List of costliest tornadoes in the Americas

Last updated October 20, 2024

The following is a list of the costliest tornadoes in the Americas including Canada and the United States. It includes all tornadoes that, when damage totals are adjusted for inflation, have cost at least $100 million in damages (in 2024 dollars).

As of September 18, 2024, there are 165 entries on this list with several of those entries including multiple tornadoes. This is dependent on how damages are assessed by certain agencies as well as the significance of certain events (e.g. 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak when seven tornadoes struck the city of Grand Island, Nebraska in the same night; and the Dunrobin—Ottawa, Ontario—Gatineau, Quebec, Canada tornadoes in 2018 — of which there were seven — since monetary damages in Canada are often reported by province and not by individual tornado).

Analysis

Besides being one of the deadliest tornadoes on record in the Americas, the 1896 East St Louis tornado is also the costliest; when adjusted for inflation and changes in wealth, it resulted in nearly $5.9 billion in damages.
When adjusted for inflation, a total of thirteen (13) tornadoes/events have (each) caused in excess of $1 billion in damages;
a total of thirty-two (32) tornadoes/events have (each) caused in excess of $500 million in damages;
and a total of sixty-seven (67) tornadoes/events have caused in excess of $250 million in damages.

List of costliest tornadoes

Affected Communities ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Year	Month & Day	Original Cost^{[lower-alpha 2]}	Adjusted Cost [USD] (March 1, 2024)^{[lower-alpha 3]}	F or EF ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	References & Notes
Joplin—Duquesne, Missouri	2011	May 22	$2,800,000,000	$3,839,119,050	EF5	2011 Joplin tornado T
Tuscaloosa—Holt—Alberta City—Concord—Pleasant Grove—Birmingham (Pratt City)—Fultondale, Alabama	2011	April 27	$2,450,000,000	$3,359,229,169	EF4	2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado
Newcastle—Moore, Oklahoma	2013	May 20	$2,000,000,000	$2,647,844,881	EF5	2013 Moore tornado
Nashville—Mount Juliet, Tennessee	2020	March 3	$1,600,000,000	$1,906,665,207	EF3	Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2020, (Grazulis 2023, p. 590) Damage estimates range from $1.5 - $1.6 billion
North Dallas—Richardson, Texas	2019	October 20	$1,550,000,000	$1,869,870,237	EF3	Tornado outbreak of October 20–22, 2019
Bridge Creek—Moore, Oklahoma	1999	May 3	$1,000,000,000	$1,851,242,497	F5	1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
Poquonock/Windsor Locks, Connecticut—Feeding Hills, Massachusetts	1979	October 3	$420,000,000	$1,784,230,579	F4	Windsor Locks, Connecticut, tornado Grazulis reported that damages totaled $214,000,000 or $909,107,961, adjusted. (Grazulis, p. 1,216)
Hackleburg—Phil Campbell—Tanner—Harvest—Athens, Alabama	2011	April 27	$1,290,000,000	$1,768,736,991	EF5	2011 Hackleburg-Phil Campbell tornado
Wichita Falls, Texas	1979	April 10	$400,000,000	$1,699,267,217	F4	1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,209)
Omaha, Nebraska	1975	May 6	$250,000,000	$1,433,164,498	F4	1975 Omaha tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,174) (Total damages may have been greater than this.)
East Peoria—Washington—Long Point, Illinois	2013	November 17	$935,000,000	$1,237,867,482	EF4	2013 Washington, Illinois tornado
Grand Island, Nebraska	1980	June 3	$300,000,000	$1,122,877,427	F4 (max)	1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak: "The Night of the Twisters" This includes all seven tornadoes. (Grazulis, p. 1,223)
Lubbock, Texas	1970	May 11	$135,000,000	$2,199,201,632	F5	Lubbock tornado, (Grazulis, p. 1,113)
Topeka, Kansas	1966	June 8	$100,000,000	$2,298,062,133	F5	Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966, (Grazulis, p. 1,081) (Total damages may have been greater than this.)
St. Louis, Missouri	1927	September 29	$53,000,000	$3,655,074,146	F3	Tornado outbreak of September 29, 1927, (Grazulis, p. 814)
Grand Island, Nebraska (#5)	1980	June 3	$200,000,000	$748,584,951	F4	1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak: This was the strongest and costliest of the seven tornadoes that touched down on "The Night of the Twisters"
Jackson, Mississippi	1966	March 3	$75,500,000	$718,687,762	F5	1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak
Fort Worth, Texas	2000	March 28	$400,000,000	$716,415,796	F3	2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak ^[1]
Andover—Wichita, Kansas	1991	April 26	$300,000,000	$679,332,599	F5	1991 Andover tornado outbreak ^[2]
Xenia, Ohio	1974	April 3	$107,500,000	$672,511,714	F5	1974 Xenia tornado, (Grazulis, p. 1,154)
Monticello, Indiana (tornado family)	1974	April 3	$100,000,000	$625,592,292	F4	List of tornadoes in the 1974 Super Outbreak ^[3] (Total damages may have been greater than this.)
Conyers, Stockbridge, Georgia	1973	March 31	$90,000,000	$625,169,594	F4	(Grazulis, p. 1,135)
Moore—Oklahoma City—Choctaw, Oklahoma	2003	May 8	$370,500,000	$621,024,448	F3	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003
Brookville—Trotwood—Dayton—Riverside, Ohio	2019	May 27	$500,000,000	$603,183,947	EF4	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019
Petersham—Barre—Rutland—Holden—Worcester—Shrewsbury—Westborough—Southborough, Massachusetts	1953	June 9	$52,193,000	$2,319,210,704	F4+	1953 Worcester tornado (includes crop damage of ~$50,000)
