List of Chinese classifiers

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In the tables, the first two columns contain the Chinese characters representing the classifier, in Traditional and Simplified characters when they differ. The next four columns give its pronunciations in Standard Mandarin, using Pinyin; Standard Cantonese, using Jyutping and Yale, respectively; and General Taiwanese, using Tai-lo. The last column gives the classifier's literal meaning within quotation marks and its principal uses.

Contents

Nominal classifiers

Classifiers proper

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)		Taiwanese (Tai-lo)Meaning and principal uses
把bǎbaa2ba2pé"grip" — objects with handle-like parts (knives 刀, scissors 剪刀, swords 劍/剑, keys 鑰匙/钥匙, pistols 手槍/手枪, chairs 椅子, flaming torches or sticks 火)
本běnbun2bun2pún"volume" — bound print matter (books 書/书, etc.)
埲bung6bung6walls 墻 (Cantonese only)
部bùbou6bou6phō"part" — novels 小說/小说, movies 電影/电影, TV dramas etc.; vehicles (如：一部大巴）; Cantonese only: machines
冊/册册/冊cècaak3chaak3tshehvolumes of books (冊 is more common in Traditional Chinese, 册 in Simplified)
層层céngcang4chang4tsàn"layer" — cakes, optical discs, etc.; stories of buildings
場场chǎngcoeng4cheung4tiûnn"stage" — public spectacles, games 比賽/比赛, drama 戲/戏, film 電影/电影, etc.
處处chùcyu3chyu3tshú"location", "site" — ruins 廢墟/废墟, construction site 工地, etc.
齣出chūceot1cheut1tshut"performance", "show" — plays 戲/戏, circus 馬戲/马戏, etc.
次cìci3chi3tshù"time" — opportunities 機會/机会, accidents 事故
道dàodou6dou6tōlinear projections (light rays 亮光, etc.), orders given by an authority figure 命令, courses (of food) 點心/点心, walls and doors 門/门, questions 題/题, number of times (for certain procedures) 工序
頂顶dǐngdeng2deng2tíngobjects with protruding top (hats 帽子, etc.)
棟栋dòngdung6dung6tòng"pillar" — buildings 房子
堵dǔdou6dou6tóowalls and encompassing fixtures 牆/墙
頓顿dùndeon6deun6tǹgmeals 飯/饭
朵duǒdo2/doe2do2/deu2luíflowers 花, clouds 雲/云
