (swung in) from other places hence the name Kaiapoi which it is said can be translated as a metaphor for "economics". [11] All manner of resources were transported along the waterways of the Rakahuri and Taerutu on their way to or from Kaiapoi, including: pounamu from the Arahura River, tītī (muttonbird) from the islands around Stewart Island / Rakiura, and obsidian from Mayor Island / Tuhua.

Conflict with Te Rauparaha

The pā is often mistakenly called Kaiapohia, [12] which can be considered an insult to local Ngāi Tūāhuriri whose ancestors died in the pā after they were besieged by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa allies in 1832. The first attack made against Ngāi Tahu was at Kaikōura during 1827–28. Ngāi Tahu records state that the Ngāti Kurī people of Kaikōura came down to the beach to welcome their kinsmen, the hapu of Tū-te-pākihi-rangi of Ngāti Kahungunu, whom they were expecting as visitors. Instead, they found the fleet of canoes belonging to Ngāti Toa who, armed with muskets, attacked and killed them. Te Rauparaha and his tribes then visited Ngāi Tahu of Kaiapoi to trade muskets for pounamu. The Kaiapoi people soon learned of the attacks on their kin at Kaikōura and a Ngāpuhi warrior staying with Ngāi Tahu at Kaiapoi pā overheard the Ngāti Toa leader planning how they would attack the following morning. Already angered by the desecration of his recently dead aunt's grave Tama-i-hara-nui ordered a retaliatory attack the following day, killing the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs, including Te Pēhi Kupe. The only prominent Ngāti Toa leader not slain was Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to Kapiti Island to plan his revenge. In early November 1830, he persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to hide him and his warriors on board. They then visited the Ngāi Tahu people of Takapūneke near present-day Akaroa under the ruse of trading for flax. Captain Stewart persuaded Te Maiharanui to board the brig and be taken below deck, where Te Rauparaha and his men took the chief, his wife and his daughter prisoner. Te Rauparaha's men then surged ashore to sack Takapūneke. The brig returned to Kapiti with Te Maiharanui and his family held captive.

It is said that rather than see his daughter enslaved, Tama-i-hara-nui strangled her and threw her overboard. Te Rauparaha then gave Tama-i-hara-nui to the wife of the Ngāti Toa chief Te Pēhi, who killed Tama-i-hara-nui by slow torture. His wife suffered the same fate.

Te Rauparaha then mounted a major expedition against Kaiapoi Ngāi Tahu in the summer of 1831–32. Ngāi Tahu, lacking muskets to repel the armed Ngāti Toa, took a defensive strategy and hoped that Ngāti Toa would not be able to penetrate the wooden palisades surrounding the pā. The ensuing siege lasted for three months. However, during a skirmish between the two tribes, a shelter caught fire. Fanned by the nor'wester, the palisades quickly ignited, allowing Ngāti Toa warriors to enter the village, capture its leaders and kill the people. Ngāti Toa then attacked the Banks Peninsula tribes, taking the principal fort at Ōnawe, in Akaroa Harbour.

Demographics

Kaiapoi is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a medium urban area and covers 14.33 km2 (5.53 sq mi). [1] It had an estimated population of 13,600 as of June 2023, [2] with a population density of 949 people per km2. The population experienced a large dip after the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, but has been growing rapidly, and is expected to continue to grow. [13]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
200610,602—    
20139,474−1.59%
201811,841+4.56%
Source: [14]

Kaiapoi had a population of 11,841 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,367 people (25.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,239 people (11.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,602 households, comprising 5,796 males and 6,051 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female, with 2,022 people (17.1%) aged under 15 years, 2,217 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 5,178 (43.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,430 (20.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.1% European/Pākehā, 11.5% Māori, 2.3% Pasifika, 3.4% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.7% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,017 (10.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 2,544 (25.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,404 people (14.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,893 (49.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,440 (14.7%) were part-time, and 291 (3.0%) were unemployed. [14]

