National Social Assistance Scheme

Last updated

National Social Assistance Scheme (NSAP)
Pensioners Chhattisgarh.JPG
Old age pensioners in Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh
CountryIndia
Launched1995
StatusActive
Website nsap.nic.in

The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Government of India that provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows and persons with disabilities in the form of social pensions. The NSAP scheme only includes Below Poverty Line individuals as beneficiaries.

Contents

History

Article 41 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to provide public assistance to its citizens in case of 'unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want within the limit of its economic capacity and development'. [1]

1995: The NSAP is launched with the aim of providing social assistance to destitutes "defined as any person who has little or no regular means of subsistence from his/her own source of income or through financial support from family members or other sources". The NSAP includes three components: National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS), and National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).

2000: Annapurna Yojana is introduced to provide eligible beneficiaries, who were not covered under NOAPS, 10 kg of free rice. [2]

2001: NMBS is transferred to the Department of Family Welfare.

2006: Monthly pension amount for NOAPS raised from ₹75 (94¢ US) to ₹200 (US$2.50) [2]

2007: The NSAP is extended to cover all individuals living below the poverty line. The NOAPS is renamed Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS). [2]

2009: The NSAP is expanded to include the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) [3] – for widows aged 40–64 years – and the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) [4] – for persons with multiple or severe disabilities aged 18–64 years living below the poverty line.

2011: Age limit for IGNOAPS is lowered from 65 to 60 years under IGNOAPS and monthly pension amount for those 80 years and above is raised from ₹200 (US$2.50) to ₹500 (US$6.30). [5] Age limits for IGNWPS and IGNDPS are changed to 40–59 and 18–59, respectively.

2012: Monthly pensions under IGNWPS and IGNDPS increased from ₹200 (US$2.50) to ₹300 (US$3.80). Age limit changed to 40–79 years and 18–79 years, respectively.

2013: Report of the Task Force on Comprehensive Social Assistance Programme submitted to the Government of India. Recommends raising monthly pension and expanding coverage.

Components

The National Assistance Program consists of five sub-schemes:

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)

The Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) is a non-contributory old age pension scheme that covers Indians who are 60 years and above and live below the poverty line. [6] [7] All individuals above the age of 60 who live below the poverty line are eligible to apply for IGNOAPS. [8] All IGNOAPS beneficiaries aged 60–79 receive a monthly pension of Rs. 300 (Rs. 200 by central government and Rs. 100 by state government). Those 80 years and above receive a monthly pension amount of Rs.500.States are strongly urged to provide an additional amount at least an equivalent amount to the assistance provided by the Central Government so that the beneficiaries can get a decent level of assistance . [8]

Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)

Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme(IGNWPS), introduced in the year 2009, provides BPL(Below Poverty Line) widows in the age group 40 to 59(later revised 40 to 79 WEF 01.10.2012) with a monthly pension of Rs. 200 (later revised to Rs.300 WEF 01.10.2012) per beneficiary. This programme was started in 2009 under the ministry for rural development. </http://www.nsap.nic.in/guidelines.html#>

Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS)

Eligibility: Individuals aged 18 years and above with more than 80% disability and living below the poverty line.

Amount: ₹300 (US$3.80) per month (₹500 (US$6.30) for those 80 years and above).

National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)

In the event of death of a bread-winner in a household, the bereaved family will receive lumpsum assistance of 20,000. The bread-winner should have been between 18–64 years of age. The assistance would be provided in every case of death of primary bread-winner in a household.

Annapurna Scheme

This scheme aims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the IGNOAPS. Under the Annapurna Scheme, 10 kg of free rice is provided every month to each beneficiary.

Administration

The scheme is administered by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. It is fully funded by the Central Government, unlike some other welfare programs where the Union government shares costs with the State Governments.

