Triangular tiling | |
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Type | Regular tiling |
Vertex configuration | 3.3.3.3.3.3 (or 36)![]() |
Face configuration | V6.6.6 (or V63) |
Schläfli symbol(s) | {3,6} {3[3]} |
Wythoff symbol(s) | 6 | 3 2 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
Coxeter diagram(s) | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Symmetry | p6m, [6,3], (*632) |
Rotation symmetry | p6, [6,3]+, (632) p3, [3[3]]+, (333) |
Dual | Hexagonal tiling |
Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, face-transitive |
In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, six triangles at a point occupy a full 360 degrees. The triangular tiling has Schläfli symbol of {3,6}.
English mathematician John Conway called it a deltille, named from the triangular shape of the Greek letter delta (Δ). The triangular tiling can also be called a kishextille by a kis operation that adds a center point and triangles to replace the faces of a hextille.
It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the square tiling and the hexagonal tiling.
There are 9 distinct uniform colorings of a triangular tiling. (Naming the colors by indices on the 6 triangles around a vertex: 111111, 111112, 111212, 111213, 111222, 112122, 121212, 121213, 121314) Three of them can be derived from others by repeating colors: 111212 and 111112 from 121213 by combining 1 and 3, while 111213 is reduced from 121314. [1]
There is one class of Archimedean colorings, 111112, (marked with a *) which is not 1-uniform, containing alternate rows of triangles where every third is colored. The example shown is 2-uniform, but there are infinitely many such Archimedean colorings that can be created by arbitrary horizontal shifts of the rows.
111111 | 121212 | 111222 | 112122 | 111112(*) |
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p6m (*632) | p3m1 (*333) | cmm (2*22) | p2 (2222) | p2 (2222) |
121213 | 111212 | 111112 | 121314 | 111213 |
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p31m (3*3) | p3 (333) |
The vertex arrangement of the triangular tiling is called an A2 lattice. [2] It is the 2-dimensional case of a simplectic honeycomb.
The A*
2 lattice (also called A3
2) can be constructed by the union of all three A2 lattices, and equivalent to the A2 lattice.
The vertices of the triangular tiling are the centers of the densest possible circle packing. [3] Every circle is in contact with 6 other circles in the packing (kissing number). The packing density is π⁄√12 or 90.69%. The voronoi cell of a triangular tiling is a hexagon, and so the voronoi tessellation, the hexagonal tiling, has a direct correspondence to the circle packings.
Triangular tilings can be made with the equivalent {3,6} topology as the regular tiling (6 triangles around every vertex). With identical faces (face-transitivity) and vertex-transitivity, there are 5 variations. Symmetry given assumes all faces are the same color. [4]
The planar tilings are related to polyhedra. Putting fewer triangles on a vertex leaves a gap and allows it to be folded into a pyramid. These can be expanded to Platonic solids: five, four and three triangles on a vertex define an icosahedron, octahedron, and tetrahedron respectively.
This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbols {3,n}, continuing into the hyperbolic plane.
*n32 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {3,n} | |||||||||||
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Spherical | Euclid. | Compact hyper. | Paraco. | Noncompact hyperbolic | |||||||
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
3.3 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 3∞ | 312i | 39i | 36i | 33i |
It is also topologically related as a part of sequence of Catalan solids with face configuration Vn.6.6, and also continuing into the hyperbolic plane.
![]() V3.6.6 | ![]() V4.6.6 | ![]() V5.6.6 | ![]() V6.6.6 | ![]() V7.6.6 |
Like the uniform polyhedra there are eight uniform tilings that can be based from the regular hexagonal tiling (or the dual triangular tiling).
Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 8 forms, 7 which are topologically distinct. (The truncated triangular tiling is topologically identical to the hexagonal tiling.)
Uniform hexagonal/triangular tilings | ||||||||
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Fundamental domains | Symmetry: [6,3], (*632) | [6,3]+, (632) | ||||||
{6,3} | t{6,3} | r{6,3} | t{3,6} | {3,6} | rr{6,3} | tr{6,3} | sr{6,3} | |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | |
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Config. | 63 | 3.12.12 | (6.3)2 | 6.6.6 | 36 | 3.4.6.4 | 4.6.12 | 3.3.3.3.6 |
Triangular symmetry tilings | |||||||||||
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Wythoff | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 3 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 3 3 | | | 3 3 3 | |||
Coxeter | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | |||
Image Vertex figure | ![]() (3.3)3 | ![]() 3.6.3.6 | ![]() (3.3)3 | ![]() 3.6.3.6 | ![]() (3.3)3 | ![]() 3.6.3.6 | ![]() 6.6.6 | ![]() 3.3.3.3.3.3 |
There are 4 regular complex apeirogons, sharing the vertices of the triangular tiling. Regular complex apeirogons have vertices and edges, where edges can contain 2 or more vertices. Regular apeirogons p{q}r are constrained by: 1/p + 2/q + 1/r = 1. Edges have p vertices, and vertex figures are r-gonal. [5]
The first is made of 2-edges, and next two are triangular edges, and the last has overlapping hexagonal edges.