Individual statistical areas
NameArea
(km2)		PopulationDensity
(per km2)		HouseholdsMedian ageMedian
income
Kaiapoi Central1.512,1691,43691543.0 years$28,200 [15]
Kaiapoi East5.032795514762.3 years$24,100 [16]
Kaiapoi North West3.512,08559479241.1 years$28,900 [17]
Kaiapoi South0.881,8272,07671447.1 years$31,200 [18]
Kaiapoi West0.511,2572,46546239.2 years$30,000 [19]
Silverstream (Waimakariri District)0.9781984435145.7 years$37,100 [20]
Sovereign Palms1.923,40517731,22141.6 years$38,600 [21]
New Zealand37.4 years$31,800

Commerce

Blackwell's department store, shown in 2006, is an institution and landmark in Kaiapoi Kaiapoi June 14 2006 033.jpg
Blackwell's department store, shown in 2006, is an institution and landmark in Kaiapoi

Kaiapoi is also known as the 'River Town' after the Kaiapoi River, a tributary of the Waimakariri River that flows through the centre of the town. This was originally the main arm of the Waimakariri River, but extensive flooding led to a diversion so the majority of the water travelled down the South arm of the Waimakariri.

Kaiapoi was well known for the woollen mill run by the Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company, [22] and many woollen items produced at the mill can still be found throughout the world.

A freezing works (meat processing plant) was also a major employer in the town, and once this and the woollen mill had closed there was some economic turmoil in the town, and concern over its future. It, however, has survived and prospered, and although there is some local industry, a large percentage of the population works in the neighbouring city of Christchurch. One optimistic politician of the 1800s had even predicted that Kaiapoi would outsize its neighbour Christchurch. In some counts of the latter city's population, Kaiapoi is included as a suburb of Christchurch but most people from the area would maintain that it is a town in its own right.[ citation needed ]

Education

Kaiapoi has five schools: three primary schools, one high school, and a teen parent unit attached to the high school.

Recreation

Outdoor recreation options include the Kaiapoi River which is deep enough for boating, with multiple accessible boat-ramps. [29] There is a paddle-boat [30] that offers pleasure cruises for tourists. [31] The nearby Waimakariri River Regional Park is popular for kayaking, fishing, cycling and off-roading. Kaiapoi is also close to The Pines Beach.

The Waimakariri District Council operates several public recreation facilities in Kaiapoi including a library, [32] museum, [33] and a swimming pool. [34] The Darnley Club provides community recreational opportunities for the elderly [35] and the Chris Ruth Centre provides community recreational opportunities for adults with severe disabilities. [36]

Kaiapoi is represented by both rugby codes. The Kaiapoi Rugby Football Club was established in 1883 [37] and has its home ground at Kaiapoi Park. It competes in the Canterbury Rugby Football Union. The Kaiapoi Rugby League Club (now playing as the Northern Bulldogs) began in 1957 [38] and play in the local Canterbury Rugby League. The club has been based at Murphy Park since 1960. [38] In 2007 — the club's jubilee 50th season — the Bulldogs won the Thacker Shield. [38]

St Bartholomew's Church, Kaiapoi St Barholomew's Church.JPG
St Bartholomew's Church, Kaiapoi

Kaiapoi is the location of St Bartholomew's Church, which is the oldest wooden church in the Anglican Diocese of Christchurch, [39] built in 1855. [40]

The dirt-surface Woodford Glen Speedway is only a short-distance south, between Kaiapoi and Kainga. [41]

Transport

Kaiapoi railway station after the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake Kaiapoi railway station.jpg
Kaiapoi railway station after the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake

State Highway 1 bypasses the town to the west via the Christchurch Northern Motorway. Prior to the completion of the motorway in December 1970, [42] State Highway 1 ran down the main street of Kaiapoi. A half-hourly bus service connects Kaiapoi to Rangiora and central Christchurch. [43]