Allocation of funds for NSAP by Government of India between 2009–10 and 2014–15 (in Crore Rs.): [9]

Financial yearNSAP allocation
2009-105,200
2010-115,162
2011-126,596
2012-138,447
2013-149,541
2014-1510,635

State-level initiatives in social pensions

The implementation of social pensions varies considerably across states. Through state-level initiatives, many State Governments have expanded coverage beyond BPL households by relaxing eligibility criteria and increased monthly pension amounts using state finances. One such example is Lakshmi Bai Social Security Pension Scheme, launched by Government of Bihar, to cover all widows not covered under IGNWP. This scheme is one of the many Social Security initiatives taken up by Government of Bihar being implemented by Department of Social Welfare through State Society for Ultra Poor and Social Welfare, also known as SAKSHAM.

Relaxed eligibility criteria

Many State Governments have either stopped using the BPL methodology for identifying eligible beneficiaries or launched state-level pension schemes to increase coverage of social pensions beyond those living below the poverty line.

States such as Delhi and Haryana have moved to near-universal coverage by adopting exclusion criteria (for example in Haryana, all residents above 59 years of age with an annual income from all sources less than ₹2 lakh (US$2,500) are eligible for old-age pension). [10]

Other states have launched state pension schemes that cover individuals from non-BPL households who are not eligible for social pensions under NSAP. In Odisha, for instance, all elderly above 59 years of age and widows whose annual income from all sources is below ₹24,000 (US$300) are eligible for the Madhu Babu Pension Scheme. [11]

As the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) only covers widows aged 40–59, some State Governments have launched state widow pension schemes. In Chhattisgarh, the Sukhad Sahara Yojana provides a monthly pension to all widows aged 18–50. [12] The Lakshmi Bai Pension Yojana [13] in Bihar covers all widows above 18 years of age whose annual family income is below ₹60,000 (US$750).

Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) only covers individuals with more than 80% disability. To address this gap in coverage, states like Bihar [14] and Rajasthan [15] have launched State Disability Pension schemes that cover individuals with more than 40% disability.

Increase in pension amounts

The Government of India has urged State Governments to make matching contributions with the aim of doubling the monthly pension amounts. The table below shows monthly pension amounts in various states:

State / UTOld age pensionWidow pensionDisability pension
Andhra Pradesh [16] 300025003000
Arunachal Pradesh [17] 1500 (60-80 Age), 2000 (above 80 Age)3000

2000

2000
Assam [18] 200 (60-80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)300 (40-80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)300 (upto 80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)
Bihar [19] 400 (60-80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)400400
Chandigarh [20] 200020002000
Chhattisgarh [21] 350 (60-80 Age), 650 (above 80 Age)350500
Delhi [22] 2000 (60-70 Age), 2500 (above 70 Age)25002500
Gujarat [23] 750 (60-80 Age), 1000 (above 80 Age)1250750 (60-75 Age), 1000 (above 75 Age)
Haryana [24] 300030003000
Himachal Pradesh [25] 750 (60-70 Age), 1300 (above 70 Age)750750 (40%-69% disability), 1300 (80% or more disability)
Jammu and Kashmir [26] 100010001000
Jharkhand [27] 600600600
Kerala [28] 160016001600
Ladakh [29] 100010001000
Madhya Pradesh [30] 600 (60-80 Age), 800 (above 80 Age)600600
Maharashtra [31] 100150150
Manipur [32] 200 (60-80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)300300
Meghalaya [33] 500 (60-80 Age), 550 (above 80 Age)500500
Mizoram [34] 300 (60-80 Age), 600 (above 80 Age)400400
Nagaland [35] 300 (60-80 Age), 600 (above 80 Age)300 (40-80 Age), 500 (above 80 Age)300
Odisha [36] 500 (60-80 Age), 700 (above 80 Age)500500
Punjab [37] 150015001500
Rajasthan [38] 750 (60-75 Age), 1000 (above 75 Age)500 (18-55 Age), 750 (55-60 Age), 1000 (60-75 Age), 1500 (above 75 Age)750 (Disability), 1500 (Leprosy Person)
Sikkim [39] 1500 (60-70 Age), 2000 (70-80 Age), 2500 (above 80 Age)20002000
Tamil Nadu [40] 400400400
Telangana [41] 200020003000
Tripura [42] 800 (60-80 Age), 700 (above 80 Age)700700 (Others than 100% Blind Beneficiaries), 1200 (100% Blind Beneficiaries)
Uttrakhand [43] 150015001500
Uttar Pradesh [44] 100010001000
West Bengal [45] 100010001000

Research and evaluation

Recent studies of NSAP show that the social pension schemes are performing 'reasonably well' [46] and 'levels of leakage are low and tractable'. [47]

A 2014 study [48] by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) concludes that "the Indian government should increase the pension amount to lower the risk of poverty among the elderly, and work to expand inclusion of the most vulnerable groups."