Fort Smith—Van Buren, Arkansas	1996	April 21	$300,000,000	$589,707,456	F3	Tornado outbreak sequence of April 1996
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada	1987	July 31	$332,270,000 CAD	$572,485,510	F4	Edmonton tornado $770,565,549 CAD, adjusted (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Conestogo Lake—Fergus—Tavistock, Ontario, Canada	2005	August 19	$500,000,000 CAD	$551,433,463	F2-F1	Southern Ontario tornado outbreak of 2005 $742,229,492 CAD, adjusted (Total damages may have been greater than this.) (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Oak Leaf—Lancaster—Dallas, Texas	2012	April 3	$400,000,000	$537,325,888	EF2	Tornado outbreak of April 3, 2012
Tallulah, Louisiana—Yazoo City/Durant, Mississippi	2010	April 24	$364,000,000	$514,839,252	EF4	2010 Yazoo City tornado Grazulis reported $400 million (or $565,757,420, adjusted) in damages. (Grazulis 2023, p. 438)
Margaret/Ragland/Shoal Creek Valley/Ohatchee/Piedmont, Alabama—Cave Spring/Kingston, Georgia	2011	April 27	$366,755,000	$502,862,895	EF4	2011 Shoal Creek Valley-Ohatchee tornado
Fayetteville, Tennessee	1952	February 29	$43,000,000	$500,450,226	F3	Tornado outbreak of Leap Day 1952, (Grazulis, p. 962)
Golden Valley—Mounds View—Centerville, Minnesota	1965	May 6	$51,000,000	$499,341,810	F4	Early May 1965 tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,074)
Altus—Altus AFB, Oklahoma	1982	May 11	$150,000,000	$479,404,663	F3	Grazulis reported $200 million in damages including hail, estimated $150 million from the tornado alone (Grazulis, p. 1,239)
Waco, Texas	1953	May 11	$41,150,000	$1,826,623,536	F5	1953 Waco tornado outbreak
Shreveport—Bossier City, Louisiana	1978	December 3	$100,000,000	$473,032,209	F4	1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak (Total damages may have been greater than this.)
Enterprise, Alabama	2007	March 1	$307,000,000	$456,656,244	EF4	Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007
Albany—Ashburn—Rochelle, Georgia	2017	January 22	$310,000,000	$390,050,873	EF3	Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 2017
Plainfield, Illinois	1990	August 28	$165,000,000	$389,355,815	F5	1990 Plainfield tornado
Birmingham, Alabama	1998	April 8	$202,830,000	$383,780,491	F5	Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998
Oak Lawn—Evergreen Park—Chicago Illinois	1967	April 21	$40,000,000	$369,361,677	F4	1967 Oak Lawn tornado outbreak ^[4] (Total damages may have been greater than this.)
St. Louis—East St. Louis, Illinois	1896	May 27	$10,000,000	$5,922,975,990	F4	1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado
Atlanta, Georgia	2008	March 14	$250,000,000	$358,119,720	EF2	2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak
Jonesboro, Arkansas	2020	March 28	$300,000,000	$357,499,726	EF3	(Grazulis 2023, p. 590)
St. Louis, Missouri—Granite City, Illinois	2011	April 22	$250,000,000	$342,778,487	EF4	2011 St. Louis tornado
Atlanta, Georgia	1975	March 24	$56,500,000	$323,895,177	F3	"The Governor's Tornado" as it caused damage to the Governor's mansion among many other buildings (Grazulis, p. 1,173)
Haysville—McConnell AFB—Andover, Kansas	2012	April 14	$238,000,000	$319,708,904	EF3	Tornado outbreak of April 13–16, 2012 (Grazulis 2023, p. 495) Other reports claim upwards of $500 million in damage, but this was proven inaccurate.
Carterville—Crainville—Marion, Illinois	1982	May 29	$100,000,000	$319,603,109	F4	Marion, Illinois, tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,242)
Salt Lake City, Utah	1999	August 11	$170,000,000	$314,711,224	F2	1999 Salt Lake City tornado ^[5]
Orland, Indiana—East Gilead/Reading/Hillsdale/Manitou Beach, Michigan (two tornadoes)	1965	April 11	$32,000,000	$313,312,508	F4	List of tornadoes in the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak
Westfield—West Springfield—Springfield—Wilbraham—Monson—Brimfield—Sturbridge—Southbridge—Charlton, Massachusetts	2011	June 1	$227,600,000	$312,065,534	EF3	2011 New England tornado outbreak "The Springfield tornado"
Augusta—Tupelo—Otwell—Jonesboro, Arkansas	1973	May 26	$44,110,000	$306,402,565	F4	^[6] (Total damages may have been greater than this.) Grazulis reported $37 million in damages or $257,014,167, adjusted (Grazulis, p. 1,141)
Hamden—North Haven, Connecticut	1989	July 10	$120,000,000	$298,468,065	F4	^[7] July 1989 Northeastern United States tornado outbreak
Brownsville—Monroe, Louisiana	2020	April 12	$250,000,000	$297,916,439	EF3	2020 Easter tornado outbreak,^[8]
Woodstock, Stratford, Ontario, Canada	1979	August 7	$100,000,000 CAD	$295,070,920	F4	1979 Woodstock, Ontario, tornado $397,165,486 CAD, adjusted (Total damages may have been greater than this.) (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Mayflower, Vilonia, Arkansas	2014	April 27	$223,450,000	$291,108,149	EF4	Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014
Ellington, Missouri-Murphysboro/De Soto, Illinois-Griffin/Princeton, Illinois	1925	March 18	$16,500,000	$2,922,730,672	F5	The Tri-State Tornado, (Grazulis, p. 796)
Vicksburg, Mississippi	1953	December 5	$25,000,000	$288,779,963	F5	1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi, tornado
Gainesville, Georgia	1936	April 6	$13,000,000	$288,447,554	F4	1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 866)