The Main North Line railway runs through Kaiapoi, and the town once served as the junction for the Eyreton Branch, which provided rail access to communities west of Kaiapoi such as West Eyreton (though it ran to the north of Eyreton itself). This branch line opened in 1875 and closed fully by April 1965. The old station has a NZHPT Category II listing. [44]

The river used to have a port before the construction of the Waimakariri River bridge, and was an important point for the transport of goods to and from Christchurch. Bucking the trend of river ports dying off in the middle of the 20th century, the port actually reopened for a decade between 1958 and 1967, to allow smaller ships to bypass the congested Lyttelton wharves. [45]

At one stage, a walnut tree on one resident's property, this being the former Presbyterian Manse in Sewell Street, was so large, it was used to act as a landmark for pilots approaching Christchurch International Airport to get their bearings, before being cut down by the owner and his sons.[ citation needed ]

Notable people

There were at least six test match All Blacks who were born in Kaiapoi, including William Balch, New Zealand teacher, George Maber, who had played for Wellington, Duncan McGregor, who also played league, as well as John Ashworth (rugby union) (born 1949), who played for them, although he had been born in Waikari.

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  2. 1 2 "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
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  4. ↑ "Tūrakautahi". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "Kaiapoi | Visit The Waimakariri District". www.visitwaimakariri.co.nz. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Tūāhuriri". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  7. ↑ "Kaiapoi Pā". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "Kaiapoi residents feel 'singled out' by quake – Video". 3 News . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  9. ↑ The Kaiapoi Pa
  10. ↑ "2. The move south – Ngāi Tahu – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  11. ↑ "Kaiapoi – Ti Kouka Whenua – Maori". Christchurch City Libraries. 21 January 1989. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  12. ↑ "History of the Kaiapoi Pa". Waimakariri Libraries. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  13. ↑ Hill, David (26 January 2024), "'Affordable housing is a human right': Deputy mayor suggests leasehold properties in Kaiapoi", Northern Outlook, Stuff, retrieved 25 January 2024– via Neighbourly
  14. 1 2 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Kaiapoi Central (316100), Kaiapoi East (316300), Kaiapoi North West (315700), Kaiapoi South (316200), Kaiapoi West (316000), Silverstream (Waimakariri District) (315800) and Sovereign Palms (315900).
  15. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Kaiapoi Central
  16. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Kaiapoi East
  17. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Kaiapoi North West
  18. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Kaiapoi South
  19. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Kaiapoi West
  20. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Silverstream (Waimakariri District)
  21. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Sovereign Palms
  22. ↑ A History of the Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company and Mill
  23. ↑ "Kaiapoi Borough School Website" . Retrieved 29 November 2013.
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  25. ↑ "Kaiapoi Borough Schools". The Press . 16 July 1874.
  26. ↑ "Kaiapoi North School Website" . Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  27. ↑ "St Patrick's School Kaiapoi Website". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  28. ↑ "Kaiapoi High School Website" . Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  29. ↑ "River Access". Waimakariri District Council . Retrieved 3 April 2021.
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  31. ↑ "Kaiapoi River Queen", Visit Waimakariri, 1 October 2023, retrieved 26 January 2024
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  43. ↑ "Blue Line – Metro" (PDF). Canterbury Regional Council. Retrieved 2 July 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  44. ↑ Rail Heritage Trust – Kaiapoi
  45. ↑ "Ports and harbours – The Victorian era to 1960". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  46. ↑ McCarthy, John. "Bavin, Sir Thomas Rainsford". Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN   1833-7538 . Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  47. ↑ Wood, Pauline (1993). Kaiapoi: A Search for Identity. Rangiora: Waimakariri District Council. p. 318,331. ISBN   9780473023317.
  48. ↑ Smith, Tony (17 June 2011). "Crusader Matt Todd worthy of All Blacks nod". Stuff. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
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