Based on a study of social pensions in three states (Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh) in 2014, the World Bank [47] makes a case for scaling up social pensions in India. The study raises four important points regarding expanding coverage of social pensions: "First, an expansion in coverage by adding more numbers (as Haryana has done) is likely to reduce the risk of exclusion of the poor. Second, expansion is unlikely to render the social pension completely regressive in its distribution or change the positive impact it has on vulnerability. Third, an increase in the size of the pension amount (for example, in Delhi) may not necessarily increase the incentive to cheat. Leakages, while present, are likely to be concentrated in particular areas and can be curbed through policy action. Fourth, while bribes have crept in the release of pensions, they can be curtailed through timely and direct disbursement of pension funds into beneficiaries' bank accounts." The study identifies the application process as the 'biggest obstacle' to expanding coverage of social pensions.

According to a 10-state survey [46] of social pensions in 2013, "there is strong evidence to support the fact that the money is reaching the intended beneficiaries without any major leakages ... evaluation of the scheme also brings to the fore issues related to the diminutive amount, inefficient disbursal mechanism, cost of collection and the lack of a fixed pattern of payment."

Report of the task force, Ministry of Rural Development (2013)

In October 2012, the Government of India set up a task force to come up with a proposal for a Comprehensive Social Assistance Programme. Some of the recommendations from the report [49] submitted in March 2013 are listed below:

  1. Increase IGNOAPS from ₹200 (US$2.50) to ₹300 (US$3.80) per month
  2. Reduce minimum age requirement for IGNWPS from 40 to 18 years
  3. Revise eligibility criteria for IGNWPS to include divorced/separated/abandoned women who, according to the report, face the same discrimination as widows
  4. Reduce disability level from 80% to 40%
  5. Assistance to be provided in the event of the death of any adult member (and not just male members) to the bereaved family under NFSB
  6. Pension amounts should be indexed to inflation using the criteria adopted for dearness allowance
  7. Coverage should be expanded with the aim of covering all households eligible for benefits under the NFSA
  8. Pro-active identification of beneficiaries with no demand for documentary proof from applicants.
  9. Pension payments must follow a fixed monthly schedule - this should be a 'non-negotiable requirement'
  10. Cash payments should be discouraged; states may move to bank or post office based systems
  11. Pension payment method should be adopted keeping in mind that no pensioner should have to travel beyond three km to collect pension; ultimate goal should be to ensure door-step delivery of pensions

The Government of India is yet to implement most of these recommendations. [50]

Pension Parishad

The Pension Parishad – an initiative to ensure universal pension to all workers in India – has been demanding that the Government of India establish a "non-contributory and universal old age pension system with a minimum amount of monthly pension not less than 50% of the minimum wage or ₹2,000 (US$25), whichever is higher." [51]

Other important demands of the Pension Parishad include the following:

Issues and debates

Use of BPL methodology for identification of beneficiaries

There has been an ongoing debate [52] [53] [54] [55] in India over the use of BPL status for identifying beneficiaries for social programs. This is especially true for social pensions where many poor elderly, widows and persons with disability are excluded from the NSAP as their names are not on the BPL list. [56] Many states have expanded coverage of pension schemes by including non-BPL individuals based on their annual income or using a simple exclusion criteria to exclude individuals with government jobs or those owning more than a certain amount of land.

