1953 college football season

Last updated

The 1953 college football season was marked by the surprising abandonment of the two-platoon system and unlimited substitution by the NCAA rules committee in January in favor of the historic one-platoon system with its highly restrictive substitution rules. This radical rules shift made the 1953 season "The Year of the Great Adjustment," in the words of sportswriter Tommy Devine of the Detroit Free Press, in which teams scrambled to tighten their rosters and alter their strategies in accord with the more conservative "iron man" game. [2]

Contents

The season finished with the Maryland Terrapins capturing the AP, INS, and UPI national championship after Notre Dame held the top spot for the first nine weeks. The No. 4 Oklahoma Sooners defeated Maryland in the Orange Bowl, but there was no further polling after the November 30 results were released. However, Notre Dame was selected as the National Champions by 10 other polls and the Oklahoma Sooners received first in two polls. [3] However, despite the team receiving National Championship rings[ citation needed ], the University of Notre Dame does not recognize this title due to their policy of only recognizing AP or coaches' poll titles during the polling era (1936–present). Maryland was also the first champion of the Atlantic Coast Conference, which had been formed earlier in 1953 by seven colleges formerly with the Southern Conference. [4] The year 1953 also saw the Michigan State Spartans, previously an independent, join the Big Nine Conference, which then became the Big Ten; MSU won the conference title in that first year and was the conference representative to the Rose Bowl, which it won 28–20 over UCLA.

During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the college football teams that would later be described as "Division I-A". The NCAA did recognize a national champion based upon the final results of "wire service" (AP and UPI) polls. The extent of that recognition came in the form of acknowledgment in the annual NCAA Football Guide of the "unofficial" national champions. The AP poll in 1953 consisted of the votes of as many as 378 sportswriters. [5]

Though not all writers voted in every poll, each would give their opinion of the twenty best teams. Under a point system of 20 points for first place, 19 for second, etc., the "overall" ranking was determined. Although the rankings were based on the collective opinion of the representative sportswriters, the teams that remained "unbeaten and untied" were generally ranked higher than those that had not. A defeat, even against a strong opponent, tended to cause a team to drop in the rankings, and a team with two or more defeats was unlikely to remain in the Top 20. Generally, the top teams played on New Year's Day in the four major postseason bowl games: the Rose Bowl (near Los Angeles at Pasadena), the Sugar Bowl (New Orleans), the Orange Bowl (Miami), and the Cotton Bowl (Dallas).

Conference and program changes

Conference changes

Membership changes

School1952 Conference1953 Conference
Cincinnati Bearcats MAC Independent
Clemson Tigers SoCon ACC
Duke Blue Devils SoCon ACC
Erskine Flying Fleet IndependentDropped Program
Evansville Purple Aces Ohio Valley Indiana Collegiate Conference
Marshall Thundering Herd Independent MAC
Maryland Terrapins SoCon ACC
Michigan State Spartans Independent Big Ten (was Big Nine)
Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders VSAC Ohio Valley
NYU Violets IndependentDropped Program
North Carolina Tar Heels SoCon ACC
NC State Wolfpack SoCon ACC
Santa Clara Broncos IndependentDropped Program
South Carolina Gamecocks SoCon ACC
Wake Forest Demon Deacons SoCon ACC

September

In the preseason poll released on September 14, 1953, Notre Dame was rated first, followed by the defending champion, Michigan State, Georgia Tech, UCLA, and Alabama. As the regular season progressed, a new poll would be issued on the Monday following the weekend's games.

In a Friday night game at Los Angeles, No. 4 UCLA beat Oregon State 41–0. Meanwhile, at Montgomery, AL, No. 5 Alabama was shocked by Southern Mississippi, 25–19. The next day, September 19 No. 3 Georgia Tech beat Davidson, 53–0. Notre Dame and Michigan State began their seasons the following week.

On September 26 No. 1 Notre Dame won 28–21 at No. 6 Oklahoma. No. 2 Michigan State won at Iowa, 21–7. No. 3 Georgia Tech went to No. 15 Florida and was held to a 0–0 tie. No. 4 UCLA beat Kansas 19–7. Still at No. 5, Alabama, trying to salvage some respect against a second unranked opponent, went to 0–1–1 after a 7–7 tie against LSU in Mobile; in the poll that followed, the Crimson Tide fell completely out of the Top 20. No. 9 Maryland, which had won 52–0 at Washington and Lee, rose to third, and previously unranked Michigan (a 50–0 victor over Washington), entered the poll at fourth. The top five were No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Michigan State, No. 3 Maryland, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 UCLA.

October

October 3 With the exception of No. 4 Michigan, which beat Tulane 26–7 at home, the other top teams won on the road: No. 1 Notre Dame at Purdue, 37–7, No. 2 Michigan State at Minnesota 21–0, No. 3 Maryland at Clemson, 20–0, and No. 5 UCLA defeated Oregon 12–0 in an away game. No. 6 Ohio State, which won 33–19 at California, rose to third in the next poll, knocking UCLA down to sixth. The Big Ten had three of the spots in the top five: No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Michigan State, No. 3 Ohio State, No. 4 Maryland, and No. 5 Michigan.

October 10 No. 1 Notre Dame was idle, but stayed at No. 1 after No. 2 Michigan State's 26–19 win over TCU. No. 4 Maryland won 40–13 over Georgia and No. 5 Michigan edged Iowa 14–13. The night before, No. 3 Ohio State had lost 40–21 to Illinois, while No. 6 UCLA returned to the top bracket with a 13–0 win over visiting Wisconsin. The next poll: No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Michigan State, No. 3 Maryland, No. 4 UCLA, and No. 5 Michigan.

