Note: Block range was extended by 80 code points in Unicode 1.1 during the unification with ISO 10646.[1][2]
Latin Extended-B is the fourth block (0180-024F) of the Unicode Standard. It has been included since version 1.0, where it was only allocated to the code points 0180-01FF and contained 113 characters. During unification with ISO 10646 for version 1.1, the block range was extended by 80 code points and another 35 characters were assigned. In version 3.0 and later, the last 60 available code points in the block were assigned. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Extended Latin.[3]
The Latin Extended-B block contains ten subheadings for groups of characters: Non-European and historic Latin, African letters for clicks, Croatian digraphs matching Serbian Cyrillic letters, Pinyin diacritic-vowel combinations, Phonetic and historic letters, Additions for Slovenian and Croatian, Additions for Romanian, Miscellaneous additions, Additions for Livonian, and Additions for Sinology. The Non-European and historic, African clicks, Croatian digraphs, Pinyin, and the first part of the Phonetic and historic letters were present in Unicode 1.0; additional Phonetic and historic letters were added for version 3.0; and other Phonetic and historic, as well as the rest of the sub-blocks were the characters added for version 1.1.
Non-European and historic Latin
The Non-European and historic Latin subheading contains the first 64 characters of the block, and includes various variant letters for use in Zhuang, Americanist phonetic transcription, African languages, and other Latin script alphabets. It does not contain any standard letters with diacritics.
African letters for clicks
The four African letters for clicks are used in Khoisan orthography.
Croatian digraphs matching Serbian Cyrillic letters
The Croatian digraphs matching Serbian Cyrillic letters are three sets of three case mappings (lower case, upper case, and title case) of Latin digraphs used for compatibility with Cyrillic texts, Serbo-Croatian being a digraphic language.
Pinyin diacritic-vowel combinations
The 16 Pinyin diacritic-vowel combinations are used to represent the standard Mandarin Chinese vowel sounds with tone marks.
Phonetic and historic letters
The 35 Phonetic and historic letters are largely various standard and variant Latin letters with diacritic marks.
Additions for Slovenian and Croatian
The 24 Additions for Slovenian and Croatian are all standard Latin letters with unusual diacritics, like the double grave and inverted breve.
Additions for Romanian
The Additions for Romanian are 4 characters that were erroneously unified as having a cedilla, when they have a comma below. The conflation of S and T with cedilla vs. comma below continues to plague Romanian language implementation up to the present.[4]
Miscellaneous additions
The Miscellaneous additions subheading contains 39 characters of various description and origin.
Additions for Livonian
The Additions for Livonian are 10 letters with diacritics for writing the Livonian language.
Additions for Sinology
The Additions for Sinology are three lowercase letters with curls used in the study of classical Chinese language.
Additions for Africanist linguistics
The Additions for Africanist linguistics are two lowercase letter with swash tails used in Africanist linguistics.
Additions for Sencoten
The Additions for Sencoten are 5 letters with strokes for writing Saanich.
Number of letters
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(July 2018)
The following table shows the number of letters in the Latin Extended-B block.
Type of subheading
Number of symbols
Range of characters
Non-European and historic Latin
64 various letters for use in Zhuang, Americanist phonetic transcription, African languages, and other Latin script alphabets.
U+0180 to U+01BF
African letters for clicks
Four African letters for clicks are used in Khoisan orthography.
U+01C0 to U+01C3
Croatian digraphs matching Serbian Cyrillic letters
Three sets of three case mappings (lower case, upper case, and title case) of Latin digraphs used for compatibility with Cyrillic texts.
U+01C4 to U+01CC
Pinyin diacritic-vowel combinations
Sixteen diacritic-vowel combinations which are used to represent the standard Mandarin Chinese vowel sounds with tone marks.
U+01CD to U+01DC
Phonetic and historic letters
35 Phonetic and historic letters which are largely various standard and variant Latin letters with diacritic marks.
U+01DD to U+01FF
Additions for Slovenian and Croatian
24 Additions for Slovenian and Croatian are all standard Latin letters with unusual diacritics, like the double grave and inverted breve.
U+0200 to U+0217
Additions for Romanian
4 characters that were erroneously unified as having a cedilla, when they have a comma below.
U+0218 to U+021B
Miscellaneous additions
14 characters of various description and origin.
U+021C to U+0229
Additions for Livonian
10 letters with diacritics for writing the Livonian language.
U+022A to U+0233
Additions for Sinology
Three lowercase letters with curls used in the study of classical Chinese language.
Moore, Lisa (2005-08-26), "Consensus 103-C7", UTC #103 Minutes, Create a "Normative Name Alias" property and file in the UCD. Populate the property with names from the sections "Typos" and "Bad or misleading names" from document L2/05-137.