Barrie, Ontario, Canada	1985	May 31	$150,000,000 CAD	$281,014,346	F4	1985 Barrie tornado: $378,245,335 CAD, adjusted (Total damages may have been greater than this) (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Charles City, Iowa	1968	May 15	$31,500,000	$279,170,560	F5	Tornado outbreak of May 1968, (Grazulis, p. 1,097)
Kennedale—Arlington, Texas	2012	April 3	$200,000,000	$268,662,944	EF2	Tornado outbreak of April 3, 2012
Haysville—South Wichita, Kansas	1999	May 3	$145,000,000	$268,430,162	F4	List of tornadoes in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Wildwood—Colfax, Wisconsin	1958	June 4	$25,000,000	$266,796,713	F5	Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 ^[9]
Wilber—Hallam—Norris School District 160—Holland, Nebraska	2004	May 22	$160,220,000	$261,591,169	F4	2004 Hallam tornado The second-widest tornado on record (~2.5 miles) almost completely destroyed the small town of Hallam.
Dunrobin—Ottawa, Ontario—Gatineau, Quebec, Canada	2018	September 21	$294,000,000 CAD	$260,046,596	EF3 max	2018 United States-Canada tornado outbreak: $350,022,742 CAD, adjusted (Total damages may have been greater than this.) (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD) This includes all seven tornadoes from this event as damages (per event/outbreak) are reported by province, not individual tornado. Damages in Ontario were $192 million+ CAD, and damages in Quebec were $102 million+ CAD.^[10]
Yale—Tulsa, Oklahoma	1981	April 19	$75,000,000	$254,469,472	F3	(Grazulis, p. 1,229)
Huntsville, Alabama	1989	November 15	$100,000,000	$248,723,387	F4	November 1989 tornado outbreak
Falmouth/Berlin/Bladeston/Chatham/Dover, Kentucky—Decatur/Otway, Ohio	1968	April 23	$27,775,000	$246,157,534	F4	Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 (Total damages were estimated.)
Marshalltown, Iowa	2018	July 19	$200,000,000	$245,525,614	EF3	Iowa tornado outbreak of July 2018 (Grazulis 2023, p. 569)
Toledo, Ohio—Lost Peninsula (Michigan)	1965	April 11	$25,000,000	$244,775,397	F4	List of tornadoes in the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,071)
Sanford—Raleigh, North Carolina	2011	April 16	$172,000,000	$235,831,599	EF3	Tornado outbreak of April 14–16, 2011 Grazulis reported $132 million (or $180,987,040, adjusted) in damages (Grazulis 2023, p. 458)
Tulsa/Tulsa County—Catoosa/Rogers County, Oklahoma	1993	April 24	$110,000,000	$234,781,107	F4	(Grazulis, p. 1,348)
Carrollton—Reform—Cordova—Sipsey—Blountsville, Alabama	2011	April 27	$170,344,000	$233,561,034	EF4	List of tornadoes in the 2011 Super Outbreak Grazulis estimated $150 million (or $205,667,092, adjusted) in damages (Grazulis 2023, p. 467)
Macksburg—Winterset—Norwalk—Newton, Iowa	2022	March 5	$220,000,000	$231,848,240	EF4	Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022 Grazulis reported $200 million (or $210,771,127, adjusted) in damages (Grazulis 2023, p. 619)
Mount Vernon/De Kalb, Texas—Mineral Springs, Arkansas	1999	May 4	$125,000,000	$231,405,312	F3	List of tornadoes in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Wetumpka—LaFayette, Alabama	2011	April 27	$167,000,000	$228,976,029	EF4	List of tornadoes in the 2011 Super Outbreak
Largo—Clearwater—Carrollwood—Temple Terrace—Galloway—Gibsonia—Loughman, Florida	1966	April 4	$24,000,000	$228,457,037	F4	Tornado outbreak of April 4–5, 1966, (Grazulis, p. 1,079)
Hennepin County, Minnesota	2011	May 22	$166,620,000	$228,455,006	EF1	List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011
Greensburg, Kansas	2007	May 4	$153,000,000	$227,584,382	EF5	List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 ^[11]
St. Peter, Minnesota	1998	March 29	$120,000,000	$227,055,460	F3	1998 Comfrey-St. Peter tornado outbreak
Sandusky—Lorain, Ohio	1924	June 28	$12,500,000	$225,451,023	F4	1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, (Grazulis, p. 790)
Flint—Beecher, Michigan	1953	June 8	$19,000,000	$219,472,772	F5	1953 Flint-Beecher tornado, (Grazulis, p. 974)
Windsor, Colorado	2008	May 22	$147,000,000	$210,574,395	EF3	Tornado outbreak of May 22–27, 2008
Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma	1948	20/25, March	$16,400,000	$209,877,129	F3	1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes: Three tornadoes affected Tinker AFB in the span of six days: two on March 20 led to successful prediction of the third on March 25. These tornadoes significantly contributed to the process of predicting severe weather events. (Grazulis, p. 935)
Jefferson City, Missouri	2019	May 22	$174,000,000	$209,908,014	EF3	Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019
Sarasota, Florida	1978	May 4	$43,000,000	$203,403,850	F3	(Grazulis, p. 1,202)
Belvidere, Illinois	1967	April 21	$22,000,000	$203,148,922	F4	1967 Oak Lawn tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,088)
Raleigh, North Carolina	1988	November 28	$77,000,000	$200,744,793	F4	1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak
Southern Louisville suburbs, including Pioneer Village, Hillview, and Mount Washington, Kentucky	1996	May 28	$101,000,000	$198,534,843	F4	May 1996 Kentucky tornado outbreak ^[12]
La Plata, Maryland	2002	April 28	$115,000,000	$197,153,724	F4	2002 La Plata tornado
Fayetteville, North Carolina	2011	April 16	$141,100,000	$193,464,178	EF3	Tornado outbreak of April 14–16, 2011 Grazulis reported $136 million (or $186,471,497, adjusted) in damages (Grazulis 2023, p. 458)