October 17 No. 1 Notre Dame beat No. 15 Pittsburgh 23–14. No. 2 Michigan State defeated Indiana 47–18. No. 3 Maryland won 26–0 at North Carolina. No. 4 UCLA lost at Stanford, 21–20. No. 5 Michigan beat Northwestern 20–12. No. 6 Georgia Tech, which beat Auburn 36–6, took UCLA's place in the next poll: No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Michigan State, No. 3 Maryland, No. 4 Georgia Tech, and No. 5 Michigan.

October 24 No. 1 Notre Dame stayed unbeaten with a 27–14 win over No. 4 Georgia Tech. No. 2 Michigan State lost 6–0 at Purdue and No. 5 Michigan lost at Minnesota 22–0. No. 3 Maryland won a Friday game at Miami, 30–0. Coming into the Top Five were No. 6 Baylor (14–13 over No. 15 Texas A&M), No. 7 Illinois (20–13 over Syracuse), and No. 8 West Virginia (52–20 over VMI). The next poll: No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Maryland, No. 3 Baylor, No. 4 Illinois, and No. 5 West Virginia.

October 31 No. 1 Notre Dame beat No. 20 Navy 38–7. No. 2 Maryland beat South Carolina 24–6. No. 3 Baylor beat TCU 25–7. No. 4 Illinois defeated Purdue 21–0. No. 5 West Virginia won at Penn State 20–19. No. 6 Michigan State, which beat Oregon State 34–6, rose to fifth. The next poll: No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Maryland, No. 3.Baylor, No. 4 Illinois, and No. 5 Michigan State.

November

November 7 No. 1 Notre Dame won 28–20 at Penn. No. 2 Maryland beat George Washington University 27–6 at a game in Washington, DC. No. 3 Baylor lost at No. 19 Texas, 21–20. No. 4 Illinois beat No. 17 Michigan 9–3. No. 5 Michigan State won 28–13 at No. 16 Ohio State, and No. 6 Georgia Tech beat Clemson 20–7. The next poll featured No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Maryland, No. 3 Illinois, No. 4 Michigan State, and No. 5 Georgia Tech.

November 14 No. 1 Notre Dame won at North Carolina, 34–14, and No. 2 Maryland beat No. 11 Mississippi 38–0 as both stayed unbeaten and untied. No. 4 Michigan State beat Michigan 14–6. On the other hand, No. 3 Illinois lost to Wisconsin, 34–7 and No. 5 Georgia Tech fell 13–6 to Alabama in a game at Birmingham. Returning to the Top Five to take their place were No. 6 Oklahoma and No. 7 UCLA, which had defeated Iowa State (47–0) and Washington (22–6), respectively. The next ranking was No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Maryland, No. 3 Michigan State, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 UCLA.

November 21 Number one since the season began, No. 1 Notre Dame played to a 14–14 tie with No. 20 Iowa in a controversial game where Notre Dame's players were accused of faking injuries to stop the clock and gain time for a final touchdown. [6] No. 2 Maryland closed its season with a 21–0 win over No. 11 Alabama to finish the season unbeaten and untied at 10–0–0. No. 3 Michigan State closed with a 21–15 win over Marquette. No. 4 Oklahoma beat Nebraska 30–7, and No. 5 UCLA beat No. 9 USC, 13–0. The next poll featured No. 1 Maryland, No. 2 Notre Dame, No. 3 Michigan State, No. 4 Oklahoma, and No. 5 UCLA.

November 28 The new No. 1, Maryland had already finished its season. No. 2 Notre Dame, with a 48–14 win at No. 20 USC, and No. 4 Oklahoma (42–7 over Oklahoma A&M) were the only Top Five members who hadn't closed their seasons.

November 30 The final AP Poll ranked Maryland, the only unbeaten and untied team, No. 1 with 187 first place votes. Unbeaten, once-tied, and one-game-left-to-play No. 2 Notre Dame received 141 votes.

December 5 Notre Dame beat visiting SMU 40–14. No additional AP Poll was taken because there were few other games played this Saturday. [7]

ACC member Maryland would accept a bid to the Orange Bowl to meet once-beaten (8–1–1), Big 7 champ, and No. 4 Oklahoma, while No. 3 Michigan State and No. 5 UCLA would meet in the Rose Bowl. Notre Dame declined to participate in a postseason game.

Postseason

After the AP National Champion Maryland lost in the Orange Bowl, there was a lot of controversy since the AP Poll had been finalized beforehand and could not be changed to take this result into account. This Maryland loss resulted in Notre Dame being ranked No. 1 by 10 polls, including Billingsley , Boand, DeVold, Dunkel, National Championship Foundation, Williamson, and several others. As a reward for beating the Terrapins, the Sooners received No. 1 from Berryman and Football Research. Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine

Conference standings

Major conference standings

For this article, major conferences defined as those including at least one state flagship public university.