Low monthly pension amounts

There has been severe criticism of the Government of India for not increasing the monthly pension provided to the elderly, widows and persons with disability in India. The harshest criticism came from the then Minister of Rural Development, Jairam Ramesh, who described the low monthly pension amounts as 'an insult to the dignity' of the elderly. [57] While the Government of India maintains that State Governments should make a matching contribution to social pensions, the amount would still not account for the rise in living costs over the past decade. The Pension Parishad has demanded that the government raise the monthly pension to half of the minimum wage or ₹2,000 (US$25), whichever is higher. Similarly, the Task Force setup to review the NSAP recommended that pensions be indexed to inflation and increased using a method similar to that of dearness allowance.

See also

Related Research Articles

Welfare reform is the process of proposing and adopting changes to a welfare system in order to improve the efficiency and administration of government assistance programs with the goal of enhancing equity and fairness for both welfare recipients and taxpayers. Reform programs have various aims: empowering individuals to help them become self-sufficient, ensuring the sustainability and solvency of various welfare programs, and/or promoting equitable distribution of resources. Welfare reform is constantly debated because of the varying opinions on a government's need to balance the imperatives of guaranteeing welfare benefits and promoting self-sufficiency.

Social security in India includes a variety of statutory insurances and social grant schemes bundled into a formerly complex and fragmented system run by the Indian government at the federal and the state level. The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution reflects that India is a welfare state. Food security to all Indians are guaranteed under the National Food Security Act, 2013 where the government provides highly subsidised food grains or a food security allowance to economically vulnerable people. The system has since been universalised with the passing of The Code on Social Security, 2020. These cover most of the Indian population with social protection in various situations in their lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Below Poverty Line</span> Indian benchmark

Below Poverty Line is a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey due for a decade, India's central government is undecided on criteria to identify families below poverty line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public Distribution System (India)</span> Indian food security system

The Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system that was established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution to distribute food and non-food items to India's poor at subsidised rates. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar and essential fuels like kerosene, through a network of fair price shops established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a government-owned corporation, procures and maintains the PDS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana</span> Government-sponsored Health Insurance Programme in India

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana is a government-run health insurance programme for the Indian poor. The scheme aims to provide health insurance coverage to the unrecognised sector workers belonging to the BPL category and their family members shall be beneficiaries under this scheme. It provides for cashless insurance for hospitalisation in public as well as private hospitals. The scheme started enrolling on April 1, 2008 and has been implemented in 25 states of India. A total of 36 million families have been enrolled as of February 2014. Initially, RSBY was a project under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Now it has been transferred to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare from April 1, 2015

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana</span> Indian social welfare programme

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Aawas Yojana, previously Indira Awas Yojana, is a social welfare programme, created by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poor in India. A similar scheme for urban poor was launched in 2015 as Housing for All by 2022. Indira Awas Yojana was launched in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, as one of the major flagship programs of the Ministry of Rural Development to construct houses for the Below Poverty Line population in the villages.

India operates a complex pension system. There are however three major pillars to the Indian pension system: the solidarity social assistance called the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) for the elderly poor, the civil servants pension and the mandatory defined contribution pension programs run by the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India for private sector employees and employees of state owned companies, and several voluntary plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pradhan Mantri Matri Vandana Yojana</span> Indian maternity benefit programme

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), previously known as the Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, is a maternity benefit program run by the government of India. It was originally launched in 2010 and renamed in 2017. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women of 19 years of age or above for the first live birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ration card (India)</span> Ration Card

Ration cards are an official document issued by state governments in India to households that are eligible to purchase subsidised food grain from the Public Distribution System under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). They also serve as a common form of identification for many Indians.

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is a government-backed accident insurance scheme in India. It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Late Arun Jaitley in February 2015. It was formally launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 8 May in Kolkata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atal Pension Yojana</span> Indian national pension scheme

Atal Pension Yojana, formerly known as Swavalamban Yojana is a government-backed pension scheme in India, primarily targeted at the unorganised sector. It was mentioned in the year 2015 Budget speech by the Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May 2015 in Kolkata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</span> Housing initiative in India