發发fāfaat3faat3huatprojectile weapons, such as bullets 子彈/子弹, artillery shells 炮彈/炮弹, rockets, guided missiles etc.
份fènfan6fan6hūn"copy" — newspapers 報紙/报纸, notarized document 公證/公证, contract 合同
封fēngfung1fung1hongletters 信, mail, fax 傳真/传真
幅fúfuk1fuk1pak"width" — paintings 畫兒/画儿; curtains; tapestries; photographs or prints (particularly when mounted and displayed on a wall)
桿杆gǎngon3gon3kuáinnobjects with "pole" (spears 槍/枪, balance scales, steelyard balance)
個个ge (gè)go3go3êindividual things, people — generic measure word (usage of this classifier in conjunction with any noun is generally accepted if the person does not know the proper classifier)
根gēngan1gan1kunthin, slender, pole, stick objects (needles 針/针, pillars 支柱, telegraph poles, matchsticks, etc.); strands 絲/丝(e.g. hair 頭髮/头发)
號号hàohou6hou6people, workmen (一百多号人/一百多號人); business deals (几号买卖/幾號買賣) [1] [2] [3] [4]
家jiāgaa1ga1gathering of people (families 人家, companies 公司, etc.), establishments (shops 商店, restaurants 酒店, hotels 飯店/饭店)
架jiàgaa3ga3aircraft 飛機/飞机, pianos 琴, machines 儀器/仪器
間间jiāngaan1gaan1kingrooms 屋子, 房; Cantonese only: stores, companies
件jiàngin6gin6kiānnmatters (affairs 事情), clothing 衣裳, etc.
屆届jiègaai3gaai3kàirecurring, often annual, conferences 會/会, class years in a school (e.g. Class of 2006) 畢業生/毕业生
卷juǎngyun2gyun2kńg"roll" — film 膠卷/胶卷, toilet paper 手紙/手纸
棵kēfo2fo2trees (樹/树) and other such flora
顆颗kēfo2fo2"kernel" — small objects (beans, hearts 心, pearls 珠子, teeth 牙齒/牙齿, diamonds 鑽石/钻石, etc.) pillows, and objects appearing to be small (distant stars 星星 and planets 星球)
口kǒuhau2hau2people in villages 人, family members; wells 井; blade 刀
類类lèileoi6leui6luīobjects of the same type or category — affair 事情, circumstance 情況/情况
粒lìlap1lap1lia̍p"grain", small objects such as a grain of rice 米
輛辆liàngloeng2leung2wheeled vehicles: automobiles 汽車/汽车, bicycles 自行車/自行车, etc.
列lièlit6/laat3lit6"array" — trains 火車/火车
輪轮lúnleon4leun4"round" — competition 比賽/比赛, discussions 會談/会谈; moon 明月
枚méimui4mui4small, flat objects (coins, medals, stamps);