1953 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 1 Maryland + 3 0 010 1 0
No. 18 Duke + 4 0 07 2 1
South Carolina 2 3 07 3 0
North Carolina 2 3 04 6 0
Wake Forest 2 3 03 6 1
Clemson 1 2 03 5 1
NC State 0 3 01 9 0
  • + Conference co-champions
Rankings from AP Poll [8]
1953 Big Seven Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 4 Oklahoma $ 6 0 09 1 1
Missouri 4 2 06 4 0
Kansas State 4 2 06 3 1
Colorado 2 4 06 4 0
Nebraska 2 4 03 6 1
Kansas 2 4 02 8 0
Iowa State 1 5 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Big Ten Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 3 Michigan State + 5 1 09 1 0
No. 7 Illinois + 5 1 07 1 1
No. 15 Wisconsin 4 1 16 2 1
Ohio State 4 3 06 3 0
Minnesota 3 3 14 4 1
No. 20 Michigan 3 3 06 3 0
No. 9 Iowa 3 3 05 3 1
Purdue 2 4 02 7 0
Indiana 1 5 02 7 0
Northwestern 0 6 03 6 0
  • + Conference co-champions
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Border Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 12 Texas Tech $ 5 0 011 1 0
Hardin–Simmons 4 1 06 5 0
Texas Western 4 2 08 2 0
Arizona 3 2 04 5 1
Arizona State 1 3 04 5 1
New Mexico A&M 1 4 02 7 0
West Texas State 0 6 01 8 1
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Mid-American Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Ohio $ 5 0 16 2 1
Miami (OH) 3 0 17 1 1
Kent State 3 1 07 2 0
Toledo 2 3 03 6 0
Western Reserve 1 2 15 3 1
Western Michigan 0 4 11 6 1
Bowling Green 0 4 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Middle Three Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Rutgers $ 1 0 02 6 0
Lafayette 1 1 05 4 0
Lehigh 0 1 04 5 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 North Central Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
South Dakota State $ 5 0 15 3 1
Iowa State Teachers 5 1 06 3 0
North Dakota 4 1 16 1 1
Morningside 2 4 03 5 0
North Dakota State 2 4 03 5 0
South Dakota 2 4 02 6 0
Augustana (SD) 0 6 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Pacific Coast Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 5 UCLA $ 6 1 08 2 0
No. 19 Stanford 5 1 16 3 1
USC 4 2 16 3 1
California 2 2 24 4 2
Washington State 3 4 04 6 0
Oregon State 3 5 03 6 0
Washington 2 4 13 6 1
Oregon 2 5 14 5 1
Idaho 0 3 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Skyline Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Utah $ 5 0 08 2 0
Utah State 5 2 08 3 0
Wyoming 4 2 15 4 1
New Mexico 3 2 15 3 1
Colorado A&M 3 4 04 5 0
Montana 2 4 03 5 0
Denver 1 5 13 5 2
BYU 1 5 12 7 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Southeastern Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 13 Alabama $ 4 0 36 3 3
No. 8 Georgia Tech 4 1 19 2 1
No. 16 Kentucky 4 1 17 2 1
Ole Miss 4 1 17 2 1
No. 17 Auburn 4 2 17 3 1
Mississippi State 3 1 35 2 3
Tennessee 3 2 16 4 1
LSU 2 3 35 3 3
Florida 1 3 23 5 2
Vanderbilt 1 5 03 7 0
Georgia 1 5 03 8 0
Tulane 0 7 01 8 1
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Southern Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 10 West Virginia $ 4 0 08 2 0
Furman 2 0 07 2 0
George Washington 4 2 05 4 0
William & Mary 3 2 05 4 1
Richmond 3 3 05 3 1
VPI 3 3 05 5 0
VMI 3 3 05 5 0
Washington and Lee 2 4 04 6 0
The Citadel 1 3 02 7 0
Davidson 0 5 00 9 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Southwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 6 Rice + 5 1 09 2 0
No. 11 Texas + 5 1 07 3 0
Baylor 4 2 07 3 0
SMU 3 3 05 5 0
Arkansas 2 4 03 7 0
Texas A&M 1 5 04 5 1
TCU 1 5 03 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Yankee Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
New Hampshire + 3 1 06 2 0
Rhode Island + 3 1 06 2 0
Connecticut 2 1 13 4 1
Maine 1 2 14 2 1
Vermont 0 1 03 3 1
UMass 0 3 01 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions

Independents

1953 Eastern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Westminster (PA)   8 0 0
Juniata   7 0 0
No. 14 Army   7 1 1
Harvard   6 2 0
Franklin & Marshall   5 2 0
Hofstra   6 3 0
Penn State   6 3 0
Yale   5 2 2
Carnegie Tech   5 3 0
Boston College   5 3 1
Boston University   5 3 1
Syracuse   5 3 1
Princeton   5 4 0
Tufts   4 3 0
Cornell   4 3 2
Holy Cross   5 5 0
Temple   4 4 1
Colgate   3 4 2
Columbia   4 5 0
Fordham   4 5 0
Villanova   4 6 0
Drexel   2 3 1
Brown   3 5 1
Penn   3 5 1
Pittsburgh   3 5 1
Dartmouth   2 7 0
Buffalo   1 5 1
Bucknell   1 8 0
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Midwestern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 2 Notre Dame   9 0 1
Cincinnati   9 1 0
Carthage   8 1 0
Youngstown   7 1 0
John Carroll   7 2 0
Washington University   7 2 0
Rose Poly   6 2 0
Wabash   6 2 1
Marquette   6 3 1
Baldwin–Wallace   4 4 0
Drake   4 4 0
Wayne   3 4 1
Dayton   3 5 1
Xavier   2 7 1
Rankings from AP Poll
1953 Southern college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Arkansas State   8 0 2
Delaware   7 1 0
Maryland State   7 1 0
Mississippi Southern   9 2 0
Navy   4 3 2
Memphis State   6 4 0
Florida State   5 5 0
Tampa   6 6 0
Miami (FL)   4 5 0
Sewanee   3 5 0
Marshall   2 5 2
Chattanooga   3 7 0
Louisville   1 7 0
Virginia   1 8 0
1953 Western college football independents records
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Pacific (CA)   4 4 2
San Jose State   4 4 1
Hawaii   5 6 0
Nevada   2 3 0
La Verne   3 7 0
Cal Poly San Dimas   2 6 0

