1928 college football season

Last updated

The 1928 football season had both the USC Trojans and the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado claim national championships. USC was recognized as champions under the Dickinson System, but the Rose Bowl was contested between the No. 2 and No. 3 Dickinson-rated teams, California and Georgia Tech. [1] The game was decided by a safety scored after Roy "Wrong Way" Riegels ran 65 yards in the wrong direction. Vance Maree blocked the ensuing punt which gave Georgia Tech a safety deciding the 8–7 win.

Contents

The Florida Gators led the nation in scoring as a team, led by its "Phantom Four" backfield, with 336 points. They were remembered by many sports commentators as the best Florida football team until at least the 1960s. NYU halfback Ken Strong led the nation in scoring as an individual, with 162 points, and tallied some 3,000 total yards from scrimmage. [2]

Conference and program changes

Conference changes

Membership changes

School1927 Conference1928 Conference
Appalachian State University Mountaineers Program EstablishedIndependent
Creighton University Bluejays Independent Missouri Valley
Drake University Bulldogs MVIAA Missouri Valley
Iowa State Cyclones MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
Grinnell Pioneers MVIAA Missouri Valley
University of Kansas Jayhawks MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
Kansas State Wildcats MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
University of Missouri Tigers MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
Nebraska Cornhuskers MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
Oklahoma Sooners MVIAA Big Six (MVIAA)
Oklahoma A&M Cowboys MVIAA Missouri Valley
UCLA Bruins SCIAC Pacific Coast
Washington University in St. Louis Bears MVIAA Missouri Valley

September

September 29

Army beat Boston University 35–0. New York University (NYU) beat Niagara College 21–0. Pennsylvania def Ursinus 34–0. California beat Santa Clara 22–0 and USC beat Utah State, 40–12. Texas beat its crosstown neighbor, Austin's St. Edward's College, 32–0.

October

October 6

Nebraska opened its season with a 12–0 win at Iowa State. Army narrowly beat the visiting SMU Mustangs, 14–13. NYU beat West Virginia Wesleyan, 26–7. Pennsylvania def. Franklin & Marshall 46–0. Texas beat Texas Tech 12–0. After losing 2 games out of 3 to non-college opponents, Stanford won at Oregon 26–12; USC beat visiting Oregon State 19–0. California beat St. Mary's, 7–0 Wisconsin beat visiting Notre Dame, 22–6. Georgia Tech beat VMI, 13–0. Illinois beat Bradley, 33–6. Iowa played a Sunday game against Monmouth College, winning 26–0.

October 13

Stanford beat visiting UCLA 45–7, and California beat Washington State, 13–3. USC defeated St. Mary's, 19–6.

In New Orleans, Georgia Tech beat Tulane, 12–0, and in Dallas, Texas narrowly lost to Vanderbilt, 13–12. Pennsylvania shut out Swarthmore 67–0. NYU defeated Fordham* 34–7. Army shut out Providence 44–0. Nebraska beat Montana State, 26–6. Iowa won at Chicago, 13–0, while Illinois hosted Iowa's Coe College, winning 31–0 Wisconsin hosted Cornell College of Iowa, and North Dakota State University, with the varsity winning the first game 49–0, and the reserves beating the Dakotans 13–7.

October 20

In Berkeley, California and USC played to a 0–0 tie. With the exception of this game, USC played all of its other contests at home in Los Angeles in 1928.

Georgia Tech shut out Notre Dame at home, 13–0. Army won at Harvard 15–0. NYU beat Rutgers* 48–0. Pennsylvania recorded its fourth shutout, beating Penn State 14–0. In San Francisco, Stanford beat Idaho, 47–0. Wisconsin and Purdue tied 19–19, and Illinois beat Indiana 13–7. Iowa beat Ripon College, 61–6. Nebraska edged visiting Syracuse, 7–6. Texas beat Arkansas, 20–7. After its first two wins over Ashland College (65–0) and Thiel (38–13), Carnegie Tech beat Washington & Jefferson, 19–0.

October 27

Army won at Yale, 18–6. NYU beat Colgate 47–6. Pennsylvania (4–0–0) was upset by (1–3–0) Navy, 6–0. Prior to that, Penn had outscored its opponents 161–0. USC beat Occidental 19–0. Stanford beat Fresno State, 47–0. Wisconsin won at Michigan, 7–0, and Iowa beat Minnesota, 7–6, while Illinois beat Northwestern 6–0. Carnegie Tech beat Pittsburgh, 6–0. Georgia Tech yielded its first points, winning at North Carolina, 20–7. Nebraska shut out Missouri, 24–0, and Texas won at Rice, 13–6. California lost to the Olympic Club of San Francisco, 12–0. Olympic, nominally an amateur team of former college players, had beaten Stanford 12–6 earlier.

November

November 3

In Los Angeles, USC (4–0–1) and Stanford (5–2–0) met, with the Trojans winning 10–0. Wisconsin beat visiting Alabama, 15–0, while 4–0–0 Illinois suffered its first loss, at Michigan, 3–0. California beat Oregon, 13–0. Nebraska won at Kansas, 20–0. Texas lost to visiting SMU, 6–2. Pennsylvania won at Chicago, 20–13. NYU and Georgetown University, both 5–0–0, with the Hoyas winning 7–2. Army beat Indiana's DePauw College, 38–12. Iowa defeated visiting South Dakota, 19–0. Carnegie Tech extended its streak, with a 32–0 win over Westminster College of Pennsylvania, and Georgia Tech beat visiting Oglethorpe College 32–7.