Nashville—East Nashville—Donelson—The Hermitage—Mt. Juliet, Tennessee	1998	April 16	$101,000,000	$191,105,012	F3	Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 (1998 Nashville tornado outbreak)
Granbury, Texas	2013	May 15	$143,000,000	$189,320,909	EF4	Tornado outbreak of May 15–17, 2013 (Grazulis 2023, p. 500)
Austin, Texas	1980	August 10	$50,000,000	$187,146,237	F2	(Grazulis, p. 1,226)
Kalamazoo, Michigan	1980	May 13	$50,000,000	$187,146,237	F3	1980 Kalamazoo tornado, (Grazulis, p. 1,221)
Mena, Arkansas	2009	April 9	$130,000,000	$186,887,157	EF3	Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2009
Oelwein—Maynard, Iowa	1968	May 15	$21,000,000	$186,113,707	F5	Tornado outbreak of May 1968, (Grazulis, p. 1,098)
Southaven, Mississippi—Memphis, Tennessee	2008	February 5	$128,400,000	$183,930,288	EF2	List of tornadoes in the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak
Newton Falls/Niles/Hubbard, Ohio—Wheatland/Hermitage/Greenfield, Pennsylvania	1985	May 31	$63,800,000++	$182,871,790++	F5	List of tornadoes in the 1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak: "Niles-Wheatland Tornado" Grazulis reported $60 million in damages in Ohio alone. He also mentions a total of $3.8 million in damages in Pennsylvania but only with regard to trucks and other vehicles at a few different locations. He makes no mention of total damages in Pennsylvania and there are no resources available that provide that information. (Grazulis, p. 1,268) Considering the intensity of this violent tornado and the destruction of much of Wheatland's industry as well as the number of houses in and around Wheatland, we can safely surmise that the damage total is actually much higher.
Cordell, Oklahoma	2001	October 9	$100,000,000	$174,148,504	F3	Tornadoes of 2001 ^[13]
Center Point, Alabama	1973	May 27	$25,000,000	$173,658,220	F3	^[14] (Grazulis, p. 1,142)
Brent, Alabama	1973	May 27	$25,000,000	$173,658,220	F4	1973 Central Alabama tornado ^[15] (Grazulis, p. 1,142)
Warner Robins—Robins Air Force Base—Jeffersonville, Georgia	1953	April 30	$15,000,000	$173,267,978	F4	Tornado outbreak sequence of April 28 – May 2, 1953, (Grazulis, p. 968)
Highland Park—Detroit, Michigan	1997	July 2	$90,000,000	$172,944,112	F2	Tornado outbreak of July 1–3, 1997 ^[16]
Little Rock Air Force Base—Jacksonville, Arkansas	2011	April 25	$125,000,000	$171,389,243	EF2	List of tornadoes in the 2011 Super Outbreak
Atkins—Clinton—Mountain View—Highland, Arkansas	2008	February 5	$119,310,000	$170,909,055	EF4	List of tornadoes in the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak
Wildwood—Lady Lake, Florida	2007	February 2	$114,000,000	$169,572,677	EF3	2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak
Monroe—Athens, Georgia	1973	March 31	$24,000,000	$166,711,892	F4	(Grazulis, p. 1,136)
Lake Pat Cleburne—Cleburne, Texas	2013	May 15	$124,000,000	$164,166,383	EF3	Tornado outbreak of May 15–17, 2013 (Grazulis 2023, p. 500)
Americus, Georgia	2007	March 1	$111,000,000	$165,110,238	EF4	Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007
Louisville, Mississippi	2014	April 28	$126,150,000	$164,346,802	EF4	Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014 Grazulis reported $117 million (or $152,426,284, adjusted) in damages (Grazulis 2023, p. 516)
Paris—Reno—Blossom, Texas	1982	April 2	$50,000,000	$159,801,554	F4	Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1982, (Grazulis, p. 1,236)
Minneapolis—Roseville, Minnesota	1981	June 14	$47,000,000	$159,467,536	F3	(Grazulis, p. 1,232)
Whiteface—Whitharral—Anton, Texas	1970	April 17	$20,000,000	$158,977,835	F4	Tornado outbreak sequence of April 17–19, 1970
Arabi, Louisiana	2022	December 14	$150,000,000	$158,078,356	EF2	Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 (Grazulis 2023, p. 633)
Jackson, Tennessee	2008	February 5	$110,300,000	$158,002,420	EF4	List of tornadoes in the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak
Omaha, Nebraska	1913	March 23	$5,000,000	$155,766,162	F3	Tornado outbreak sequence of March 1913, (Grazulis, p. 737)
Port Huron, Michigan, United States—Sarnia, Ontario, Canada	1953	May 21	$2,600,000 (US, USD) + $15,000,000 (CA, USD)	$153,066,781	F4	1953 Sarnia tornado outbreak CA: $15 million USD = $14,617,170 CAD (average exchange rate for 1953: 1 USD = 0.974478 CAD), $165,603,324 CAD adjusted = $123,033,665 USD adjusted (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD).US: $2.6 million USD = $30,033,116 USD adjusted
Ardmore, Oklahoma	1995	May 7	$75,000,000	$151,780,020	F3	List of tornadoes in the May 1995 tornado outbreak sequence. Grazulis reported at least $100 million (or $202,373,359, adjusted) in damages. (Grazulis, p. 1,373)
Wichita Falls, Texas	1964	April 3	$15,000,000	$149,234,032	F5	(Grazulis, p. 1,050)
Tampa—Pinellas County, Florida	1979	May 8	$35,000,000	$148,685,882	F2	(Grazulis, p. 1,213)
Pella—Peoria, Iowa	2018	July 19	$120,000,000	$147,315,368	EF3	Iowa tornado outbreak of July 2018 (Grazulis 2023, p. 569)
Comstock Park—Alpine—Grand Rapids, Michigan	1965	April 11	$15,000,000	$146,865,238	F4	List of tornadoes in the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,065)
Millbury—Lake Township, Ohio	2010	June 5	$102,400,000	$144,833,900	EF4	Tornado outbreak of June 5–6, 2010
Delhi, Louisiana—Moorhead, Mississippi + Cary—Oxford, Mississippi + Vicksburg—Lexington, Mississippi (three tornadoes)	1971	February 21	$19,000,000	$144,689,457	F5	Tornado outbreak of February 21–22, 1971 ^[17]