Minor conferences

ConferenceChampion(s)Record
California Collegiate Athletic Association Cal Poly–San Luis Obispo 5–0
Central Church College Conference Dana 3–1
Central Intercollegiate Athletics Association North Carolina College 5–1
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Saint Benedict's
Washburn
4–1
College Conference of Illinois Wheaton (IL) 4–0
Evergreen Conference Puget Sound
Whitworth
5–1
Far Western Conference Chico State College 1–0–1
Frontier Conference Carroll (MT) 4–0
Gulf Coast Conference Trinity (TX) 2–0
Indiana Collegiate Conference Butler 5–0
Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Iowa Wesleyan 4–0
Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference College of Emporia 7–0
Lone Star Conference East Texas State Teachers 5–0
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Hope 5–1
Mid-American Conference Ohio 5–0–1
Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference Saint Olaf 6–0
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Gustavus Adolphus 6–0
Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association Northeast Missouri State 5–0
Nebraska College Conference Peru State Teachers 6–0
New Mexico Intercollegiate Conference Panhandle A&M 6–0
North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference South Dakota State College 5–0–1
North Dakota College Athletic Conference Valley City State 6–0
Ohio Athletic Conference Ohio Wesleyan 7–0
Ohio Valley Conference Tennessee Tech 5–0
Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference Northeastern State College (OK) 4–0–1
Oregon Collegiate Conference Unknown
Pacific Northwest Conference College of Idaho 5–0
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference Shippensburg State Teachers
West Chester State Teachers
6–0
4–0
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Idaho State College 5–0
South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference Northern State Teachers 6–0
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Pomona-Pitzer 3–1
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Florida A&M 6–0
Southwestern Athletic Conference Prairie View A&M College 6–0
State Teacher's College Conference of Minnesota St. Cloud State Teachers 4–0
Texas Collegiate Athletic Conference Abilene Christian
McMurry (TX)
Texas A&I College
3–1
Wisconsin State College Conference Wisconsin State–La Crosse
Wisconsin State–Platteville
5–0
4–0