November 10

Army (6–0–0) hosted Notre Dame(4–2–0). A crowd of 90,000 packed the stands while 5,000 others in the Bronx watched from roofs and fire escapes within view of Yankee Stadium. Though the Fighting Irish weren't having a good year, the score was 0–0 when Knute Rockne inspired his team at halftime by relating George Gipp's deathbed wish ("When the team's up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boystell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper"). Though Army scored a touchdown in the third quarter, touchdowns by Jack Chevigny and Johnny O'Brien gave the Irish a 12–6 lead. In the final minute, Army drove to within one foot of the goal line, but the whistle sounded before the Cadets could snap the ball. [3]

In the New York Daily News the following Monday, reporter Francis Wallace first related the story in an article entitled, "Gipp's Ghost Beat Army." [4]

The big game in the South was in Atlanta, where Vanderbilt (6–0–0) visited Georgia Tech (5–0–0), and the home team won 19–7. Texas won at Baylor, 6–0.

Wisconsin defeated Chicago, 25–0, and Iowa won at Ohio State, 14–7. In Indianapolis, Illinois beat Butler, 14–0.

Pennsylvania won at Harvard, 7–0 NYU beat Alfred University, 71–0. USC beat Arizona, 78–7, Stanford beat Santa Clara 31–0, and California won at Washington, 6–0. Carnegie Tech won at Georgetown, 13–7.

Nebraska, which had not played Oklahoma during the last two seasons, renewed a rivalry that became one of the most notable in college football. Playing at Oklahoma, the Cornhuskers won 44–6.

November 17

Iowa (6–0–0) hosted Wisconsin (6–0–1) in a meeting of unbeatens, with the visitors handing the Hawkeyes their first loss, 13–0. Illinois won at Chicago, 40–0. Georgia Tech beat Alabama at home, 33–13. Nebraska (6–0–0) hosted the (5–2–0) Pitt Panthers, and were tied, 0–0. Pennsylvania beat Columbia 34–7 NYU beat Missouri, 27–6. Army beat Carleton, 32–7. Texas beat a strong TCU team, 6–0. USC won again, defeating Washington State, 27–13, while Stanford beat Washington, 12–0, California rolled over visiting Nevada, 60–0. (6–0–0) Carnegie Tech won at (5–2–0) Notre Dame, 27–7.

November 24

Carnegie Tech (7–0–0) and NYU (7–1–0) met at Pittsburgh. The Violets handed Tech its first defeat, 27–13. Ken Strong gained widespread fame. He threw two long touchdown passes, rushed for two touchdowns, and kicked three extra points, leading Grantland Rice to write:

This attack was led by a runaway buffalo, using the speed of a deer, and his name was Ken Strong. He ran all over a big, powerful team, smashed its line, ran its ends, kicked 50 and 55 yards, threw passes and tackled all over the lot. Today he was George Gipp, Red Grange and Chris Cagle rolled into one human form and there was nothing Carnegie Tech had that could stop his march. [5]

Carnegie Tech coach Walter Steffen said of Strong's performance: "This is the first time in my career that one man was good enough to run over and completely wreck an exceptionally good team. I can tell you he is better than Heston or Thorpe." [6]

Georgia Tech crushed visiting Auburn, 51–0. Auburn won only 1 of its 9 games, and scored in only two of those contests.

Army (7–1–0) and Nebraska (6–0–1) met at West Point, with the Cadets beating the visiting Cornhuskers, 13–3. Stanford and California tied at Berkeley, 13–13. USC beat Idaho, 28–7.

November 29

On Thanksgiving Day, Pennsylvania beat Cornell 49–0. Overall, the Penn Quakers had outscored their opponents 271 to 26, and finished 8–1–0. NYU closed its season with a 25–13 loss to visiting Oregon State, and finished 8–2–0. Wisconsin hosted Minnesota, and suffered its first loss, a 6–0 defeat, to close at 7–1–1. After starting the season 6–0, Iowa closed with a second loss, at Michigan, 10–7, to finish 6–2–0. Illinois closed at 7–1–0 after beating visiting Ohio State, 8–0. Nebraska closed its season with an 8–0 win over Kansas State, and Texas wrapped with a 19–0 win over Texas A&M.

December 1

Army and Stanford met at Yankee Stadium, with Stanford shutting the Cadets out, 26–0. In Los Angeles, USC hosted Notre Dame, winning 27–14, to close its season at 9–0–1.

December 8

Georgia Tech hosted Georgia and won 206, closing regular play at 90, before the Yellow Jackets' trip to the Rose Bowl. The Jackets finished 70 in Southern Conference play, assuring themselves of at least a share of the conference title.

In one of the final games of the 1928 season, once-tied Tennessee hosted unbeaten Florida in Knoxville. For coach Charlie Bachman's Florida Gators, a share of the Southern Conference title was at stake; coach Robert Neyland's Tennessee Volunteers were playing for pride. Tennessee edged Florida, 1312. Florida finished 81, Tennessee 901, and unbeaten and untied Georgia Tech won the conference championship outright.