Bauxite—Vimy Ridge—Shannon Hills—North Little Rock, Arkansas	1997	March 1	$75,000,000	$144,120,093	F4	March 1997 tornado outbreak ^[18]
Murfreesboro, Tennessee	2009	April 10	$100,000,000	$143,759,352	EF4	Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2009 ^[19]
Jeffers—Comfrey—Hanska, Minnesota	1998	March 29	$75,050,000	$142,004,269	F4	1998 Comfrey-St. Peter tornado outbreak
Dunwoody, Georgia	1998	April 8	$75,000,000	$141,909,663	F2	Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998
Chesterfield—Maryland Heights—St. Ann—Lambert Field, St. Louis—Spanish Lake, Missouri	1967	January 24	$15,000,000	$138,510,629	F4	1967 St. Louis tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,087)
Smith Mills, Kentucky—Evansville/Paradise/Gentryville, Indiana	2005	November 6	$87,260,000	$137,800,652	F3	Evansville tornado outbreak of November 2005
Oologah, Oklahoma	1991	April 26	$60,000,000	$135,866,520	F4	1991 Andover tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,412)
Cedar Park, Texas	1997	May 27	$70,110,000	$134,723,463	F3	1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak
Forney, Texas	2012	April 3	$100,000,000	$134,331,472	EF3	Tornado outbreak of April 3, 2012
Mechanicville/Stillwater, New York—Bennington, Vermont	1998	May 31	$70,630,000	$133,641,060	F3	Late-May 1998 tornado outbreak and derecho
Marmaduke, Arkansas—Caruthersville, Missouri	2006	April 2	$86,500,000	$132,331,699	F3	Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006
Tinker AFB, Oklahoma	1948	March 20	$10,250,000	$131,173,205	F3	1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes (Grazulis, p. 935)
Goderich, Ontario, Canada	2011	August 21	$130,000,000 CAD	$127,961,855	F3	2011 Goderich, Ontario, tornado $172,236,668 CAD, adjusted (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Bloodland—Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri	2010	December 31	$90,000,000	$127,295,420	EF3	2010 New Year's Eve tornado outbreak
College Park—Beltsville—Laurel, Maryland	2001	September 24	$73,000,000	$127,128,408	F3	Tornado outbreak of September 24, 2001
Cincinnati—Williamsburg, Ohio	1969	August 9	$15,000,000	$126,055,995	F3	(Grazulis, p. 1,107)
Emporia, Kansas	1974	June 8	$20,000,000	$125,118,458	F4	Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1974, (Grazulis, p. 1,166)
Camden—Hermitage, Arkansas	1979	April 8	$28,800,000	$122,347,240	F3	(Grazulis, p. 1,207)
Windsor—Tecumseh, Ontario, Canada	1946	June 17	$9,663,000 CAD	$120,851,545	F4	1946 Windsor-Tecumseh tornado $162,666,191 CAD, adjusted (average exchange rate for 2024, 1 CAD = 0.742942 USD)
Goodlettsville—Gallatin, Tennessee	2006	April 7	$79,000,000	$120,857,852	F3	Tornado outbreak of April 6–8, 2006 ^[20]
Cookeville—Putnam County, Tennessee	2020	March 3	$100,000,000	$119,166,575	EF4	Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2020
Seneca—Clemson, South Carolina	2020	April 13	$100,000,000	$119,166,575	EF3	List of tornadoes in the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak
Eagle Pass, Texas	2007	April 24	$80,000,000	$118,998,370	EF3	Tornado outbreak sequence of April 20–27, 2007
Barneveld—Black Earth, Wisconsin	1984	June 7	$40,000,000	$118,736,092	F5	Tornado outbreak of June 7–8, 1984 (Grazulis, p. 1,259)
Lockett/Vernon, Texas—Davidson, Oklahoma	1979	April 10	$27,000,000	$114,700,537	F4	1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak, (Grazulis, p. 1,207)
Fiatt—Canton, Illinois	1975	July 23	$20,000,000	$114,653,160	F3	1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado
Clarion—Belmond, Iowa	1966	October 14	$12,000,000	$114,228,518	F4	(Grazulis, p. 1,084)
Saugatuck—Hudsonville—Standale—Grand Rapids, Michigan	1956	April 3	$10,000,000	$113,388,603	F5	Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956, (Grazulis, p. 995)
Atlanta Motor Speedway; Hampton, Georgia	2005	July 6	$71,500,000	$112,912,522	F2	Hurricane Cindy (2005)
Chandler—Lake Wilson, Minnesota	1992	June 16	$50,000,000	$109,913,400	F5	Tornado outbreak of June 14–18, 1992 Grazulis reported $45 million or $98,922,060 adjusted. (Grazulis, p. 1,331)
Parkersburg—New Hartford, Iowa	2008	May 25	$75,000,000	$107,435,916	EF5	Tornado outbreak of May 22–27, 2008
St. Louis, Missouri	1959	February 10	$10,000,000	$105,985,223	F4	St. Louis tornado outbreak of February 1959: Total damages may have been greater than this. (Grazulis, p. 1,018)
Canton—Hazlehurst—Newton—Meridian, Mississippi	1976	March 29	$19,550,000	$105,967,528	F4	(Grazulis, p. 1,183)
Ragland—Piedmont—Rock Run, Alabama	1994	March 27	$50,500,000	$105,094,862	F4	1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak
Campbell—Poinciana—Kissimmee—Buenaventura Lakes—Lake Hart—Lake Mary Jane, Florida	1998	February 22	$55,000,000	$104,067,086	F3	1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak
Dallas—De Soto, Texas	1994	April 25	$50,000,000	$104,054,318	F2	Tornado outbreak of April 25–27, 1994
Louisville—Jefferson County, Kentucky	1890	March 27	$3,000,000	$101,675,934	F4	Tornado outbreak of March 27, 1890, (Grazulis, p. 651)
Rolling Fork, Mississippi—Silver City, Mississippi	2023	March 24	$100,000,000	$101,219,168	EF4	2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado Total damages may have been greater than this.
Adairsville—Blackwood, Georgia	2013	January 30	$75,000,000	$99,294,183	EF3	Tornado outbreak of January 29–30, 2013 (Grazulis 2023, p. 499)