Minor conference standings

1953 California Collegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Cal Poly $ 5 0 09 0 0
San Diego State 3 1 15 3 1
Fresno State 2 2 14 4 2
Pepperdine 2 3 03 6 0
Santa Barbara 1 4 02 6 1
Los Angeles State 1 4 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Central Church College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Dana $ 3 1 04 3 1
Concordia (NE) 2 1 17 1 1
Tarkio 0 3 12 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 7 North Carolina College $ 5 1 05 3 0
No. 9 Morgan State 5 1 06 2 0
North Carolina A&T 5 1 07 1 1
Johnson C. Smith 5 2 05 3 0
No. 8 Virginia State 5 2 15 3 1
No. 11 West Virginia State 4 2 06 3 0
Hampton 5 3 06 3 1
Howard 3 5 03 5 1
Shaw 2 4 02 7 0
St. Augustine's 2 4 03 4 1
Virginia Union 2 4 15 4 1
Lincoln (PA) 2 4 03 5 0
Winston-Salem State 2 4 03 5 1
Delaware State 2 4 04 4 0
Bluefield State 2 5 02 7 0
Saint Paul's (VA) 1 4 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from Pittsburgh Courier [9]
1953 Central Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Washburn + 4 1 07 1 0
St. Benedict's + 4 1 07 2 0
Pittsburg State 2 2 16 3 1
Fort Hays State 2 2 13 4 1
Emporia State 2 3 02 5 1
Southwestern (KS) 0 5 01 8 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1953 College Conference of Illinois football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Wheaton (IL) $ 4 0 08 1 0
Lake Forest 4 1 05 3 0
Augustana (IL) 3 2 05 4 0
Millikin 2 3 03 5 0
North Central (IL) 2 4 02 6 0
Illinois Wesleyan 1 3 11 7 1
Elmhurst 1 3 03 4 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Evergreen Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Puget Sound + 5 1 07 1 0
Whitworth + 5 1 07 1 0
Eastern Washington 4 2 06 2 0
Pacific Lutheran 3 3 03 6 0
Western Washington 2 4 03 4 2
Central Washington 2 4 02 6 0
UBC 0 6 0 ?  ?  ?
  • + Conference co-champions
1953 Far Western Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Chico State $ 4 0 16 3 1
Humboldt State 2 1 06 2 0
Cal Aggies 1 2 11 6 1
San Francisco State 0 1 05 3 0
Southern Oregon 0 3 03 4 0
  • $ Conference champion
  • Conference records includes both Chico State vs. Cal Aggies games
1953 Hoosier Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Indiana Central $ 6 0 08 0 0
Earlham 4 2 06 2 0
Hanover 4 2 04 4 1
Anderson (IN) 3 3 03 5 0
Taylor 3 3 04 4 0
Franklin (IN) 1 5 01 7 0
Manchester (IN) 0 6 00 9 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Gulf Coast Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Trinity (TX) $ 2 0 08 1 0
North Texas State 1 1 03 6 1
Midwestern (TX) 0 2 02 8 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Gulf States Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Northwestern State + 5 1 06 2 0
Louisiana Tech + 5 1 06 3 0
Southeastern Louisiana + 5 1 06 3 0
Southwestern Louisiana 2 4 04 7 0
McNeese State 2 4 03 6 0
Louisiana College 1 5 04 6 0
Northeast Louisiana State 1 5 01 9 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1953 Indiana Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Butler $ 5 0 06 2 0
Valparaiso 3 2 05 2 1
Ball State 3 2 05 2 1
Indiana State 2 3 05 3 0
Evansville 2 3 03 7 0
Saint Joseph's (IN) 0 5 02 6 0
DePauw 0 0 00 7 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Central Michigan $ 5 0 17 1 1
Western Illinois 5 1 08 2 0
Michigan State Normal 4 1 17 1 1
Illinois State Normal 3 3 05 4 0
Southern Illinois 2 4 02 7 0
Northern Illinois State 1 5 01 8 0
Eastern Illinois 0 6 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Iowa Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Northern Division
Wartburg xy 3 0 04 5 0
Luther 2 1 05 3 0
Upper Iowa 1 2 03 4 0
Buena Vista 0 3 02 6 1
Southern Division
Iowa Wesleyan xy$ 4 0 09 1 0
Central (IA) 3 1 04 3 1
Dubuque 2 2 04 3 0
Parsons 1 3 03 5 0
Simpson 0 4 00 8 0
Championship: Iowa Wesleyan 33, Wartburg 14
  • $ Conference champion
  • x Division champion/co-champions
  • y Championship game participant
1953 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
College of Emporia $ 7 0 08 0 0
McPherson 6 1 08 1 0
Bethany (KS) 4 3 04 4 0
Kansas Wesleyan 3 3 13 5 1
Baker 3 4 04 5 0
Friends 2 5 04 5 0
Ottawa 2 5 03 6 0
Bethel (KS) 0 6 11 7 1
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Lone Star Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
East Texas State $ 5 0 010 0 1
Sam Houston State 4 1 09 1 0
Southwest Texas State 3 2 05 4 0
Lamar Tech 2 3 03 7 0
Sul Ross 1 4 04 7 0
Stephen F. Austin 0 5 01 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Mason–Dixon Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Hampden–Sydney $ 3 0 15 1 1
Western Maryland 2 0 14 3 1
Randolph–Macon 2 2 03 4 2
Bridgewater 1 2 03 3 0
Gallaudet 0 1 02 2 0
Johns Hopkins 0 3 02 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
  • Conference standings were based on the Dickinson Scoring System.
1953 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Hope $ 5 1 07 2 0
Albion 4 1 15 2 1
Alma 4 2 07 2 0
Hillsdale 3 1 24 2 2
Olivet 2 4 04 5 0
Adrian 1 4 12 5 1
Kalamazoo 0 6 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Mid-Ohio League football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Defiance $ 4 0 08 0 0
Findlay 2 2 03 4 0
Bluffton 2 2 03 4 0
Ohio Northern 1 3 01 7 1
Ashland 1 3 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Midwest Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 4 Lincoln (MO) + 4 0 18 0 1
No. 3 Tennessee A&I + 2 0 18 0 1
No. 12 Grambling 2 1 08 2 0
No. 10 Texas Southern 2 1 07 3 0
Kentucky State 1 3 06 4 0
Central State (OH) 0 3 01 5 0
Jackson 0 3 05 4 0
  • + Conference co-champions
Rankings from Pittsburgh Courier [10]
1953 Midwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
St. Olaf $ 6 0 08 0 0
Coe 5 0 15 2 1
Lawrence 5 1 16 1 1
Grinnell 4 3 04 4 0
Monmouth (IL) 4 3 05 3 0
Carleton 2 5 02 6 0
Knox 2 5 02 6 0
Ripon 1 5 01 6 0
Cornell (IA) 0 7 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Gustavus Adolphus + 5 1 06 2 0
Saint John's (MN) + 5 1 06 2 0
Concordia (MN) 4 2 05 3 0
Macalester 4 2 05 3 0
Minnesota–Duluth 3 3 03 4 0
Hamline 3 3 04 3 0
St. Thomas (MN) 2 4 03 5 0
Augsburg 1 5 02 6 0
Saint Mary's (MN) 0 6 00 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1953 Minnesota Teachers College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
St. Cloud State $ 4 0 06 1 0
Moorhead State 2 2 05 3 0
Winona State 2 2 04 4 0
Bemidji State 1 3 01 6 0
Mankato State 1 3 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Missouri College Athletic Union football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
William Jewell $ 4 0 09 1 0
Missouri Valley 3 1 07 1 1
Tarkio 2 2 02 5 1
Central (MO) 1 3 03 6 0
Culver–Stockton 0 4 00 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
NE Missouri State $ 5 0 06 2 0