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
2{6}6 or ![]() ![]() ![]() | 3{4}6 or ![]() ![]() ![]() | 3{6}3 or ![]() ![]() ![]() | 6{3}6 or ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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There are also three Laves tilings made of single type of triangles:
![]() Kisrhombille 30°-60°-90° right triangles | ![]() Kisquadrille 45°-45°-90° right triangles | ![]() Kisdeltile 30°-30°-120° isosceles triangles |
A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e. an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral.
In geometry, the rhombicuboctahedron, or small rhombicuboctahedron, is a polyhedron with eight triangular, six square, and twelve rectangular faces. There are 24 identical vertices, with one triangle, one square, and two rectangles meeting at each one. If all the rectangles are themselves square, it is an Archimedean solid. The polyhedron has octahedral symmetry, like the cube and octahedron. Its dual is called the deltoidal icositetrahedron or trapezoidal icositetrahedron, although its faces are not really true trapezoids.
In geometry, the truncated octahedron is the Archimedean solid that arises from a regular octahedron by removing six pyramids, one at each of the octahedron's vertices. The truncated octahedron has 14 faces, 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the truncated octahedron is a 6-zonohedron. It is also the Goldberg polyhedron GIV(1,1), containing square and hexagonal faces. Like the cube, it can tessellate 3-dimensional space, as a permutohedron.
In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of {6,3} or t{3,6} .
In geometry, the square tiling, square tessellation or square grid is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {4,4}, meaning it has 4 squares around every vertex.
In geometry, the truncated hexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are 2 dodecagons (12-sides) and one triangle on each vertex.
In geometry, the truncated trihexagonal tiling is one of eight semiregular tilings of the Euclidean plane. There are one square, one hexagon, and one dodecagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of tr{3,6}.
In geometry, the truncated square tiling is a semiregular tiling by regular polygons of the Euclidean plane with one square and two octagons on each vertex. This is the only edge-to-edge tiling by regular convex polygons which contains an octagon. It has Schläfli symbol of t{4,4}.
In geometry, the rhombitrihexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are one triangle, two squares, and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of rr{3,6}.
In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. It consists of equilateral triangles and regular hexagons, arranged so that each hexagon is surrounded by triangles and vice versa. The name derives from the fact that it combines a regular hexagonal tiling and a regular triangular tiling. Two hexagons and two triangles alternate around each vertex, and its edges form an infinite arrangement of lines. Its dual is the rhombille tiling.
In geometry, the snub hexagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the Euclidean plane. There are four triangles and one hexagon on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol sr{3,6}. The snub tetrahexagonal tiling is a related hyperbolic tiling with Schläfli symbol sr{4,6}.
The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille.
The tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, alternated cubic honeycomb is a quasiregular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of alternating regular octahedra and tetrahedra in a ratio of 1:2.
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra. It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.
In geometry, the truncated heptagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. There are one triangle and two tetradecagons on each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of t{7,3}. The tiling has a vertex configuration of 3.14.14.
In geometry, the order-4 hexagonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {6,4}.
In geometry, the rhombitrioctagonal tiling is a semiregular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. At each vertex of the tiling there is one triangle and one octagon, alternating between two squares. The tiling has Schläfli symbol rr{8,3}. It can be seen as constructed as a rectified trioctagonal tiling, r{8,3}, as well as an expanded octagonal tiling or expanded order-8 triangular tiling.
In geometry, the order-3 apeirogonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It is represented by the Schläfli symbol {∞,3}, having three regular apeirogons around each vertex. Each apeirogon is inscribed in a horocycle.
In geometry, the order-6 apeirogonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {∞,6}.
Space | Family | / / | ||||
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E2 | Uniform tiling | {3[3]} | δ3 | hδ3 | qδ3 | Hexagonal |
E3 | Uniform convex honeycomb | {3[4]} | δ4 | hδ4 | qδ4 | |
E4 | Uniform 4-honeycomb | {3[5]} | δ5 | hδ5 | qδ5 | 24-cell honeycomb |
E5 | Uniform 5-honeycomb | {3[6]} | δ6 | hδ6 | qδ6 | |
E6 | Uniform 6-honeycomb | {3[7]} | δ7 | hδ7 | qδ7 | 222 |
E7 | Uniform 7-honeycomb | {3[8]} | δ8 | hδ8 | qδ8 | 133 • 331 |
E8 | Uniform 8-honeycomb | {3[9]} | δ9 | hδ9 | qδ9 | 152 • 251 • 521 |
E9 | Uniform 9-honeycomb | {3[10]} | δ10 | hδ10 | qδ10 | |
E10 | Uniform 10-honeycomb | {3[11]} | δ11 | hδ11 | qδ11 | |
En-1 | Uniform (n-1)-honeycomb | {3[n]} | δn | hδn | qδn | 1k2 • 2k1 • k21 |