Bibliography

Grazulis, Thomas (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
Grazulis, Thomas (1997). Significant Tornadoes Update, 1992–1995. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-04-X.
Grazulis, Thomas (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974-2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-01-5.

Notes

↑ These are the communities (e.g. cities, towns, counties) where the greatest damage or loss of life occurred or at the beginning or end of the tornado’s track. The number of places that experience loss of life or damage is often higher than this. Colloquial tornado/event names, if applicable/known, are included in the Notes column of this table.
↑ Estimated total damages are primarily taken from the NCEI database; however, before 1996, coding included on the Storm Data reports provided an extremely broad, often inaccurate, range for damage totals. If a more accurate or updated total can be obtained from a reputable source, it will be included here instead.
↑ Wikipedia formulas only allow adjusting damage totals (for inflation) through 2021. Adjustments of damage totals for inflation and wealth changes have been calculated with the website in2013dollars.com and Charles A. Doswell's 1997 paper which includes rates of inflation through the current year and normalised damage values. As these rates can be volatile (possibly changing from month to month), note that these calculations were made on May 15, 2023 and will be updated regularly.
↑ After the Fujita Scale was implemented in 1971, tornadoes from the previous 100 years (1871-1971) were retrospectively reviewed to determine their ratings. These reviews were completed by either Ted Fujita or Thomas P. Grazulis. Damage assessments from 1971-2006 were completed by using the Fujita Scale or, since 2007, the Enhanced Fujita Scale. These reviews have been handled by teams of meteorologists and structural engineers as assigned by National Weather Service (NWS) offices around the United States.

Related Research Articles

This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km) and longest duration at about 3+1⁄2 hours, and held the fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth until 2021. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities. It was also the second costliest tornado in history at the time, and when costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.

An extremely rare wintertime tornado outbreak affected the Midwestern United States on January 24, 1967. Of the 30 confirmed tornadoes, 13 occurred in Iowa, nine in Missouri, seven in Illinois, and one in Wisconsin. The outbreak produced, at the time, the northernmost tornado to hit the United States in winter, in Wisconsin, until January 7, 2008. The tornadoes formed ahead of a deep storm system in which several temperature records were broken. The deadliest and most damaging tornado of the outbreak struck Greater St. Louis at F4 intensity, killing three people and injuring 216.

Thomas P. Grazulis is an American meteorologist who has written extensively about tornadoes and produced documentaries as head of The Tornado Project.

On August 6, 1969, a destructive tornado outbreak affected portions of the Upper Midwest—principally north-central Minnesota. The severe weather event generated 14 confirmed tornadoes, killed 15 people, and caused 109 injuries. To date, the outbreak remains the deadliest on record in the North Woods region of Minnesota. It is also known as the 1969 Minnesota tornado outbreak and the 1969 North Woods tornado outbreak. The most destructive tornado of the outbreak was a 33-mile-long (53 km) violent F4 that leveled miles of timberland and farmland across portions of Crow Wing, Cass, and Aitkin counties in Minnesota, killing at least 12 people and injuring 70 others.

A violent severe weather outbreak struck the Southeast on April 4–5, 1977. A total of 22 tornadoes touched down with the strongest ones occurring in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. The strongest was a catastrophic F5 tornado that struck the northern Birmingham, Alabama, suburbs during the afternoon of Monday, April 4. In addition to this tornado, several other tornadoes were reported from the same system in the Midwest, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and North Carolina. One tornado in Floyd County, Georgia, killed one person, and another fatality was reported east of Birmingham in St. Clair County. In the end, the entire outbreak directly caused 24 deaths and 158 injuries. The storm system also caused the crash of Southern Airways Flight 242, which killed 72 and injured 22.

On Monday, April 8, 1957, a widespread tornado outbreak struck the Southeastern United States, particularly the Carolinas, and was responsible for seven deaths and 203 injuries across the region. Most of the activity occurred on either side of the Piedmont, including portions of the Cumberland Plateau. At least 18 tornadoes occurred, including several long-tracked tornado families, one of which included a violent tornado that was retrospectively rated F4 on the Fujita scale. Besides tornadoes, the outbreak also generated other severe weather phenomena such as large hail.

On May 24–25, 1957, a tornado outbreak primarily affected the Western High Plains, Central Great Plains, and Central Oklahoma/Texas Plains of the United States. 45 tornadoes touched down over the area, most of which took place across northern and western Texas, in addition to southern Oklahoma. Overall activity initiated over eastern New Mexico and spread northeastward as far as southwestern Wisconsin. The strongest tornado, which occurred in southern Oklahoma on May 24, was assigned a rating of F4 near Lawton. Anomalously, some tornadoes touched down during the early morning hours, rather than late afternoon or early evening, when daytime heating typically peaks.