SW Missouri State 3 2 03 6 0
NW Missouri State 2 2 13 4 1
Missouri–Rolla 2 3 03 5 0
SE Missouri State 1 2 24 3 2
Central Missouri State 0 4 10 7 2
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Missouri Valley Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Oklahoma A&M + 3 1 07 3 0
Detroit + 3 1 05 4 0
Wichita 1 2 04 4 1
Houston 1 2 04 4 1
Tulsa 1 3 03 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions
1953 Montana Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Carroll (MT) $ 4 0 05 2 1
Rocky Mountain 3 1 0 ?  ?  ?
Eastern Montana 1 2 12 3 1
Montana Mines 1 2 1 ?  ?  ?
Western Montana 0 4 0 ?  ?  ?
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Nebraska College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Peru State $ 6 0 08 0 0
Wayne State (NE) 4 2 15 3 1
Kearney State 3 2 13 5 1
Doane 3 2 24 3 2
Midland 4 3 05 4 0
Hastings 3 4 04 5 0
Nebraska Wesleyan 1 4 22 4 3
Chadron State 0 7 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 New Mexico Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Panhandle A&M $ 6 0 08 1 1
New Mexico Military 4 2 04 3 0
Arizona State–Flagstaff 3 3 04 5 0
Eastern New Mexico 3 3 04 7 0
Adams State 3 3 03 6 0
New Mexico Western 2 4 03 5 0
New Mexico Highlands 0 6 00 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 North Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Valley City State $ 6 0 07 2 0
Minot State 5 1 06 2 0
Wahpeton Science 4 2 05 2 0
Mayville State 4 2 04 2 0
Jamestown 3 3 03 4 0
Bismarck JC 2 4 02 4 0
Dickinson State 2 4 02 5 0
Ellendale 1 5 01 6 0
Bottineau 0 6 00 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 North State Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
East Carolina $ 6 0 08 2 0
Catawba 4 1 14 5 1
Appalachian State 3 3 06 4 0
Lenoir Rhyne 3 3 04 5 0
Guilford 2 3 03 5 0
Elon 1 4 11 6 1
Western Carolina 0 5 01 9 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Northwest Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
College of Idaho $ 5 0 08 1 0
Linfield 3 2 05 4 0
Willamette 2 2 12 5 1
Whitman 2 3 04 3 0
Lewis & Clark 2 3 04 5 0
Pacific (OR) 0 4 12 4 2
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Ohio Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Ohio Wesleyan $ 7 0 08 0 1
Heidelberg 4 1 17 1 1
Otterbein 5 2 05 3 0
Denison 4 2 07 2 0
Akron 4 2 06 3 0
Capital 3 2 05 3 0
Wooster 3 3 05 3 0
Muskingum 3 3 13 4 1
Mount Union 2 3 05 4 0
Wittenberg 2 4 03 6 0
Kenyon 1 3 03 4 0
Oberlin 0 5 01 6 1
Hiram 0 4 01 6 0
Marietta 0 4 01 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Ohio Valley Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Tennessee Tech $ 5 0 07 4 0
Eastern Kentucky 4 1 08 2 0
Middle Tennessee 3 2 07 4 0
Western Kentucky 2 3 06 4 0
Murray State 1 4 03 6 0
Morehead State 0 5 00 8 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Oklahoma Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Northeastern State $ 4 0 17 1 1
SE Oklahoma State 3 1 13 4 1
Central State (OK) 3 2 06 3 0
East Central 2 3 02 7 0
SW Oklahoma State 1 4 04 6 0
NW Oklahoma State 1 4 03 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Oregon Collegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Oregon College $ 3 0 04 4 0
Portland State 2 1 05 2 0
Oregon Tech 1 2 02 5 1
Eastern Oregon 0 3 01 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Pennsylvania State Teachers College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
West Chester $ 4 0 07 1 0
Shippensburg 6 0 08 0 0
Bloomsburg 3 1 06 2 0
Clarion 3 1 04 3 1
Indiana (PA) 3 2 04 4 0
East Stroudsburg 2 2 03 3 0
Slippery Rock 1 2 14 3 1
California (PA) 2 3 03 5 0
Mansfield 2 3 02 5 0
Cheyney 1 3 01 6 0
Lock Haven 4 4 04 4 0
Edinboro 1 3 13 5 1
Kutztown 2 4 01 5 2
Millersville 0 6 00 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
  • Conference standings were based on the Saylor system of ratings.
1953 Rocky Mountain Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Idaho State $ 5 0 06 2 0
Montana State 4 1 04 4 0
Western State (CO) 2 2 15 2 1
Colorado College 1 2 22 4 2
Colorado Mines 1 3 13 4 1
Colorado State–Greeley 0 5 02 5 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Northern State $ 6 0 08 0 0
Huron 5 2 06 3 0
Southern State 4 2 06 2 0
South Dakota Mines 4 2 04 4 1
Dakota Wesleyan 3 3 05 3 0
Yankton 3 4 03 5 0
Sioux Falls 1 4 02 5 0
Black Hills 1 5 02 7 0
General Beadle 0 5 00 6 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Pomona-Claremont + 3 1 07 1 0
Occidental + 3 1 06 2 0
Whittier 2 2 06 3 1
Redlands 2 2 06 4 0
Caltech 0 4 00 7 0
  • + Conference co-champions
  • Caltech played Pomona-Claremont and Redlands each two times; each game counted as one-half in the standings.
1953 Southwestern Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
No. 1 Prairie View A&M $ 6 0 012 0 0
No. 6 Southern 5 1 09 2 0
Texas College 4 2 05 4 0
Arkansas AM&N 2 3 13 5 2
Langston 2 4 03 6 0
Bishop 1 4 12 6 1
Wiley 0 6 02 7 0
  • $ Conference champion
Rankings from Pittsburgh Courier [11]
1953 Texas Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
McMurry + 3 1 08 1 1
Abilene Christian + 3 1 07 3 0
Texas A&I + 3 1 04 5 0
Howard Payne 1 3 02 7 0
Austin 0 4 05 4 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 Virginia Little Six Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Hampden–Sydney $ 3 0 05 1 1
Emory and Henry 1 1 06 5 0
Randolph–Macon 1 2 03 4 2
Bridgewater 0 2 03 3 0
  • $ Conference champion
1953 West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
Morris Harvey $ 4 0 06 4 1
[[{{{school}}}|West Liberty State]]6 1 06 2 0
[[{{{school}}}|Fairmont State]]4 2 05 2 0
[[{{{school}}}|Concord]]4 2 04 3 1
[[{{{school}}}|Potomac State]]3 4 03 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|Glenville State]]3 4 03 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|West Virginia Tech]]1 3 01 7 0
[[{{{school}}}|West Virginia Wesleyan]]1 4 01 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|Salem]]0 7 00 8 0
[[{{{school}}}|Bethany (WV)]] * 1 0 03 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|Shepherd]] * 1 1 02 5 1
  • $ Conference champion
  • * – Did not qualify for conference standings
    Conference standings based on power ratings
1953 Wisconsin State College Conference football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
[[{{{school}}}|La Crosse State]] + 5 0 09 0 1
Platteville State + 4 0 06 0 0
[[{{{school}}}|River Falls State]]3 1 05 2 0
[[{{{school}}}|Stevens Point State]]4 2 05 3 0
[[{{{school}}}|Eau Claire State]]4 3 05 3 0
[[{{{school}}}|Whitewater State]]2 3 02 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|Milwaukee State]]2 3 02 6 0
[[{{{school}}}|Superior State]]1 3 03 4 0
[[{{{school}}}|Stout State]]0 5 01 7 0
[[{{{school}}}|Oshkosh State]]0 5 00 6 0
  • + Conference co-champions

