List of violent typhoons

Last updated

Typhoon Bolaven at its peak intensity while over the open Pacific on October 12, 2023 Bolaven 2023-10-11 2300Z.jpg
Typhoon Bolaven at its peak intensity while over the open Pacific on October 12, 2023

Violent typhoon is the highest category used by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) to classify tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific basin. The basin is limited to the north of the equator between the 100th meridian east and the 180th meridian. A violent typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 105 knots (194 km/h; 121 mph).

Contents

Background

RSMC Tokyo's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
CategorySustained winds
Violent typhoon≥105  knots
≥194 km/h
Very strong typhoon85–104  knots
157–193 km/h
Typhoon64–84  knots
118–156 km/h
Severe tropical storm48–63  knots
89–117 km/h
Tropical storm34–47  knots
62–88 km/h
Tropical depression≤33  knots
≤61 km/h

The Northwest Pacific basin covers a vast area in the Pacific Ocean, located north of the equator, between 100°E and 180°E. [1] Several weather agencies monitor this basin, however it is officially monitored by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA, RSMC Tokyo), who is responsible for forecasting, naming and issuing warnings for tropical cyclones. [1] Unofficially, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, however these warnings measures 1-minute sustained wind speeds, comparing their scale to the Saffir–Simpson scale. [2] The JMA uses a simpler scale on classifying tropical cyclones adapted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee measuring 10-minute sustained wind speeds, ranging from a tropical depression, tropical storm, severe tropical storm and typhoon. [3] Furthermore, the JMA divides the typhoon category into three sub-categories for domestic purposes – a strong typhoon, very strong typhoon and violent typhoon. [3]

This article covers a list of systems developing in the Northwest Pacific basin that were classified by the JMA's category of a violent typhoon. The category of a violent typhoon ranges with 10-minute sustained winds of 105 kn (54 m/s; 121 mph; 194 km/h) or greater. [3]

Systems

Key

20th century

NameSystem datesDuration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
Refs
Vera July 30 – 31, 197718†205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China Unknown5
Babe September 8, 197724205 km/h (125 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Caroline Islands, Ryukyu Islands, East China 23
Lucy December 3 – 4, 197712205 km/h (125 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Caroline Islands NoneNone
Rita October 22 – 26, 197896220 km/h (140 mph)880 hPa (25.98 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines >300
Viola November 22, 19786195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.97 inHg) Caroline Islands NoneNone
Hope July 31 – August 1, 197924205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Indochina, Bangladesh Unknown12
Judy August 19 – 20, 197924205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China, South Korea Unknown111
Tip October 11 – 13, 197972260 km/h (160 mph)870 hPa (25.69 inHg) Micronesia, Ryukyu Islands, Japan Unknown99
Vera November 4 – 5, 197924205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines UnknownUnknown
Wynne October 9 – 11, 198054220 km/h (140 mph)890 hPa (26.28 inHg) Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan 10Unknown
Elsie September 27 – 30, 198172220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg)NoneNoneNone
Irma November 22 – 23, 198130†205 km/h (125 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Philippines 593
Bess July 28 – 30, 198242230 km/h (145 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Japan 95
Cecil August 8, 198212205 km/h (125 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula 54Unknown
Mac October 5, 198218220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Japan None
Wayne July 24, 198318205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, South China 147Unknown
Abby August 8 – 13, 198396†220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Caroline Islands, Japan 7Unknown
Ellen September 6, 198318205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, South China 23
Forrest September 22 – 25, 198348†205 km/h (125 mph)885 hPa (26.13 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea 21Unknown
Marge October 4 – 5, 198336220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Mariana Islands NoneNone
Orchid November 23, 198312205 km/h (125 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines 170Unknown
Vanessa October 25 – 18, 198472220 km/h (140 mph)880 hPa (25.97 inHg) Caroline Islands 3
Agnes November 4, 19846195 km/h (120 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, Indochina 1,029
Dot October 16 – 17, 198542220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam 90
Lola May 19 – 20, 198642220 km/h (140 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Caroline Islands NoneNone
Peggy July 6 – 7, 198612205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, South China 422
Kim December 2 – 3, 198636205 km/h (125 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Mariana Islands NoneNone
Betty August 11 – 12, 198718205 km/h (125 mph)890 hPa (26.28 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand 92
Holly September 8 – 10, 198748205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Marshall Islands NoneNone
Freda September 10, 198718195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands NoneNone
Lynn October 20, 19876195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China 49
Flo September 16 – 18, 199042220 km/h (140 mph)890 hPa (26.28 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan 38
Page November 27, 199018195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Japan NoneNone
Ruth October 24 – 26, 199160215 km/h (130 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines 30Unknown
Yuri November 26 – 28, 199154220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands None
Gay November 20 – 21, 199236205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan 1None
Koryn June 24 – 25, 199324195 km/h (120 mph)905 hPa (26.87 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, South China 37
Melissa September 16, 199418205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Marshall Islands, Japan 3None
Seth October 7 – 8, 199424205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Korean Peninsula 9
Zelda November 4 – 5 199424195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Marshall Islands, Japan 3None
Angela November 1 – 2, 199536215 km/h (130 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam 936
Ivan October 17 – 18, 199730195 km/h (120 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines 14
Joan October 17 – 20, 199772195 km/h (120 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands 1
Keith November 2 – 3, 199736205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands None
Zeb October 13 – 14, 199818205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Philippines, Japan 122