On March 21–22, 1952, a severe tornado outbreak generated eight violent tornadoes across the Southern United States, causing 209 fatalities—50 of which occurred in a single tornado in Arkansas. In addition, this tornado outbreak is the second deadliest on record to ever affect the state of Tennessee, with 66 of the fatalities associated with this outbreak occurring in the state; this is only surpassed by the 90 fatalities from a tornado outbreak in 1909, and in terms of fatalities is well ahead of both the 1974 Super Outbreak and the Super Tuesday tornado outbreak, each of which generated 45 and 31 fatalities, respectively. The severe weather event also resulted in the fourth-largest number of tornado fatalities within a 24-hour period since 1950. To date this was considered the most destructive tornado outbreak in Arkansas on record.

On March 21–22, 1932, a deadly tornado outbreak struck the Midwestern and Southern United States. At least 38 tornadoes—including 27 deadly tornadoes and several long-lived tornado families—struck the Deep South, killing more than 330 people and injuring 2,141. Tornadoes affected areas from Mississippi north to Illinois and east to South Carolina, but Alabama was hardest hit, with 268 fatalities; the outbreak is considered to be the deadliest ever in Alabama, and among the worst ever in the United States, trailing only the Tri-State tornado outbreak in 1925, with 751 fatalities, and the Tupelo–Gainesville outbreak in 1936, with 454 fatalities. The 1932 outbreak is believed to have produced 10 violent tornadoes, eight of which occurred in Alabama alone.

On April 4–5, 1966, an outbreak of at least three tornadoes affected portions of Florida and North Carolina. It included a deadly pair of tornado families that struck the I-4 corridor in Central Florida from the Tampa Bay Area to Brevard County. At least two long-tracked tornadoes affected the region, each of which featured a path length in excess of 100 mi (160 km). The two tornadoes are officially listed as continuous events, but the tornadoes' damage paths did not cross the entire state, and downbursts may have been responsible for destruction near Lake Juliana and in the Kissimmee–Saint Cloud area. However, tornado and downburst damage combined was continuous from coast to coast.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1989, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

A deadly tornado outbreak devastated parts of Louisiana and Tennessee on February 11–13, 1950. The outbreak covered about a day and a half and produced numerous tornadoes, mostly from East Texas to the lower Mississippi Valley, with activity concentrated in Texas and Louisiana. Most of the deaths occurred in Louisiana and Tennessee, where tornadoes killed 25 and 9 people, respectively. Several long-lived tornado families struck the Red River region of northwestern Louisiana, especially the Shreveport–Bossier City area. One of the tornadoes attained violent intensity, F4, on the Fujita scale and caused eight deaths, including six at the Shreveport Holding and Reconsignment Depot near Barksdale Air Force Base. It remains one of the top ten deadliest tornadoes on record in the state of Louisiana, in tenth place. Also in Louisiana, two other destructive tornadoes on parallel paths killed 16. Seven additional deaths occurred across the border in East Texas. Nine people died in a tornado in western Tennessee as well. In all, the entire outbreak killed at least 41 people and left 228 injured. Also, several long-tracked tornadoes recorded in the outbreak likely contained more, shorter-lived tornadoes.

On April 9, 1919, a tornado outbreak occurred in the Southern Great Plains of the US, producing numerous strong tornadoes and killing at least 92 people, mainly in portions of North and East Texas. The entire outbreak occurred overnight and produced at least seven intense, deadly tornadoes, the deadliest of which was a long-tracked, extremely violent F4 in East Texas that killed 24 people and injured 100 others. A separate F4 long-tracker in the same region killed 17 others and injured 60 more. A deadly F3 also claimed nine or more lives in southern Oklahoma, and a long-lived F3 in East Texas crossed into Arkansas, killing eight. Several of the tornadoes in this outbreak may have been families of two or more twisters.

A widespread, destructive, and deadly tornado outbreak sequence affected the Southeastern United States from April 28 to May 2, 1953, producing 24 tornadoes, including five violent F4 tornadoes. The deadliest event of the sequence was an F4 tornado family that ravaged Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia, on April 30, killing at least 18 people and injuring 300 or more others. On May 1, a pair of F4 tornadoes also struck Alabama, causing a combined nine deaths and 15 injuries. Additionally, another violent tornado struck rural Tennessee after midnight on May 2, killing four people and injuring eight. Additionally, two intense tornadoes impacted Greater San Antonio, Texas, on April 28, killing three people and injuring 20 altogether. In all, 36 people were killed, 361 others were injured, and total damages reached $26.713 million (1953 USD). There were additional casualties from non-tornadic events as well, including a washout which caused a train derailment that injured 10.

On November 7–8, 1957, a significant tornado outbreak affected portions of the Southern United States, particularly the Golden Triangle of Southeast Texas and parts of Acadiana in Louisiana. The severe weather event inflicted 12 deaths and more than 200 injuries, especially in the vicinity of Beaumont and Port Arthur, Texas. The most intense tornado of the outbreak, retrospectively rated F4 on the Fujita scale, struck the town of Orange, Texas, killing one person, injuring 81 others, and causing $11⁄2 million in losses. The deadliest tornado of the outbreak was an F3 that killed four people northwest of Carencro, Louisiana. The costliest tornado of the outbreak, also rated F3, caused $2.3 million in losses in the town of Groves, Texas, killing a few people there. Other intense tornadoes occurred as far east as Mississippi and North Carolina. In all, at least 28 tornadoes were confirmed, yet others were likely present as well.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1949, primarily in the United States. Most recorded tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

Several destructive tornadoes struck the Southeastern United States, primarily along and east of the Lower Mississippi Valley, on February 13, 1952. Multiple intense tornadoes touched down throughout the day, three of which were killers. The deadliest and most destructive tornado of the outbreak was a violent F4 that touched down in south-central Tennessee, killing three people and injuring 44 others. A similarly destructive tornado—albeit of weaker, F2 intensity—formed from the same storm as the preceding F4 and became the second costliest of the outbreak. Another intense tornado affected the Mississippi embayment near Manila, Arkansas, injuring five people, and a pair of deadly F3s in Alabama claimed a combined two lives. In all, the outbreak killed five people and injured 102 others.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1948, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes. Also, prior to 1950, tornadoes were not officially surveyed by the U.S. Weather Bureau, which would later become the National Weather Service, and thus had no official rating. All documented significant tornadoes were instead given unofficial ratings by tornado experts like Thomas P. Grazulis.