Rose Bowl

As the lone post-season college football game, the Rose Bowl matched the California Golden Bears, co-champions (with USC) of the Pacific Coast Conference, against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, nicknamed the "Golden Tornado" as well as the "champions of the South". In the second quarter, the Jackets were on their own 25 yard line, when Warner Mizell fumbled the football. Playing linebacker, California center Roy Riegels scooped up the fumble at the 34 and dashed, unimpeded, toward the end zone. Unfortunately, Riegels had gotten turned around and ran downfield toward the California goal. Though Riegels was not tackled in his own end zone, California chose to punt from there on first down, and Benny Lom's kick was blocked by Tech's Tom Jones, and Cal's Stan Barr fell on the ball for the safety. Georgia Tech's 2–0 lead at halftime was extended to 8–0 after Stumpy Thomason ran for 15 yards for a score, and the conversion failed. Lom's pass to Irv Phillips, and Barr's extra point, made it 8–7 with a minute left. An onside kick attempt failed, and Georgia Tech ran out the clock to win the other national championship. [7]

Conference standings

For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

1928 Big Six Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Nebraska $ 5 0 07 1 1
Oklahoma 3 2 05 3 0
Missouri 3 2 04 4 0
Iowa State 2 2 12 5 1
Kansas 1 3 12 4 2
Kansas State 0 5 03 5 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Big Ten Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 6 Illinois $ 4 1 07 1 0
No. 4 Wisconsin 3 1 17 1 1
Minnesota 4 2 06 2 0
No. 6 Iowa 3 2 06 2 0
Ohio State 3 2 05 2 1
Purdue 2 2 15 2 1
Northwestern 2 3 05 3 0
Michigan 2 3 03 4 1
Indiana 2 4 04 4 0
Chicago 0 5 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from Dickinson System
1928 New England Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Maine + 2 0 14 1 2
Connecticut + 1 0 24 1 3
New Hampshire 1 1 13 2 3
Rhode Island State 0 3 02 7 0
Massachusetts 0 0 02 5 1
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 North Central Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
North Dakota $ 4 0 06 1 1
South Dakota State 3 1 09 1 0
Morningside 1 3 05 4 0
North Dakota Agricultural 1 3 03 4 1
South Dakota 1 3 03 5 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Pacific Coast Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 1 USC $ 4 0 19 0 1
No. 2 California ^ 3 0 26 2 2
No. 4 Stanford 4 1 18 3 1
Oregon 4 2 09 2 0
Washington State 4 3 07 3 0
Oregon State 2 3 06 3 0
Idaho 2 3 03 4 1
Washington 2 4 07 4 0
UCLA 0 4 04 4 1
Montana 0 5 04 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
  • ^ – Selected as Rose Bowl representative (USC declined)
Rankings from Dickinson System
1928 Rocky Mountain Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Utah $ 4 0 15 0 2
Colorado 5 1 05 1 0
Colorado Agricultural 6 2 06 2 0
Utah Agricultural 4 2 15 3 1
Colorado College 5 3 05 3 0
Montana State 3 2 04 4 1
Denver 3 4 14 4 1
Colorado Teachers 3 4 04 4 0
Colorado Mines 2 4 02 5 0
BYU 1 3 13 3 1
Wyoming 0 5 02 7 0
Western State (CO) 0 6 00 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Southern Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 3 Georgia Tech $ 7 0 010 0 0
Tennessee 6 0 19 0 1
Florida 6 1 08 1 0
VPI 4 1 07 2 0
Alabama 6 2 06 3 0
LSU 3 1 16 2 1
Clemson 4 2 08 3 0
Vanderbilt 4 2 08 2 0
Tulane 3 3 16 3 1
Ole Miss 3 3 05 4 0
North Carolina 2 2 25 3 2
Kentucky 2 2 14 3 1
South Carolina 2 2 16 2 2
Maryland 2 3 16 3 1
VMI 2 3 15 3 2
Georgia 2 4 04 5 0
NC State 1 3 14 5 1
Mississippi A&M 1 4 02 4 2
Virginia 1 6 02 6 1
Washington and Lee 1 6 02 8 0
Sewanee 0 5 02 7 0
Auburn 0 7 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from Dickinson System
1928 Southwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Texas $ 5 1 07 2 0
Arkansas 2 1 07 2 0
Baylor 3 2 08 2 0
TCU 3 2 08 2 0
SMU 2 2 16 3 1
Texas A&M 1 3 15 4 1
Rice 0 5 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion

Independents

1928 Eastern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Boston College   9 0 0
West Chester   8 0 0
Villanova   7 0 1
Brown   8 1 0
No. 11 Penn   8 1 0
No. 6 Carnegie Tech   7 1 0
No. 9 Army   8 2 0
Drexel   8 2 0
No. 10 NYU   8 2 0
Temple   7 1 2
Lafayette   6 1 2
Princeton   5 1 2
CCNY   4 1 2
Pittsburgh   6 2 1
Harvard   5 2 1
Tufts   5 2 1
Colgate   6 3 0
Rutgers   6 3 0
Bucknell   5 2 3
Columbia   5 3 1
Boston University   3 3 2
Cornell   3 3 2
Syracuse   4 4 1
Yale   4 4 0
Fordham   4 5 0
Franklin & Marshall   4 5 0
Penn State   3 5 1
Lehigh   3 6 0
Washington & Jefferson   2 5 2
Providence   1 5 3
Vermont   1 7 2
Rankings from Dickinson System
1928 Midwestern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Detroit   9 0 0
Butler   6 2 0
John Carroll   6 3 0
Kent State   4 2 2
Marquette   5 3 1
Ball Teachers   3 2 2
Notre Dame   5 4 0
DePaul   4 4 1
Haskell   5 5 0
Saint Louis   4 4 1
Wabash   4 4 1
Loyola (IL)   4 4 0
Lombard   3 4 1
Michigan State   3 4 1
Detroit City College   2 5 1
Valparaiso   1 6 0
1928 Southern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Georgetown   8 2 0
West Virginia   8 2 0
Howard   6 1 2
Loyola (LA)   7 3 0
Navy   5 3 1
East Tennessee State Teachers   4 3 0
Delaware State   1 1 1
Duke   5 5 0
Georgia Normal   5 5 0
Miami (FL)   4 4 1
Texas A&I   4 4 0
Texas Tech   4 4 1
Catholic University   4 5 0
Mississippi State Teachers   4 5 0
Middle Tennessee State Teachers   3 4 1
Texas Mines   3 4 1
Wesley   3 4 0
Appalachian State   3 6 0
Delaware   2 6 0
Wake Forest   2 6 2
Davidson   2 8 0
George Washington   1 7 0
1928 Western college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Arizona   5 1 2
Idaho Southern Branch   5 1 2
Gonzaga   6 2 1
New Mexico   5 2 1
Humboldt State   2 1 0
Loyola (CA)   5 3 0
Tempe State   3 2 1
Regis   5 4 0
Santa Clara   5 4 0
New Mexico A&M   4 5 0
Hawaii   2 5 0