Rankings

Bowl games

Bowl gameWinning teamLosing team
Cotton Bowl Classic No. 6 Rice 28No. 13 Alabama 6
Gator Bowl No. 12 Texas Tech'35No. 17 Auburn 13
Orange Bowl No. 4 Oklahoma 7No. 1 Maryland 0
Rose Bowl No. 3 Michigan State 28No. 5 UCLA Bruins 20
Sugar Bowl No. 8 Georgia Tech 42No. 10 West Virginia 19
Sun Bowl Texas Western 37 Mississippi Southern 14
Tangerine Bowl Arkansas State 7 East Texas State 7

Heisman Trophy voting

The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player

PlayerSchoolPosition1st2nd3rdTotal
Johnny Lattner Notre Dame HB3842831321,850
Paul Giel Minnesota HB3662951061,794
Paul Cameron UCLA HB4489134444
Bernie Faloney Maryland QB463452258
Bobby Garrett Stanford QB324349231
Alan Ameche Wisconsin FB253860211
J. C. Caroline Illinois HB153774193
J. D. Roberts Oklahoma G62148108
Lamar McHan Arkansas QB1512978
Steve Meilinger Kentucky E1210965

Source: [12]

See also

Related Research Articles

The NCAA was without a playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division, later known as Division I-A, during the 20th century. The NCAA recognizes Division I-A national champions based on the final results of polls including the "wire service", FWAA and NFF. The 1964 AP poll continued to rank only ten teams, compiling the votes of 55 sportswriters, each of whom would give their opinion of the ten best. Under a point system of 10 points for first place, 9 for second, etc., the "overall" ranking was determined.

The 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the University of Miami, led by Bernie Kosar, winning their first national championship over perennial power and top ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl.

During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division, later known as Division I-A. The NCAA did recognize a national champion based upon the final results of "wire service" polls. The "writers' poll" by Associated Press (AP) was the most popular, followed by the "coaches' poll" by United Press International) (UPI). Prior to 1965, both services issued their final polls at the close of the regular season, but before teams competed in bowl games. For the 1965 season, the AP took its final poll after the postseason games, an arrangement made permanent in 1968. The Associated Press presented the "AP Trophy" to the winner.

The 1966 University Division football season was marked by some controversy as the year of "The Tie", a famous 10–10 game between the two top-ranked teams, Michigan State and Notre Dame on November 19. Both teams were crowned national champions by various organizations after the regular season concluded, and neither participated in a bowl game. Alabama finished the regular season undefeated and was third in the AP poll, while Georgia was fourth. Alabama went on to win the Sugar Bowl in dominant fashion. During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division, later known as Division I-A.

The 1967 NCAA University Division football season was the last one in which college football's champion was crowned before the bowl games. During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division, later known as Division I-A and now as the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS).

In the 1968 NCAA University Division football season, the system of "polls and bowls" changed. The Associated Press returned to its pre-1961 system of ranking the Top 20 rather than the Top 10, and voted on the national champion after the bowl games, rather than before. During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division, later known as Division I-A.

The 1971 NCAA University Division football season saw Coach Bob Devaney's Nebraska Cornhuskers repeat as national champions. Ranked a close second behind Notre Dame in the preseason poll, Nebraska moved up to first place the following week, remained there for the rest of 1971, and convincingly won the Orange Bowl 38–6 in a No. 1 vs. No. 2 game against Alabama.

The 1957 NCAA University Division football season saw two different national champions. Auburn was ranked first in the AP writers' poll taken at season's end, while Ohio State was first in the UPI coaches' poll. Auburn was ineligible for a bowl game, however, having been placed on probation indefinitely by the Southeastern Conference, after having paid two high school players $500 apiece.

The 1973 NCAA Division I football season was the first for the NCAA's current three-division structure. Effective with the 1973–74 academic year, schools formerly in the NCAA "University Division" were classified as Division I. Schools in the former "College Division" were classified into Division II, which allowed fewer athletic scholarships than Division I, and Division III, in which athletic scholarships were prohibited.

The 1976 NCAA Division I football season ended with a championship for the Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh. Led by head coach Johnny Majors, the Pitt Panthers brought a college football championship to the home of the defending pro football champions, the Steelers. Pitt also had the Heisman Trophy winner, Tony Dorsett; the Panthers had been ranked ninth in the preseason AP poll.

The 1956 NCAA University Division football season saw the University of Oklahoma Sooners finish a third consecutive season unbeaten and untied to again win the national championship.