small, round jewelry (rings 戒指, diamonds 鑽石/钻石);

projectiles (bombs 炸彈/炸弹, grenades 手榴彈/手榴弹, rockets, satellites); eggs 蛋

門门ménmun4mun4"gate" — areas of knowledge (courses 課/课, languages 語言/语言, majors 專業/专业, etc.), also for artillery pieces 大砲/大炮.
面miànmin6min6"surface" — flat objects (mirrors 鏡子/镜子, flags 旗子, etc.)
名míngming4ming4honorific, or persons with perceived higher social rank (doctors 醫生/医生, lawyers 律師/律师, politicians, royalty, etc.); in formal occasions or in literary Chinese, also used for any type of person (not necessarily high-ranking, e.g. mother 母親)
盤盘pánpun4pun4puânnflat objects (video cassettes 錄影帶/录影带, etc.); literally means "dishes" and can be used for a plate of food
泡pào, pāopaau1paau1classifiers for liquid extractions (tea 茶, urine 尿)
匹pǐpat1pat1horses 馬/马 and other mounts; also rolls/bolts of cloth 布
坺pet6pet6(Cantonese only) small pile of thick, viscous substance — mud, feces, etc.
篇piānpin1pin1phinnwritten work: papers 論文/论文, articles 文章, novels etc.
片piànpin3pin3phìnn"slice" — flat objects, cards, slices of bread 麵包/面包, etc.
樖po1po1(Cantonese only) trees (樹/树) and other such flora
起qǐhei2hei2case, instance (两起大脑炎); batch, group (分两起出发) [5] [6] [7] [8]
扇shànsin3sin3doors 門/门, windows 窗戶/窗户.
首shǒusau2sau2songs 歌, poems 詩/诗, music 曲子, etc.
水shuǐseoi2seui2washings/rinsings (这件衬衫洗了三水了) [9] [10]
艘sōusau2sau2ships 船
所suǒso2so2for buildings whose purposes are explicitly stated, e.g. hospitals 醫院/医院. Otherwise can use "座"
臺/台台táitoi4toi4tâiheavy objects, esp. machines (TVs 電視機/电视机, computers 電腦/电脑, etc.); performances (theatre 話劇/话剧, etc.)
堂tángtong4tong4periods of classes 課/课 (e.g. "I have two classes today"), suites of furniture
趟tàngtong3tong3trips (usually repetitive), scheduled transportation services — flights 班機/班机
題题títai4tai4tîtest/exam questions
挺tǐngting5, ting2ting5thánmachine guns 機槍
條条tiáotiu4tiu4tiâu"strip"; long, narrow, flexible objects — (fish 魚/鱼, dogs 狗, trousers 褲子/裤子, etc.), also for roads 路 and rivers 河, pertaining to human lives, e.g. "兩條人命" two (human) lives, "一條心", lit. "one heart" (to work as one), classifiers for certain things like counter-measures, etc.
頭头tóutau4tau4"head" — domesticated animals 家畜 (pigs 豬/猪, cows 牛, etc.), hair (only used alongside a modifier)
尾wěimei5mei5bué"tail" — fish 魚/鱼 (ancient)
位wèiwai2wai2uīpolite classifier for people (attached to positions, not names) — workers 工人, director 主任
項项xiànghong6hong6hāng"item" — items, projects — initiative 倡議/倡议, ordinances 法令, statements 聲明/声明
宿xiǔsuk1suk1nights, overnight stays (住一宿) [11] [12] [13]
樣样yàngjoeng6yeung6general items of differing attributes
𠹻zam6jam6(Cantonese only) odor 味
則则zézak1jak1sections of text — notice 消息, jokes 笑話/笑话, news 新聞/新闻, etc.
盞盏zhǎnzaan2jaan2light fixtures (usually lamps 燈/灯), pot of tea etc.
張张zhāngzoeng1jeung1tiunn"sheet" — flat objects (paper 紙/纸, tables 桌子, etc.), faces 臉/脸, bows, paintings 圖畫/图画, tickets 票, constellations, blankets, bedsheets 床單/床单; Cantonese only: chairs 凳
隻只zhīzek3jek3one of a pair (hands 手, legs); animals (birds 鳥/鸟, cats 貓/猫, etc.)
支zhīzi1ji1fairly long, stick-like objects (pens 筆/笔, chopsticks, roses, rifles 槍/枪, etc.), fleets 舰队/艦隊
枝zhīzi1ji1kialternative form of 支 ("stalk"): can be used for rifles 槍/枪 and flowers
種种zhǒngzung2jung2tsióngtypes or kinds of objects (animals 動物/动物)
株zhūzyu1jyu1trees 樹/树
柱zhùcyu5chyu5incense 香
尊zūnzyun1jyun1statues 像
座zuòzo6jo6tsōlarge mansion 大厦; mountains 山;