Minor conferences

ConferenceChampion(s)Record
Central Intercollegiate Athletics Association Hampton Institute 7–0
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference College of Emporia 6–0
Far Western Conference Saint Mary's (CA) 2–0
Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference Baker 5–0–2
Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Iowa State Teachers 4–0–2
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Albion 5–0
Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference Coe 4–0–1
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Augsburg
Saint Mary's
4–1–2
6–1
Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association Northeast Missouri State Teachers
Southwest Missouri State Teachers
3–0–1
Nebraska College Athletic Conference Hastings 5–0–1
Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Association Nebraska State Teachers–Peru
North Central Intercollegiate Conference North Dakota 4–0
Ohio Athletic Conference Heidelberg 6–0–1
Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference Phillips 5–1–1
Pacific Northwest Conference Whitman 4–0
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Occidental 5–1
South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference Black Hills Teachers 5–0
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Clark College
Tuskegee
5–1–1
Southwestern Athletic Conference Wiley (TX) 5–0
Texas Collegiate Athletic Conference Howard Payne 5–0
Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association Daniel Baker 4–0
Tri-Normal League State Normal–Ellensburg 2–0
Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference Oshkosh State Teachers
Stevens Point State Teachers
Superior State Teachers
3–0–1

Minor conference standings

1928 Buckeye Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Ohio Wesleyan + 4 1 08 1 0
Wittenberg + 4 1 06 3 0
Miami (OH) 3 2 06 2 0
Ohio 2 3 06 3 0
Denison 2 3 05 3 0
Cincinnati 0 5 01 8 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 California Coast Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
San Mateo JC + 7 0 0 ?  ?  ?
San Jose State + 6 2 06 2 1
Modesto JC 5 2 15 3 1
Sacramento JC 3 2 0 ?  ?  ?
Cal Poly 1 2 13 4 2
Santa Barbara State 1 2 04 5 0
Chico State 1 4 02 6 0
Santa Rosa JC 2 5 0 ?  ?  ?
Marin JC 0 4 0 ?  ?  ?
Championship: San Jose State 21, San Mateo JC 21
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Central Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
College of Emporia $ 6 0 08 0 0
Emporia Teachers 4 1 16 1 1
Southwestern (KS) 3 1 24 3 2
Hays Teachers 3 2 13 3 2
Wichita 2 4 03 5 0
Washburn 1 5 02 7 0
Pittsburg State 0 6 00 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Hampton $ 8 0 08 1 0
Virginia State 7 1 09 1 0
Virginia Seminary 3 2 23 2 2
North Carolina A&T 3 3 13 4 2
Virginia Union 2 3 12 5 1
Lincoln (PA) 1 3 21 3 2
Shaw 1 3 11 6 1
Saint Paul's (VA) 1 6 02 6 0
North Carolina College 0 6 12 6 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Far Western Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Saint Mary's $ 2 0 05 4 0
Cal Aggies 3 1 06 3 0
St. Ignatius (CA) 3 1 04 4 0
Pacific (CA) 2 1 05 2 0
Fresno State 0 3 12 5 1
Nevada 0 4 10 7 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Eastern Illinois + 5 0 17 0 1
Millikin + 5 0 16 0 2
Augustana (IL) 6 1 07 1 0
Bradley 6 1 07 2 0
Monmouth (IL) 5 1 06 3 0
Southern Illinois 3 1 07 1 2
McKendree 2 1 05 5 0
Illinois Wesleyan 5 3 05 3 0
Carthage 2 2 12 3 2
Lake Forest 1 1 02 4 1
Illinois College 4 5 04 5 0
Eureka 3 4 13 4 1
North Central 2 3 14 3 2
Mount Morris 2 3 03 3 1
Western Illinois 2 3 22 3 3
St. Viator 1 3 03 5 0
Illinois State Normal 2 6 02 6 0
Knox (IL) 1 4 03 5 0
Wheaton (IL) 0 2 13 4 1
Northern Illinois State 0 2 10 6 1
Shurtleff 0 3 11 4 1
Lincoln (IL) 0 8 00 8 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Indiana Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
DePauw + 6 0 06 2 0
Butler + 4 0 06 2 0
Indiana State 4 1 04 3 0
Indiana Central 5 2 15 2 1
Wabash 2 1 04 4 1
Earlham 4 3 05 3 0
Central Normal 4 3 04 3 0
Ball State 2 2 23 2 2
Manchester 2 2 04 2 1
Oakland City 3 4 03 4 0
Hanover 2 3 03 4 0
Franklin (IN) 1 6 11 6 1
Valparaiso 0 2 01 6 0
Rose Poly 0 5 00 6 0
Evansville 0 5 00 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Iowa Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Iowa State Teachers $ 4 0 25 1 3
Morningside 2 0 05 4 0
Luther 5 2 06 2 0
Penn (IA) 4 2 04 4 0
Des Moines 3 2 04 4 1
Iowa Wesleyan 3 2 05 3 0
Buena Vista 3 2 05 3 1
Simpson 3 2 14 4 1
St. Ambrose 2 2 12 4 2
Parsons 2 2 23 3 3