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a credit-linked subsidy scheme by the Government of India to facilitate access to affordable housing for the low and moderate-income residents of the country. It envisaged a target of building 2 crore (20 million) affordable houses by 31 March 2022. It has two components: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G and also PMAY-R) for the rural poor, the former administered by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the latter by Ministry of Rural Development. This scheme converges with other schemes to ensure that houses have a toilet, Saubhagya Scheme for universal electricity connection, Ujjwala Yojana LPG connection, access to drinking water and Jan Dhan banking facilities, etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana</span>

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana, previously Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana (RGJAY), is a Universal health care scheme run by the Government of Maharashtra for the poor people of the state of Maharashtra who holds one of the 4 cards issued by the government; Antyodaya card, Annapurna card, yellow ration card or orange ration card. The scheme was first launched in 8 districts of the Maharashtra state in July 2012 and then across all 35 districts of the state in November 2015. It provides free access to medical care in government empanelled 488 hospitals for 971 types of diseases, surgeries and therapies costing up to Rs.1,50,000 per year per family. As of 17 January 2016, around 11.81 lakh procedures amounting to Rs.1827 crore have been performed on patients from 7.13 lakh beneficiary families which includes over 7.27 lakh surgeries and therapies. The scheme is called successful amid some allegations of hospitals directly or indirectly causing patients to incur out-of-pockets expenses on some part of the treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana</span> Indian government energy scheme

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 1 May 2016 to distribute 50 million LPG connections to women of Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. A budgetary allocation of ₹80 billion (US$1.0 billion) was made for the scheme. The scheme was replaced by the Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 in 2021.

The Madhu Babu Pension Yojana(MBPY) is a pension scheme introduced in the Indian State of Odisha with the objective of providing financial assistance to destitute, elderly, and disabled individuals in the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Gehlot ministry</span> Government of Rajasthan, India (2018–2023)

The Third Ashok Gehlot ministry is the state cabinet of the Indian state of Rajasthan in the 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly headed by Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nilam Sawhney</span> Indian civil servant

Nilam Sawhney is currently serving as chief election commissioner of Andhra Pradesh. She served as the first woman Chief Secretary of the newly formed state of Andhra Pradesh, India, from November 2019 to January 2021. She is a 1984 batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of Andhra Pradesh cadre. She previously held the position of Secretary of Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment from 2018 to 2019 and before this served as the Secretary of Central Vigilance Commission in the Government of India from 2015 to 2018.

The Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare (DA&FW) is one of the three constituent department of Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, the other two being Department of Agriculture Research and Education (DARE) and Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. The Department is headed by Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.

YSR Bima is an insurance policy launched by Government of Andhra Pradesh to provide relief for the families of unorganized workers of below poverty line.