Measure words/massifiers

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)		Meaning and principal uses
把bǎbaa2ba2"handful" (beans, flour, rice, sand);

"bunch"/"bundle" (chopsticks, matches, sticks);

"bunch"/"hand" (bananas, carrots, flowers, scallions)

班bānbaan1baan1classifier for scheduled transport services (trains 火車/火车, bus 公交, subway 地鐵/地铁, etc.); group of people; class as in pupils 學生/学生
幫帮bāngbong1bong1group of people (children 孩子, friends 朋友, etc.);

"gang", band of (bandits 匪徒, bad men 壞蛋/坏蛋, etc.)

包bāobaau1baau1"packet" (cookies 餅乾/饼干, cigarettes 香煙/香烟, French fries 薯條/薯条, screws, etc.)
杯bēibui1bui1"cup" — container (cup, glass, mug, beaker, etc.) of liquid
輩辈bèibui3bui3"generation", "lifetime" (people 人)
筆笔bǐbat1bat1large quantities of money (money 錢/钱, funds 資金/资金, account items 賬目/账目)
串chuàncyun3chyun3"string" — sequence of numbers 號碼/号码; pearls 珍珠; grapes 葡萄, skewer/stick (kebabs, satays, etc.)
床chuángcong4chong4"bed" — blankets 毯子, sheets, quilt
沓dádaap6daap6a "stack" of (e.g. paper, or any other paper-like things)
袋dàidoi6doi6"bag" — sackfuls, pouchfuls, bagfuls, pocketfuls (flour 麵粉/面粉, French fries 薯條/薯条, cements 水泥, etc.)
啖dàndaam6daam6(Cantonese only) "mouthful" — amount of food
啲/尐di1di1(Cantonese only) "some", "a bit" — general massifier. Only used in the form 一啲, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
滴dīdik6dik6"droplet" (water 水, blood 鮮血/鲜血, other such fluids)
點点diǎndim2dim2ideas 意見/意见, suggestions; can also mean "a bit" (often used to denote amount) — e.g. courage 膽量/胆量
段duàndyun6dyun6"length" — cables 電線/电线, roadways 路, part as in a drama 臺詞/台词, etc.
堆duīdeoi3deui3"pile" — trash 垃圾, sand 沙子, etc.
對对duìdeoi3deui3"pair" — "couple" 夫妻, "partner" 搭檔/搭档, ring 戒指, earrings 耳環/耳环, bracelet 手鐲/手镯; Cantonese only: pair of objects which naturally come in pairs (e.g. chopsticks 筷子, shoes 鞋, etc.)
服fúfuk6fuk6"dose" (medicine 藥/药)
副fùfu3fu3"set" — objects which come in pairs (gloves 手套, insole, couplets, etc.) also for spectacles/glasses 眼鏡/眼镜, mahjong 麻將/麻将, Chinese chess 象棋; pack of cards 牌
股gǔgu2gu2flows (of air 氣/气, smell 香味, influence 潮流, etc.)
嚿𫩥 (nonstandard)
嚿 (official)		gau6gau6(Cantonese only) "piece of", "chunk of" — rock, soap, ginger, charcoal, rice, etc.
管guǎngun2gun2"tube" — toothpaste and things that comes in tubes
罐guàngun3gun3for canned beverages (e.g. soda), milk powder, sardine, etc.; also for air tank, nitrogen tank, etc.
行hánghong4hong4"row" — objects which form lines (words 詞/词, etc.); occupations in a field (idiom, spoken language); 行 could also be pronounced as xíng, see below.
盒héhap6hap6objects in a small "box" or case (e.g. mooncakes, tapes)
戶/户户hùwu6wu6households (户 is common in handwritten Traditional Chinese) — household 人家
壺壶 hú wu4wu4liquids (usually drink) in a "pot" (tea, or sometimes rice wine) or kettle (usually water)
伙huǒfo2fo2bands of people such as gangs or hoodlums (when heard it as classifier from news it is mostly derogatory); group of people (non-derogatory in some dialect)
劑剂jìzai1jai1"dose" (medicine 藥/药)
節节jiézit3jit3"section" of bamboo 竹子, sugarcane, etc.; branch of tree; a class period at school 課/课; columnar batteries, carriages of train (look like a section of bamboo)
句jùgeoi3geui3"sentences" 句子, quotes 引用, lines 臺詞/台词, etc.
口kǒuhau2hau2"mouthful" — amount of food
塊块kuàifaai3faai3"chunk", "lump", "piece" — land 地, stones 石頭/石头, cake 蛋糕 (piece/slice), bread (not slices) 麵包/面包, candy 糖, tofu 豆腐, etc.; yuan (widely used in spoken language)