Western Union 1 2 04 5 0
Upper Iowa 1 3 11 3 1
Columbia (IA) 0 4 12 5 1
Central (IA) 0 8 00 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Baker $ 5 0 26 0 2
Bethany (KS) 5 1 05 3 0
Kansas Wesleyan 5 1 16 2 1
St. Benedict's 4 1 14 3 1
Sterling 3 2 14 3 1
St. Mary's (KS) 2 2 32 3 3
Friends 3 4 03 6 0
McPherson 1 5 11 6 1
Ottawa 0 6 10 7 1
Bethel (KS) 0 6 00 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Metropolitan Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Brooklyn City College $ 3 0 15 2 1
Long Island 2 1 15 3 1
Cooper Union 2 2 02 6 0
Wagner College 1 2 11 3 1
New York Aggies 0 3 11 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Michigan Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Michigan State Normal $ 3 0 07 1 0
Western State Teachers (MI) 2 1 05 2 0
Central State (MI) 1 2 06 3 0
Detroit City College 0 3 02 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Albion $ 5 0 08 0 0
Kalamazoo 3 1 13 3 2
Alma 3 2 03 4 0
Hillsdale 0 2 31 3 3
Hope 0 3 21 3 2
Olivet 0 3 21 4 3
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Midwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Coe $ 4 0 16 1 1
Hamline 1 0 04 3 1
Carleton 2 1 13 2 2
Ripon 2 1 04 3 0
Monmouth (IL) 2 1 06 3 0
Knox 2 2 03 5 0
Beloit 1 3 03 4 1
Cornell (IA) 1 4 01 7 1
Lawrence 0 3 01 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Saint Mary's (MN) + 3 1 05 2 0
Augsburg + 3 1 24 1 2
Concordia (MN) 2 1 23 1 2
Hamline 3 2 14 3 1
Gustavus Adolphus 4 3 04 3 0
Saint John's (MN) 1 2 13 2 1
Macalester 2 4 03 4 0
St. Thomas (MN) 1 3 12 5 1
St. Olaf 1 3 11 5 1
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Mississippi Valley Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Murray State $ 6 0 09 0 1
West Tennessee State Teachers 4 1 15 3 2
Bethel (TN) 3 1 24 3 2
Lambuth 3 3 04 5 0
Delta State 2 2 06 2 0
Tennessee Junior 2 4 02 6 0
Jonesboro College 1 3 11 6 1
Will Mayfield 1 3 01 7 1
Sunflower Junior 0 2 00 2 0
Bethel (KY) 0 3 00 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Missouri College Athletic Union football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Central (MO) $ 6 0 08 2 0
Missouri Valley 4 1 16 1 1
Westminster (MO) 3 1 16 2 1
Missouri Mines 1 1 13 4 1
William Jewell 2 3 03 5 1
Tarkio 1 3 03 6 1
Drury 1 3 11 4 1
Culver–Stockton 1 4 01 5 1
Central Wesleyan 1 4 01 5 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Springfield (MO) + 3 0 17 1 1
Kirksville + 3 0 17 2 1
Warrensburg 1 2 14 2 2
Maryville (MO) 1 2 15 3 1
Cape Girardeau 0 4 01 5 1
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Missouri Valley Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Drake $ 3 0 07 1 0
Creighton 2 1 03 5 1
Grinnell 1 2 04 3 1
Oklahoma A&M 0 1 01 7 0
Washington University 0 2 02 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Nebraska College Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Hastings $ 5 0 17 1 1
Doane 3 1 14 2 1
Midland 3 1 25 1 2
Nebraska Wesleyan 2 1 25 2 2
Cotner 3 3 04 4 0
Grand Island 1 3 11 7 1
York (NE) 1 4 11 5 2
Nebraska Central 0 6 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Peru Normal $ 3 0 06 1 1
Omaha 2 1 04 3 1
Chadron Normal 1 1 05 2 0
Kearney Normal 1 1 04 5 0
Dana 0 1 01 5 1
Wayne Normal 0 3 00 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 New York State Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Niagara $ 4 0 04 4 0
Rochester 3 0 15 2 1
Hamilton 2 0 15 2 1
Hobart 3 1 05 4 0
St. Lawrence 2 1 03 3 0
Alfred 1 4 02 7 0
Clarkson 1 5 01 7 0
Buffalo 0 5 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Northwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Whitman $ 4 0 05 4 0
Puget Sound 3 2 05 3 0
College of Idaho 3 2 04 4 0
Willamette 2 3 03 5 0
Pacific (OR) 2 3 02 6 0
Linfield 0 4 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Northwest Ohio League football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Bowling Green $ 3 0 15 0 2
Defiance 2 1 13 3 2
Bluffton 2 2 03 2 1
Findlay 1 3 02 6 0
Toledo 1 3 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Ohio Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Heidelberg $ 6 0 16 0 1
Mount Union 4 2 04 5 0
Muskingum 4 2 14 4 1
Oberlin 3 2 14 3 1
Wooster 2 2 22 4 2
Akron 3 4 05 4 0
Hiram 3 4 04 4 0
Otterbein 3 4 03 5 0
Ohio Northern 2 3 02 6 1
Case 1 4 12 6 1
Capital 1 5 01 6 1
St. Xavier 0 1 07 2 0
Baldwin–Wallace 0 8 00 8 0
Kenyon 0 5 00 7 0
Western Reserve * 8 0 08 0 0
Marietta * 4 0 04 2 1
Dayton * 2 0 06 3 0
  • $ Conference champion
  • * – did not compete for championship
1928 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Phillips $ 5 1 17 1 1