References

  1. ↑ "National Social Assistance Programme(NSAP)" (PDF). Ministry of Rural Development.
  2. 1 2 3 rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/programmes-schemes/nsap%20intro.doc
  3. ↑ "Guidelines for Central assistance under the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)" (PDF). Ministry of Rural Development. 30 June 2011.
  4. ↑ "Guidelines for Central assistance under the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS)" (PDF). Ministry of Rural Development. 30 June 2011.
  5. ↑ "Modification of the eligibility criteria for Central assistance under the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)" (PDF). Ministry of Rural Development. 30 June 2011.
  6. ↑ "Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme". Press Information Bureau.
  7. ↑ "Schemes". Archived from the original on 9 October 2012.
  8. 1 2 "Guidelines On The Various Schemes of NSAP". nsap.nic.in.
  9. ↑ "Accountability Initiative Budget Briefs 2014-15" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "NIC-Kaithal".
  11. ↑ "Madhu Babu Pension Yojna".
  12. ↑ "सामाजिक सहायता कार्यक्रम". Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  13. ↑ "Department of Social Welfare: Schemes And Programmes".
  14. ↑ "Department of Social Welfare: Schemes And Programmes".
  15. ↑ "RajSSP".
  16. ↑ "About Pensions". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008.
  17. ↑ THE HILLS TIMES. "Arunachal Govt hikes old age, widow pension".
  18. ↑ "Panchayat and Rural Development Government of Assam, India". Archived from the original on 17 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "Department of Social Welfare Government of Bihar, India".
  20. ↑ tribuneindia.com. "Social Welfare Committee of Chandigarh UT Administration to increase the old age, disability and widow pension from Rs1000 to Rs2000 per month".
  21. ↑ "Social Welfare Department Government of Chhattisgarh, India".
  22. ↑ hindustantimes.com. "The cabinet approved the increase in old age pension, disability and widow pension by Rs 1,000 each. For old age pension, those between the age group of 60-69 years will get Rs 2,000 as pension now. Senior citizens above 70 years will now get Rs 2,500 as pension compared to Rs 1,500 earlier. Disability pension has been raised from Rs 1,500 to Rs 2,500 while pension for widows and destitute women has been raised from Rs 1,500 to Rs 2,500".
  23. ↑ "Social Defense Government of Gujarat, India".
  24. ↑ "old age, widow and disability pensions increase in Haryana by CM M.L. Khattar from rs. 2500 to rs. 2750 from 1 April 2023" (PDF). 4 March 2023.
  25. ↑ HIMACHAL PRADESH. "Information & Public Relations, Government of Himachal Pradesh, India".
  26. ↑ "Social Welfare Department,Jammu and Kashmir,India" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "Social Security District Bokaro Government of Jharkhand, India".
  28. ↑ "Sevana Pension - Social Security System, Govt. of Kerala". Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.
  29. ↑ "Social and Tribal Welfare Department,Ladakh,India".
  30. ↑ "Madhya Pradesh State Pension Portal Government of Madhya Pradesh, India" (PDF).
  31. ↑ "SGY Schemes".
  32. ↑ "District Social Welfare Imphal West Government of Manipur, India".
  33. ↑ "Government of Meghalaya, India".
  34. ↑ "Social Welfare and Tribal Affairs Department Government of Mizoram, India".
  35. ↑ EASTERN MIRROR. "Nagaland Govt old age, widow pension".
  36. ↑ "Social Security and Empowerment Department Government of Odisha, India".
  37. ↑ "Department of Social Security And Women & Child Development, Government of Punjab,India".
  38. ↑ "Social Justice and Empowerment Department Government of Rajasthan, India".
  39. ↑ "Women and Child Welfare Department Government of Sikkim, India".
  40. ↑ "Tamil Nadu Government Portal".
  41. ↑ Aasara Pensions in Bangaru Telangana
  42. ↑ "Social Welfare and Social Education Department Government of Tripura, India" (PDF).
  43. ↑ amarujala.com. "Social Welfare Department, Uttarakhand, India".
  44. ↑ "Samajik Suraksha Pension Yojana Government of Uttar Pradesh, India".
  45. ↑ "Social Welfare Pensions Government of West Bengal, India".
  46. 1 2 Saloni Chopra; Jessica Pudussery. "Social Security Pensions in India: An Assessment" (PDF). Economic & Political Weekly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2015.
  47. 1 2 Shrayana Bhattacharya; Maria Mini Jos; Soumya Kapoor Mehta; Rinku Murgai (4 April 2015). "From Policy to Practice: How Should Social Pensions be Scaled Up?". Economic & Political Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  48. ↑ "Economics of Public Pension: Analysing India's Old Age Pension Scheme". Ideas for India. 3 September 2014.
  49. ↑ "Proposal For Comprehensive National Social Assistance Programme: Report of the Task Force 2013" (PDF). Ministry of Rural Development. March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  50. ↑ "Government accepts recommendations of 'Task Force' on PwDs". timesofindia-economictimes.
  51. ↑ "Pension Parishad".
  52. ↑ Naresh Chandra Saxena (25 July 2013). "A poor debate on poverty in India".
  53. ↑ "A brief history of poverty counting in India". The Alternative.
  54. ↑ Aishwarya Deshpande. "Everything you wanted to know about the poverty debate". www.livemint.com.
  55. ↑ Sabina Alkire; Suman Seth (12 January 2013). "Identifying BPL Households: A Comparison of Methods". Economic & Political Weekly. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.642.1063 .
  56. ↑ Prabhat Patnaik. "For a universal old-age pension plan". The Hindu.
  57. ↑ "India needs to design proper pension programme to alleviate poverty of elderly". timesofindia-economictimes.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.