捆kǔnkwan2kwan2sets of bundled objects, usually pole-, rope- or stick-like stuffs (e.g. matchsticks 火柴, straw, wire, etc.)
倆俩liǎloeng5leung5sometimes used informally instead of 两个 (liǎng ge), to mean "two" (especially two things or people that are close to one another)
摞luò (luǒ)lo3, lo6lo3, lo6set of objects either be "stacked" (a stack of, e.g. books 書/书) or be piled (a pile of, e.g. bricks 磚/砖)
縷缕lǚleoi5leui5"strand" — hair, smoke 煙/烟, wind 風/风
排páipaai4paai4"row" — seats 座位, lanterns 燈籠/灯笼, aspen, etc.
批pīpai1pai1"shipment" — used when a large number of people (e.g. pupils) coming (e.g. entrance) or leaving (e.g. graduate) during the same period; also used for large amount of commodity, mass-produced objects (products 產品/产品, laptops, etc.) or supplies.
瓶píngping4ping4objects in "bottle", vial, or flask. usually not too large so that people could takes by hands (e.g. lemonade, water, troche, etc.)
期qīkei4kei4(issues of) periodicals 期刊, magazine 雜誌/杂志
群qúnkwan4kwan4"group" (people, students 學生/学生, etc.), "herd" (e.g. birds 鳥/鸟, horse 馬/马, etc.)
仨sāsaam1saam1sometimes used informally instead of 三个 to mean "three", "three of"
束shùcuk1chuk1"bundle" of flowers 花; light 光, laser.
雙双shuāngsoeng1seung1"pair" — chopsticks 筷子, shoes 鞋, etc.
套tàotou3tou3"set" — books 書/书, teaware 茶具, collectibles, clothes 衣裳, etc.
聽(听)听tīngting1ting1for canned beverages (e.g. soda, cola)
"tin" ("听" is common and informal in handwriting Traditional Chinese) — A recent loanword that have involved in Mandarin from Cantonese
團团tuántyun4tyun4"ball" — (balls of yarn 毛線/毛线, cotton, etc.)
坨tuóto4to4"lump" — mud 泥, feces 糞便/粪便
碗wǎnwun2wun2for food in "bowl" (e.g. soup 湯/汤, rice 米飯/米饭, congee 粥, wonton 餛飩/馄饨)
些xiēse1se1"some" — general massifier. Only used in the form 一些, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
行xínghang4hang4groups of people traveling together, such as a trade commission or diplomats and aides visiting a foreign country: "国王一行人离开巴黎后十分兴奋" (having left Paris, the king and entourage were very excited). Note: almost only used in the form 一行人. — 行 is also read háng, see above.
匝zāzaap3jaap3number of revolutions
扎zhāzaat3ja1In Cantonese usage, this is used in lieu of shù (束), e.g. a bundle of flowers
"jar", "jug" — beverages such as beer, soda, juice, etc. (A recent loan-word from English, it may be considered informal or slang.)
陣阵zhènzan6jan6"gust", "burst" — events with short durations (e.g. lightning storms, gusts of wind 風/风, etc.)
注zhùzyu3jyu3a "pour" of water, tea (liquid); a "bet" — lottery 彩票
組组zǔzou2jou2"set" — general mass-classifier for sets of objects (sets of, e.g. batteries 電池/电池, planets 行星, variables 變量/变量, data 数据/數據, objects 對象/对象, words 詞/词, or any sensible thing you want to name). A set is usually assumed to have two or more objects.
But there are also exceptions: depends on what object the classifier is used for, the quantity of objects in sets may be assumed without context. When assumed, the classifier usually falls back to play a similar role to either 雙/双, 副 or 對/对: for example, when used for certain objects that come in pairs, e.g. 搭檔/搭档, represented as 一組搭檔/一组搭档 (一對搭档/一对搭档 is valid), here the quantity in each set is assumed to be two (i.e. one pair). Note that when used for other naturally paired things, like chopsticks 筷子, represented as *一組筷子/一组筷子; here the quantity of objects is unspecified if no context specific it, as people never use 組/组 for chopsticks as a natural in-pair object classifier (That is, except for certain objects like 搭檔/搭档, the classifier 組/组 won't fallback to 雙/双, 副 et al. when used for objects in pairs.)