Oklahoma Baptist 4 1 25 2 2
Tulsa 3 1 17 2 1
Northeastern State 2 1 24 1 2
Central State (OK) 3 2 15 3 1
East Central 3 2 24 3 2
Oklahoma City 2 2 16 2 1
Southwestern State 2 2 25 2 2
Northwestern Oklahoma State 1 6 02 6 0
Southeastern Oklahoma State 0 7 02 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Smoky Mountain Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Emory and Henry $ 4 0 010 0 0
Maryville (TN) 3 0 06 2 1
Tusculum 2 2 14 2 2
King 2 3 03 5 0
Milligan 1 3 04 4 0
Carson–Newman 0 4 11 6 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Southern California Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Occidental $ 5 1 07 3 0
Caltech 4 1 15 3 1
Pomona 4 1 04 3 0
San Diego State 2 3 03 3 0
Whittier 2 3 13 4 1
Redlands 1 4 03 5 0
La Verne 0 5 00 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Chattanooga $ 8 1 08 2 0
Mississippi College 6 1 27 1 2
Western Kentucky State Normal 5 1 08 1 0
Florida Southern 4 1 05 2 1
Wofford 5 2 07 2 1
Transylvania 3 1 08 3 0
Furman 3 1 05 4 0
Millsaps 4 2 15 3 1
Howard (AL) 4 2 16 4 1
Centenary 2 1 16 3 2
Louisiana College 2 1 03 5 0
The Citadel 4 3 06 3 1
Southwestern (TN) 2 2 06 4 0
Birmingham–Southern 2 2 33 2 4
Mercer 2 2 13 5 1
Georgetown (KY) 3 3 03 6 0
SW Louisiana 3 4 04 5 0
Kentucky Wesleyan 2 3 06 3 0
Stetson 2 3 04 3 0
Newberry 2 3 03 5 0
Spring Hill 2 3 12 5 1
Oglethorpe 1 2 03 5 1
Presbyterian 2 5 04 6 0
Louisiana Normal 1 3 05 4 0
Union (TN) 2 6 03 7 0
Centre 1 3 02 8 0
Louisiana Tech 1 6 02 7 0
Rollins 0 3 00 4 0
Louisville 0 4 01 7 0
Erskine 0 5 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Southwestern Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Wiley $ 5 0 09 0 1
Prairie View 3 2 05 3 1
Bishop  ?  ?  ? ?  ?  ?
Paul Quinn  ?  ?  ? ?  ?  ?
Samuel Huston  ?  ?  ? ?  ?  ?
Texas College  ?  ?  ? ?  ?  ?
  • $ Conference champion
1928 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Spearfish + 4 0 05 2 0
Huron + 2 0 24 1 2
Sioux Falls 3 1 13 2 1
Yankton 2 1 23 2 2
Augustana (SD) 3 2 03 4 1
Southern Normal 3 2 23 3 2
Columbus (SD) 2 2 05 3 0
Northern Normal 2 2 12 2 1
South Dakota Mines 2 3 03 5 0
Eastern Normal 1 5 02 6 0
Dakota Wesleyan 0 6 00 9 0
  • + Conference co-champions
  • Spearfish and South Dakota Mines played twice. The second game was not counted in the conference standings.
1928 Texas Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Howard Payne $ 5 0 010 1 0
St. Edward's 3 1 06 5 0
Austin 2 2 04 6 0
Simmons (TX) 2 3 06 6 1
Southwestern (TX) 2 3 05 4 0
Trinity (TX) 0 5 02 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Daniel Baker $ 4 0 05 3 2
McMurry 4 1 06 3 0
Abilene Christian 4 1 05 4 0
Sam Houston State 3 2 05 5 0
North Texas State Teachers 2 2 04 5 0
East Texas State 3 4 03 5 0
Southwest Texas State 2 3 02 7 0
West Texas State 0 4 02 7 0
Stephen F. Austin 0 5 01 9 0
  • $ Conference champion
1928 Tri-State Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Duquesne + 4 1 08 1 0
Westminster (PA) + 4 1 04 5 0
Geneva 3 1 05 5 0
Bethany (WV) 0 2 11 6 1
Thiel 0 3 11 6 2
Waynesburg 0 3 10 6 2
  • + Conference co-champions
1928 Virginia Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Emory and Henry $ 3 0 010 0 0
William & Mary 5 1 06 3 2
Roanoke 3 2 14 4 1
Lynchburg 3 3 05 4 0
Richmond 2 3 13 4 2
Hampden–Sydney 2 3 03 6 0
Bridgewater 0 2 10 6 1
Randolph–Macon 0 4 10 7 1
  • $ Conference champion
1928 West Virginia Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Marshall $ 5 0 08 1 1
Potomac State 4 0 15 1 1
New River State 5 1 15 1 1
Salem 4 2 05 3 0
West Virginia Wesleyan 3 2 05 6 0
Concord 4 3 04 3 1
Glenville State 3 3 14 3 1
[[{{{school}}}|Broaddus]]2 6 02 8 0
[[{{{school}}}|Alderson]]1 4 01 6 0
[[{{{school}}}|Fairmont State]]1 5 11 5 1
[[{{{school}}}|Morris Harvey]]1 6 02 9 0
[[{{{school}}}|Davis & Elkins]] * 3 0 07 2 1
Bethany (WV) * 1 2 01 6 1
[[{{{school}}}|Shepherd]] * 0 2 04 4 0
  • $ Conference champion
  • * – Did not qualify for conference standings
    Ties did not count in conference standings.
1928 Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
[[{{{school}}}|Stevens Point State]] + 3 0 15 0 1
[[{{{school}}}|Superior State]] + 3 0 16 0 2
[[{{{school}}}|Oshkosh State]] + 3 0 25 1 2
[[{{{school}}}|River Falls State]]3 1 15 1 1
[[{{{school}}}|Whitewater State]]2 1 14 1 1
[[{{{school}}}|Milwaukee State]]2 2 04 2 2
[[{{{school}}}|La Crosse State]]2 2 13 2 1
[[{{{school}}}|Stout State]]1 4 12 5 1
[[{{{school}}}|Eau Claire State]]0 4 00 5 0
[[{{{school}}}|Platteville State]]0 5 00 6 0
  • + Conference co-champions