21st century

NameSystem datesDuration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
Refs
Bilis August 21 – 22, 200024220 km/h (140 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China 71
Faxai December 22 – 23, 200112195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands 2
Maemi September 10 – 11, 200318195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula 120
Chaba August 22 – 25, 200478205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Japan, Ryukyu Islands, South Korea 20
Haitang July 16 – 17, 200524195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China 13
Saomai August 9, 200612195 km/h (120 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China 458
Ioke August 30 – 31, 200636195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Wake Island NoneNone
Shanshan September 15 – 16, 200624205 km/h (125 mph)919 hPa (27.14 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula 11
Yagi September 21, 200612195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Japan NoneNone
Durian November 29, 200624195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia 1,501
Sepat August 15 – 16, 200736205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China 43
Krosa October 5 – 6, 200727195 km/h (120 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Taiwan, East China 5
Rammasun May 10, 200812195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Japan 4
Jangmi September 27, 200818215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Taiwan, Japan 8
Choi-wan September 15 – 16, 200936195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands NoneUnknown [4]
Melor October 4 – 5, 200936205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan 3 [5]
Nida November 25 – 26, 200936215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands NoneNone [6]
Megi October 17 – 18, 201036230 km/h (145 mph)885 hPa (26.13 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, East China 69 [7]
Songda May 26 – 27, 201124195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Philippines, Japan 17 [8]
Sanba September 13 – 14, 201224205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula 6 [9]
Jelawat September 24 – 26, 201260205 km/h (125 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, Japan 2 [10]
Utor August 11, 20136195 km/h (120 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, South China 97 [11]
Usagi September 19 – 20, 201336205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, South China 39 [12]
Francisco October 18 – 20, 201336195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan None [13]
Lekima October 22 – 24, 201354215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.87 inHg) Mariana Islands NoneNone [14]
Haiyan November 6 – 8, 201342230 km/h (145 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam 6,352 [15]
Halong August 2 – 3, 201424195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan 12 [16]
Genevieve August 7 – 8, 201418205 km/h (125 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)NoneNoneNone [17]
Vongfong October 7 – 9, 201448215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea 9 [18]
Nuri November 2 – 3, 201436205 km/h (125 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Japan NoneUnknown [19]
Hagupit December 4 – 5, 201442215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam 18 [20]
Maysak March 31 – April 1, 201542195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines 4 [21]
Noul May 10, 201518205 km/h (125 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan 2 [22]
Soudelor August 3 – 4, 201530215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, East China 59 [23]
Dujuan September 27 – 28, 201536205 km/h (125 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, East China 3 [24]
Nepartak July 6 – 7, 201636205 km/h (125 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China 111 [25]
Meranti September 12 – 14, 201642220 km/h (140 mph)890 hPa (26.28 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, China 47 [26]
Chaba October 3, 201618215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea 10 [27]
Haima October 18 – 19, 201630215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, China 19 [28]
Nock-ten December 24 – 25, 201624195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines 13 [29]
Jelawat March 30, 201812195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands2Unknown [30]
Maria July 9, 201818195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China 1 [31]
Jebi August 31 – September 1, 201836195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan 20 [32]
Mangkhut September 11 – 14, 201890205 km/h (125 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, South China, Vietnam 134 [33]
Trami September 24 – 25, 201818195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan 4 [34]
Kong-rey October 1 – 2, 201830215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Taiwan, Japan, Korean Peninsula 3 [35]
Yutu October 24 – 27, 201848†215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China 30 [36]
Wutip February 23 – 24, 201918195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands None [37]
Lekima August 8, 20196195 km/h (120 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China, South Korea 90 [38]
Hagibis October 7 – 19, 201972195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, Russia Far East 98 [39]
Halong November 5 – 6, 201930215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)NoneNoneNone [40]
Haishen September 4, 202012195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Korean Peninsula 4
Goni October 30 – 31, 202036220 km/h (140 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Laos 26 [41]
Surigae April 17 – 19, 202142220 km/h (140 mph)895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines 10
Chanthu September 10 – 11, 202142215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, East China, Ryukyu Islands, South Korea, Japan
Mindulle September 26, 202118195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Mariana Islands None
Rai December 16 – 18, 202112†195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Palau, Philippines, Spratly Islands, Vietnam, South China, Hong Kong, Macau 410
Hinnamnor August 30 – September 1, 202218†195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Eastern China, South Korea, North Korea, Russian Far East 20
Nanmadol September 16 – 18, 202218195 km/h (120 mph)910 hPa (26.78 inHg) Japan, South Korea, Russian Far East 4
Mawar May 25 – June 3, 202372215 km/h (130 mph)900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Rota, Northern Mariana Islands 6
Saola August 22 – September 3, 202351195 km/h (120 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Philippines, South China, Macau, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Northern Vietnam 3
Bolaven October 11 – 13, 202345215 km/h (130 mph)905 hPa (26.58 inHg) Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Bonin Islands NoneUnknown
Yagi September 5 – 6, 202448195 km/h (120 mph)915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Palau, Philippines, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand 924>$14 billion