McGowan, Rick (2006-05-12), "Proposed Additional Name Aliases (BETA FEEDBACK) [U+01A2, U+01A2]", Comments on Public Review Issues (January 31, 2006 - May 12, 2006)
Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai (2019-07-22), "a. LATIN SMALL LETTER TONE SIX", Recommendations to UTC #160 July 2019 on Script Proposals
Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai (2021-04-23), "1a. Latin Letter Tone Six", Recommendations to UTC #167 April 2021 on Script Proposals
U+01F0
1
UTC/1991-047
Becker, Joe, Extended Latin, Standard Phonetic, Modifier Letters, General Diacritical Marks, Greek, Cyrillic
Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1997-04-01), "8.11 Romanian - 4 additional characters", Unconfirmed Minutes of WG 2 Meeting #32, Singapore; 1997-01-20--24
Moore, Lisa (2001-05-21), "Motion 86-M31", Minutes UTC #86 in Mountain View, Jan 2001, Accept the addition of the character LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG at U+0220.
A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός, from διακρίνω. The word diacritic is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨á⟩, grave ⟨à⟩, and circumflex ⟨â⟩, are often called accents. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.
T, or t, is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is tee, plural tees. It is derived from the Semitic Taw 𐤕 of the Phoenician and Paleo-Hebrew script via the Greek letter τ (tau). In English, it is most commonly used to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, a sound it also denotes in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second-most commonly used letter in English-language texts.
The ogonek is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages. It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the Caucasus mountains.
A cedilla, or cedille, is a hook or tail added under certain letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation. In Catalan, French, and Portuguese it is used only under the letter c, and the entire letter is called, respectively, c trencada, c cédille, and c cedilhado. It is used to mark vowel nasalization in many languages of sub-Saharan Africa, including Vute from Cameroon.
A caron is a diacritic mark (◌̌) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation.
A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme, or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
The Romanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Romanian language. It is a modification of the classical Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters, five of which have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language:
Gaj's Latin alphabet, also known as abeceda or gajica, is the form of the Latin script used for writing Serbo-Croatian and all of its standard varieties: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian.
T-comma is a letter which consists of a t with a diacritical comma underneath it, and is distinct from s-cedilla. It is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the Romanian language sound, the voiceless alveolar affricate. The letter is also a part of the Finno-Ugric Livonian language alphabet, representing the sound.
Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
Diacritical marks of two dots¨, placed side-by-side over or under a letter, are used in a number of languages for several different purposes. The most familiar to English-language speakers are the diaeresis and the umlaut, though there are numerous others. For example, in Albanian, ë represents a schwa. Such diacritics are also sometimes used for stylistic reasons.
C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee, plural cees.
Over a thousand characters from the Latin script are encoded in the Unicode Standard, grouped in several basic and extended Latin blocks. The extended ranges contain mainly precomposed letters plus diacritics that are equivalently encoded with combining diacritics, as well as some ligatures and distinct letters, used for example in the orthographies of various African languages and the Vietnamese alphabet. Latin Extended-C contains additions for Uighur and the Claudian letters. Latin Extended-D comprises characters that are mostly of interest to medievalists. Latin Extended-E mostly comprises characters used for German dialectology (Teuthonista). Latin Extended-F and -G contain characters for phonetic transcription.
Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notations through its existing scripts and the addition of extra blocks with phonetic characters. These phonetic characters are derived from an existing script, usually Latin, Greek or Cyrillic. Apart from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), extensions to the IPA and obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, these blocks also contain characters from the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet.
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy. The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscans, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.
Yi Syllables is a Unicode block containing the 1,165 characters of the Liangshan Standard Yi script for writing the Nuosu language.
D-comma is a letter that was part of the Romanian alphabet to represent the sound or if it was derived from a Latin d. It was the equivalent of the Cyrillic letters З and Ѕ.
IPA Extensions is a block (U+0250–U+02AF) of the Unicode standard that contains full size letters used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Both modern and historical characters are included, as well as former and proposed IPA signs and non-IPA phonetic letters. Additional characters employed for phonetics, like the palatalization sign, are encoded in the blocks Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F) and Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF). Diacritics are found in the Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF) and Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F) blocks. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Standard Phonetic.
The ISO basic Latin alphabet is an international standard for a Latin-script alphabet that consists of two sets of 26 letters, codified in various national and international standards and used widely in international communication. They are the same letters that comprise the current English alphabet. Since medieval times, they are also the same letters of the modern Latin alphabet. The order is also important for sorting words into alphabetical order.
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