Dickinson System

The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. [8] (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934 [9] ) Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition. The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference. Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university. [10]

The system awarded 30 points for a win over a "strong team", and 20 for a win over a "weak team". Losses were awarded points (15 for loss to a strong team, 10 for loss to a weak team). Ties were treated as half a win and half a loss (22.5 for a tie with a strong team, 15 for a tie with a weak team). An average was then derived by dividing the points by games played. [11]

Final Dickinson rankings

Professor Dickinson concluded that the University of Southern California Trojans were "the national football champions of America for 1928". Unbeaten and untied Georgia Tech was ranked third because, Dickinson said, "its schedule was easier than the other contenders". [1] On January 4, 1929, the Jack F. Rissman national intercollegiate trophy was presented by Professor Dickinson to the USC football squad, and Coach Howard Jones, at a student rally on the Los Angeles campus. For the benefit of the crowd, Dickinson added "that even had he taken into consideration the victory of Georgia Tech over California on New Year's Day that the University of Southern California would have still be rated at the top," though Georgia Tech would have ranked second instead of third after its Rose Bowl win [12]

RankTeamRecordRating
1 USC 9–0–124.13
2 California 6–1–222.50
3 Georgia Tech 9–020.00
4 (t) Stanford 8–3–119.17
4 (t) Wisconsin 7–1–119.17
6 (t) Carnegie Tech 7–118.33
6 (t) Iowa 6–218.33
8 Illinois 7–118.33
9 Army 8–217.50
10 NYU 8–216.25
11 Penn 8–115.00

Awards and honors

All-Americans

The consensus All-America team included:

PositionNameHeightWeight (lbs.)ClassHometownTeam
QB Howard Harpster 6'1"160Sr. Salem, Ohio Carnegie Tech
HB Chris Cagle 5'9"167Jr. De Ridder, Louisiana Army
HB Chuck Carroll 6'0"190Sr. Seattle, Washington Washington
HB Paul Scull 5'8"185Sr. Lower Merion, Pennsylvania Penn
FB Ken Strong 6'1"201Sr. West Haven, Connecticut NYU
E Irvine Phillips 6'1"188Sr. Salinas, California California
T Otto Pommerening 5'11"178Sr. Ann Arbor, Michigan Michigan
G Seraphim Post 6'0"190Jr. Berkeley, California Stanford
G Don Robesky 5'11"198Sr. Bakersfield, California Stanford
C Peter Pund 6'0"182Sr. Augusta, Georgia Georgia Tech
G Edward Burke 6'0"180Sr. Larksville, Pennsylvania Navy
T Mike Getto 6'2"198Sr. Irwin, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh
E Wes Fesler 6'0"185So. Youngstown, Ohio Ohio State

Statistical leaders

Related Research Articles

The 1970 NCAA University Division football season was marked by tragedy, due to two airplane crashes. On October 2, one of the planes carrying the Wichita State football team crashed on the way to a game against Utah State, killing 31 people on board, including 14 players. Then, on November 14, the charter for the Marshall Thundering Herd crashed on the way home from a game against East Carolina, killing all 75 persons.

The 1976 NCAA Division I football season ended with a championship for the Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh. Led by head coach Johnny Majors, the Pitt Panthers brought a college football championship to the home of the defending pro football champions, the Steelers. Pitt also had the Heisman Trophy winner, Tony Dorsett; the Panthers had been ranked ninth in the preseason AP poll.

The 1926 college football season was the first in which an attempt was made to recognize a national champion after the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1927 college football season</span> American college football season

The 1927 college football season ended with the Illini of the University of Illinois (7–0–1) being recognized as champion under the Dickinson System. At season's end, the Rissler Cup was awarded to the team that finished first in the "Dickinson ratings", which considered strength of schedule, in that a win, loss or tie against a "strong" opponent was worth more than one against a lesser team, and the results were averaged.

The 1929 college football season saw a number of unbeaten and untied teams. Purdue, Tulane, Notre Dame, and Pittsburgh all finished the regular season with wins over all their opponents. Notre Dame was recognized as national champion by two of three contemporary major selectors, while the third (Houlgate) named USC (10–2). Eight of nine retrospective selectors later also named Notre Dame and USC as No. 1 teams.

The 1930 college football season saw Notre Dame repeat as national champion under the Dickinson System, as well as claim the No. 1 position from each of the other three contemporary major selectors,. The post-season Rose Bowl matchup featured two unbeaten (9–0) teams, Washington State and Alabama, ranked No. 2 and No. 3, respectively. Alabama won the Pasadena contest, 24–0.

The 1931 college football season saw the USC Trojans win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System, as well as the No. 1 position from each of the other three contemporary major selectors. Rockne, who had coached Notre Dame to a championship in 1930, had been killed in a plane crash on March 31, 1931. For the first time, the champion under the Dickinson System also played in a postseason game. The 1932 Rose Bowl, promoted as a national championship game between the best teams of East and West, matched USC and Tulane, No. 1 and No. 2 in the Dickinson ratings. USC won, 21–12, and was awarded the Albert Russel Erskine Trophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1932 college football season</span> American college football season

The 1932 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the math-based Dickinson System. Because the "Big Nine" conference didn't permit its teams to play in the postseason, however, the Wolverines were not able to accept a bid to the Rose Bowl. As such, the Pasadena game matched the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, USC and Pittsburgh, with the USC Trojans winning the east–west matchup 35–0. The other four contemporary math system selectors all selected USC as national champion. This was also the last season NFL would use college football rules.