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1946, primarily in the United States. Most recorded tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

References

↑ "A 2000 tornado in Fort Worth triggered a boom in development". AP News (The Associated Press). March 31, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
↑ "Top Ten KS Tornadoes". National Weather Service; Wichita, KS. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
↑ "The Monticello Tornado". National Weather Service, Northern Indiana. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "The Oak Lawn Tornado; April 21, 1967" (PDF). National Weather Service; Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Salt Lake City, F2 tornado, 11 August 1999". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Jonesboro, F4 tornado, 26 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Hamden, F4 tornado, 10 July 1989". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Monroe, EF3 tornado, 12 April 2020". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Colfax, F5 tornado, 4 June 1958". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
↑ "Tornado damage costs insurers $295M". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
↑ "Insured losses from twister: $153 million". Wichita Eagle (Amanda O'Toole). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
↑ "Stom Events Database, Search Results for Bullitt, Jefferson, and Spencer Counties, Kentucky; Event Types: Tornado; 28 May 1996". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Cordell, F3 tornado, 9 October 2001". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Jefferson/St. Clair Counties, F3 tornado, 27 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Hale/Perry/Bibb/Shelby/Talladega Counties, F4 tornado, 27 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Highland Park/Detroit, F2 tornado, 2 July 1997". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
↑ "National Disaster Survey Report 71-2: Mississippi Delta Tornadoes of February 21, 1971" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Pulaski/Saline Counties, Arkansas, F4 tornado, 1 March 1997". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Rutherford County, Tennessee, EF4 tornado, 10 April 2009". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
↑ "Storm Events Database, Dickson/Davidson/Sumner Counties, Tennessee, F3 tornado, 7 April 2006". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 11, 2023.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Communities-1] These are the communities (e.g. cities, towns, counties) where the greatest damage or loss of life occurred or at the beginning or end of the tornado’s track. The number of places that experience loss of life or damage is often higher than this. Colloquial tornado/event names, if applicable/known, are included in the Notes column of this table.

[Original_Cost-2] Estimated total damages are primarily taken from the NCEI database; however, before 1996, coding included on the Storm Data reports provided an extremely broad, often inaccurate, range for damage totals. If a more accurate or updated total can be obtained from a reputable source, it will be included here instead.

[Adjusted_Cost-3] Wikipedia formulas only allow adjusting damage totals (for inflation) through 2021. Adjustments of damage totals for inflation and wealth changes have been calculated with the website in2013dollars.com and Charles A. Doswell's 1997 paper which includes rates of inflation through the current year and normalised damage values. As these rates can be volatile (possibly changing from month to month), note that these calculations were made on May 15, 2023 and will be updated regularly.

[Rating-4] After the Fujita Scale was implemented in 1971, tornadoes from the previous 100 years (1871-1971) were retrospectively reviewed to determine their ratings. These reviews were completed by either Ted Fujita or Thomas P. Grazulis. Damage assessments from 1971-2006 were completed by using the Fujita Scale or, since 2007, the Enhanced Fujita Scale. These reviews have been handled by teams of meteorologists and structural engineers as assigned by National Weather Service (NWS) offices around the United States.

[5] "A 2000 tornado in Fort Worth triggered a boom in development". AP News (The Associated Press). March 31, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2023.

[6] "Top Ten KS Tornadoes". National Weather Service; Wichita, KS. Retrieved June 6, 2023.

[7] "The Monticello Tornado". National Weather Service, Northern Indiana. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[8] "The Oak Lawn Tornado; April 21, 1967" (PDF). National Weather Service; Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[9] "Storm Events Database, Salt Lake City, F2 tornado, 11 August 1999". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[10] "Storm Events Database, Jonesboro, F4 tornado, 26 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[11] "Storm Events Database, Hamden, F4 tornado, 10 July 1989". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[12] "Storm Events Database, Monroe, EF3 tornado, 12 April 2020". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[13] "Storm Events Database, Colfax, F5 tornado, 4 June 1958". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 8, 2023.

[14] "Tornado damage costs insurers $295M". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved June 8, 2023.

[15] "Insured losses from twister: $153 million". Wichita Eagle (Amanda O'Toole). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2023.

[16] "Stom Events Database, Search Results for Bullitt, Jefferson, and Spencer Counties, Kentucky; Event Types: Tornado; 28 May 1996". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 8, 2023.

[17] "Storm Events Database, Cordell, F3 tornado, 9 October 2001". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.

[18] "Storm Events Database, Jefferson/St. Clair Counties, F3 tornado, 27 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.

[19] "Storm Events Database, Hale/Perry/Bibb/Shelby/Talladega Counties, F4 tornado, 27 May 1973". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 9, 2023.

[20] "Storm Events Database, Highland Park/Detroit, F2 tornado, 2 July 1997". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.

[21] "National Disaster Survey Report 71-2: Mississippi Delta Tornadoes of February 21, 1971" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 10, 2023.

[22] "Storm Events Database, Pulaski/Saline Counties, Arkansas, F4 tornado, 1 March 1997". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.

[23] "Storm Events Database, Rutherford County, Tennessee, EF4 tornado, 10 April 2009". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 10, 2023.

[24] "Storm Events Database, Dickson/Davidson/Sumner Counties, Tennessee, F3 tornado, 7 April 2006". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 11, 2023.

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]