Measurement units

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)		Meaning
Time
秒miǎomiu5miu5"second"
分fēnfan1fan1"minute"
刻kèhak1 haak1hak1 haak1"quarter","15 minutes" (mainly in certain dialects, such as Shanghainese, and translations)
天tiāntin1tin1"day"
日rìjat6yat6"day"
年niánnin4nin4"year"
載载zǎizoi2 zoi3joi2 joi3"year" (ancient)
歲岁suìseoi3seoi3"year of age"
Weight/mass
克kèhak1 haak1hak1 haak1"gram"
兩两liǎngloeng2leung250 grams(1/10 jīn), used to be 1/16 jīn
加崙/加侖加仑jiālùngaa1 leon2gaa1 leun2gallon
斤 jīngan1gan1"catty", "pound", 1/2 kilograms
公斤gōngjīngung1 gan1gung1 gan1"metric jīn", kilogram
千克qiānkècin1 hak1/haak1chin1 hak1/haak1"kilogram"
噸吨dūndeon1deun1"ton"
Length/distance
公分gōngfēngung1 fan1gung1 fan1"metric fēn",centimetre
厘米límǐlei4 mai5lei4 mai5"centimetre" (More common in mainland China and Hong Kong)
寸cùncyun3chyun3Chinese "inch" (1⁄3 of a decimetre)
吋cùncyun3chyun3British inch
尺chǐce2/cek3che2/chek3Chinese "foot" (1⁄3 of a metre)
呎chǐcek3chek3British foot
英尺 yīngchǐjing1 cek3ying1 chek3British foot
公尺gōngchǐgung1 cek3gung1 chek3"metric chǐ", metre
米mǐmai5mai5"metre"
里lǐlei5lei5"lǐ", (500 metres)
哩lǐle1/lei5/li1le1/lei5/li1British mile/Statute mile (5280 British feet)
英里 yīnglǐjing1 lei5ying1 lei5British mile/Statute mile
海里hǎilǐhai5 lei5hai5 lei5"nautical mile" (1852 meters, about 6076 British feet)
公里gōnglǐgung1 lei5gung1 lei5"kilometre" (1000 metres)
天文單位天文单位tiānwéndānwèitin1 man4 daan1 wai2tin1 man4 daan1 wai2"astronomical unit"
光年guāngniángwong1 nin4gwong1 nin4"light year"
秒差距miǎochājùmiu5 caa1 geoi6miu5 cha1 geui6"parsec"
Money
圓/元圆/元yuánjun4yun4"yuán", "¥" (main unit of currency)
(either form can be used in Traditional Chinese text)
塊块kuàifaai3faai3"block", yuán (a slang term, like "quid" or "buck")
蚊wénman1man1"dollar", yuán (Cantonese slang)
角jiǎogok3gok3"jiǎo", "dime", "tenpence"
毛máomou4mou4"máo", "dime", "tenpence" (slang)
毫háohou4hou4"dime", "tenpence" (Cantonese slang)
分fēnfan1/fan6fan1/fan6"fēn", "cent", "penny"

Verbal classifiers

See Chinese classifier → Verbal classifiers.

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)		Meaning and uses
遍biànbin3 pin3bin3 pin3the number of times an action has been completed, emphasizing the action's length and effort. e.g. 改了三遍，把课文读一遍
場场chǎngcoeng4cheung4a length of an event taking place within another event. e.g. 哭一场，演一场，（一場戲，一場表演）
次cìci3chi3times (unlike 遍, 次 refers to the number of times regardless of whether or not it was completed). e.g. 每次，上一次，下一次，试了五次，（三次机会，第一次用，第两次出国）
頓顿dùndeon6deun6actions without repetition. e.g. 打一顿，骂一顿，（一顿大，一顿骂）
回huíwui4wui4occurrences (used colloquially). e.g. 潇洒一回，来一回，走一回（過場）
聲声shēngseng1/sing1seng1/sing1cries, shouts, etc. e.g. 砰的一声，哗一声，滴滴两声，（一声响，一声呼唤）
趟tàngtong3tong3trips, visitations, etc. e.g. 走一趟，去一趟，（一趟下来）
下xiàhaa5/haa6ha5/ha6brief and often sudden actions (much more common in Cantonese than in northern dialects). e.g. 咔嚓一下，噌的一下，跳兩下，按五下. also used as weakened injunctive mood. e.g. 來一下，幫我一下.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 392, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  3. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 612, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  4. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  5. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, pp. 775–776, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 505, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  7. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1207, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  9. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 480, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  10. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  11. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1744, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
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