The 1933 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines repeat as winners of the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System.

The 1934 college football season was the 66th season of college football in the United States. Two New Year's Day bowl games were initiated to rival the Rose Bowl Game. On February 15, Warren V. Miller and Joseph M. Cousins organized the New Orleans Mid-Winter Sports Association and by October, the group had enough funds to sponsor the Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, W. Keith Phillips and the Greater Miami Athletic Club worked in November at a January 1 game for Florida, and the Orange Bowl was created.

The 1935 college football season was the last one before the Associated Press (AP) writers' poll was used in selecting the national champion. There were seven contemporary math system selectors that year who are informally recognized by the NCAA as "nationwide in scope". The Dickinson System, run by University of Illinois Professor Frank Dickinson, selected Southern Methodist University (SMU) as best in the nation. The Houlgate System, created by Carroll Everard "Deke" Houlgate Sr., also selected SMU. The contemporary Boand, Litkenhous and Poling math rating systems all selected Minnesota as the No. 1 team in the nation. The Dunkel System selected Princeton as its top team. The Williamson System, by Paul O. Williamson of New Orleans, ranked Texas Christian University first.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1925 college football season</span> American college football season

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1924 college football season</span> American college football season

The 1924 college football season was the year of the Four Horsemen as the Notre Dame team, coached by Knute Rockne, won all of its games, including the Rose Bowl, to be acclaimed as the best team in the nation. Notre Dame and Stanford were both unbeaten at season's end, with the Fighting Irish winning the Rose Bowl contest 27–10. The Penn Quakers were retroactively awarded a national championship by Parke H. Davis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1923 college football season</span> American college football season

The 1923 college football season saw several teams finish their seasons unbeaten and untied. As such, numerous schools claim a national championship for the 1923 season. Illinois and Michigan, both members of what is now the Big Ten Conference, finished with records of 8–0 and were selected as national champion by multiple selectors. Illinois featured break-out star Red Grange. Ivy League teams Yale and Cornell also had undefeated seasons. Cornell was selected as national champion by one selector.

The 1954 college football season saw three teams finish unbeaten and untied, with Ohio State Buckeyes and the UCLA Bruins sharing the national championship as the No. 1 picks of the AP Poll and the UPI Poll, respectively. Although the winners of the Big Ten and the Pacific conferences normally met in the Rose Bowl, a "no repeat" rule prevented the two champions from meeting. UCLA, which had been in the Rose Bowl earlier in the year, was replaced by conference runner-up USC.

The 1952 college football season ended with the unbeaten Michigan State Spartans (9–0) and Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (12–0) each claiming a national championship from different polls. Michigan State finished first according to two of the "wire service" polls, which both placed Georgia Tech second. Georgia Tech was first in the International News Service poll. UP and INS merged in 1958 to form UPI.

The 1949 college football season finished with four teams that were unbeaten and untied-- Notre Dame, Oklahoma, California, and Army had won all their games at season's end. Notre Dame, however, was the overwhelming choice for national champion in the AP Poll, with 172 of 208 first place votes. The Fighting Irish did not participate in the New Year's Day bowl games, which were played on January 2, 1950.

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The 1947 college football season finished with Notre Dame, Michigan, and Penn State all unbeaten and untied, but the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame were the first place choice for 107 of the 142 voters in the final AP Poll in early December, and repeated as national champions. Michigan was selected for the top spot by six contemporary math systems.

The 1937 college football season ended with the Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh being named the nation's No. 1 team by 30 of the 33 voters in the Associated Press writers' poll. The AP poll was in its second year, and seven votes were taken during the final weeks of the 1937 season, starting with October 18. Each writer listed his choice for the top ten teams, and points were tallied based on 10 for first place, 9 for second, etc., and the AP then ranked the twenty teams with the highest number of points. With 33 writers polled, Pitt received 30 first place votes and 3 second-place, for a total of 327 points.

References

  1. 1 2 "Dickinson Rating Gives U.S.C. National Grid Title," The Salt Lake Tribune, December 9, 1928, p21
  2. Mark Purcell. "A Strong year at NYU" (PDF). College Football Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  3. "Notre Dame Upsets West Point in Sensational Duel," Syracuse Herald, November 11, 1928, p. XX-1.
  4. Murray A. Sperber, Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football (Indiana U., 2002), p. 285.
  5. "A Football Giant and More: Strong Made Name As Two-Sport Star (part 1)". Hartford Courant . December 16, 1999. p. C1 via Newspapers.com.
  6. "Ken Strong Rated Greatest Player In Football History". The Baltimore Sun. September 6, 1939. p. 14 via Newspapers.com.
  7. "Lone Mistake Costs California Victory," Oakland Tribune, January 2, 1929, p20
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. Herschel Nissenson Tales From College Football's Sidelines (Sports Publishing LLC, 2001), p93.
  11. "The Dickinson system awards 30 points for a victory over a strong team, and 20 for victory over a weak team. Defeats count half as much as victories, and ties are consideredas games half won and half lost. Dividing this total by the number of games played gives the final rating, "ILLINOIS BEST FOOTBALL TEAM OF YEAR," The Syracuse Herald, Dec. 4, 1927, p23
  12. "Trojans Awarded Rissman Trophy For Nation's Best Grid Eleven," The Helena (Mont.) Independent Jan. 8, 1929, p8