Climatology

Violent typhoons by month
MonthNumber of storms
January
0
February
1
March
2
April
1
May
6
June
1
July
8
August
17
September
23
October
26
November
17
December
6


Violent typhoons by decade
PeriodNumber of storms
1977–79
9
1980s
23
1990s
14
2000s
16
2010s
34
2020s
14

See also

References

  1. 1 2 WMO/ESCP Typhoon Committee (2019). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2019 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 1–7, 33–34. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  2. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2008-03-31). "What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?". Joint Typhoon Warning Center – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  3. 1 2 3 Typhoon Committee (2015). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2015 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  4. "RSMC Best Track 0914 CHOI-WAN (0914)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  5. "RSMC Best Track 0918 MELOR (0918)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 27, 2009. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  6. "RSMC Best Track 0924 NIDA (0924)". Japan Meteorological Agency. January 12, 2010. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  7. "RSMC Best Track 1013 MEGI (1013)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  8. "RSMC Best Track 1102 SONGDA (1102)". Japan Meteorological Agency. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  9. "RSMC Best Track 1216 SANBA (1216)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  10. "RSMC Best Track 1217 JELAWAT (1217)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  11. "RSMC Best Track 1311 UTOR (1311)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  12. "RSMC Best Track 1319 USAGI (1319)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  13. "RSMC Best Track 1327 FRANCISCO (1327)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  14. "RSMC Best Track 1328 LEKIMA (1328)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  15. "RSMC Best Track 1330 HAIYAN (1330)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  16. "RSMC Best Track 1411 HALONG (1411)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  17. "RSMC Best Track 1412 GENEVIEVE (1412)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 25, 2014. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  18. "RSMC Best Track 1419 VONGFONG (1419)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 21, 2014. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  19. "RSMC Best Track 1420 NURI (1420)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 26, 2014. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  20. "RSMC Best Track 1422 HAGUPIT (1422)". Japan Meteorological Agency. January 9, 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  21. "RSMC Best Track 1504 MAYSAK (1504)". Japan Meteorological Agency. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  22. "RSMC Best Track 1506 NOUL (1506)". Japan Meteorological Agency. June 24, 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  23. "RSMC Best Track 1513 SOUDELOR (1513)". Japan Meteorological Agency. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  24. "RSMC Best Track 1521 DUJUAN (1521)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 12, 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  25. "RSMC Best Track 1601 NEPARTAK (1601)". Japan Meteorological Agency. August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  26. "RSMC Best Track 1614 MERANTI (1614)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 21, 2016. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  27. "RSMC Best Track 1618 CHABA (1618)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original on 2024-05-28.
  28. "RSMC Best Track 1622 HAIMA (1622)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  29. "RSMC Best Track 1630 NOCK-TEN (1630)". Japan Meteorological Agency. January 24, 2017. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  30. "RSMC Best Track 1803 JELAWAT (1803)". Japan Meteorological Agency. April 25, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  31. "RSMC Best Track 1808 MARIA (1808)". Japan Meteorological Agency. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  32. "RSMC Best Track 1821 JEBI (1821)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 19, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  33. "RSMC Best Track 1822 MANGKHUT (1822)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  34. "RSMC Best Track 1824 TRAMI (1824)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 3, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  35. "RSMC Best Track 1825 KONG-REY (1825)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 4, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  36. "RSMC Best Track 1826 YUTU (1826)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 4, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22.
  37. "RSMC Best Track 1902 WUTIP (1903)". Japan Meteorological Agency. April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03.
  38. "RSMC Best Track 1909 LEKIMA (1909)". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 3, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-10-04.
  39. "RSMC Best Track 1919 HAGIBIS (1919)". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04.
  40. "RSMC Best Track 1923 HALONG (1923)". Japan Meteorological Agency. December 24, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30.
  41. "RSMC Best Track 2019 GONI (2019)". Japan Meteorological Agency. February 4, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-02-05.