The 1955 college football season saw the Oklahoma Sooners win the national championship after going 10–0–0. Although the final poll was taken before the postseason bowl games, Oklahoma played against the nation's other unbeaten and untied (10–0–0) team, the Maryland Terrapins, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, and won 20–6.

The 1954 college football season saw three teams finish unbeaten and untied, with Ohio State Buckeyes and the UCLA Bruins sharing the national championship as the No. 1 picks of the AP Poll and the UPI Poll, respectively. Although the winners of the Big Ten and the Pacific conferences normally met in the Rose Bowl, a "no repeat" rule prevented the two champions from meeting. UCLA, which had been in the Rose Bowl earlier in the year, was replaced by conference runner-up USC.

The 1952 college football season ended with the unbeaten Michigan State Spartans (9–0) and Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (12–0) each claiming a national championship from different polls. Michigan State finished first according to two of the "wire service" polls, which both placed Georgia Tech second. Georgia Tech was first in the International News Service poll. UP and INS merged in 1958 to form UPI.

The 1951 college football season finished with seven unbeaten major college teams, of which five were unbeaten and untied. Ultimately, the Tennessee Volunteers were voted the best team by the Associated Press, followed by the Michigan State Spartans, with the Vols having a plurality of first place votes. Tennessee lost in the Sugar Bowl to the equally undefeated and untied No. 3 Maryland Terrapins, but the postseason games were not taken into account by the major polls. Tennessee, Michigan State, and Illinois all claim national championships for 1951.

The 1949 college football season finished with four teams that were unbeaten and untied-- Notre Dame, Oklahoma, California, and Army had won all their games at season's end. Notre Dame, however, was the overwhelming choice for national champion in the AP Poll, with 172 of 208 first place votes. The Fighting Irish did not participate in the New Year's Day bowl games, which were played on January 2, 1950.

The 1948 college football season finished with SMU halfback Doak Walker as the Heisman Trophy winner and six teams in contention for the national championship:

  1. Bennie Oosterbaan's Michigan compiled a 9–0 record, defeated six ranked opponents, and was the consensus national champion, receiving 192 of 333 first-place votes in the final AP Poll. It was Michigan's second consecutive undefeated season, extending the program's winning streak to 23 games.
  2. Frank Leahy's Notre Dame Fighting Irish compiled a 9–0–1 record and had a 21-game winning streak dating back to the 1946 season before playing a 14–14 tie with USC in the final game of the 1948 season. Notre Dame was ranked No. 2 in the final AP Poll, receiving 97 of 333 first-place votes.
  3. Carl Snavely's No. 3 North Carolina Tar Heels, led by Heisman Trophy runner-up Charlie Justice, were undefeated in the regular season (9–0–1) but lost to Oklahoma in the 1949 Sugar Bowl.
  4. Pappy Waldorf's No. 4 California Golden Bears, led by Jackie Jensen who finished fourth in the 1948 Heisman Troophy voting, were undefeated in the regular season (10–0), but lost to Northwestern in the 1949 Rose Bowl.
  5. Bud Wilkinson's No. 5 Oklahoma Sooners compiled a 10–1 record, including a victory over No. 3 North Carolina in the 1949 Sugar Bowl.
  6. Earl Blaik's No. 6 Army Cadets finished the season undefeated (8–0–1). They won the first eight games of the season and were ranked No. 3 in the AP Poll before playing Navy to a tie in the annual Army–Navy Game.

The 1947 college football season finished with Notre Dame, Michigan, and Penn State all unbeaten and untied, but the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame were the first place choice for 107 of the 142 voters in the final AP Poll in early December, and repeated as national champions. Michigan was selected for the top spot by six contemporary math systems.

The 1946 college football season was the 78th season of intercollegiate football in the United States. Competition included schools from the Big Ten Conference, the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the Big Six Conference, the Southern Conference, the Southwestern Conference, and numerous smaller conferences and independent programs. The season saw the return of many programs which had suspended play during World War II, and also the enrollment of many veterans returning from the war.

The 1939 college football season concluded with the Aggies of The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas being named as the national champions by the voters in the Associated Press writers' poll. Led by consensus All-American fullback John Kimbrough, the Aggies went undefeated at 11–0 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 212 to 31, with the defense allowing just 54 first downs and 763 yards all season, or 1.71 yards per play. On New Year's Day, Texas A&M defeated Tulane, 14–13 in the Sugar Bowl.

References

  1. "1953 Preseason AP Football Poll". CollegePollArchive.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  2. Tommy Devine, "Mid-West," Football Pictorial: Street and Smith's 1954 Yearbook. New York: Street and Smith Publishing, 1954; p. 5.
  3. "Complete List of College Football National Championship Teams". Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  4. ESPN Sports Almanac (2000), p181
  5. appollarchive.com/football/ap
  6. "ESPN.com - NCAA College Football - The 100". ESPN. #29 FAINTING IRISH. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  7. Written at New York. "Notre Dame Can Claim National Championship". Waco Tribune–Herald. Waco, Texas. United Press. January 3, 1954 [Written January 2]. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  8. "1953 Atlantic Coast Conference Year Summary". sports-reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  9. "The Golden Dozen of 1953". The Pittsburgh Courier. December 19, 1953. p. 15 via Newspapers.com.
  10. "The Golden Dozen of 1953". The Pittsburgh Courier. December 19, 1953. p. 15 via Newspapers.com.
  11. "The Golden Dozen of 1953". The Pittsburgh Courier. December 19, 1953. p. 15 via Newspapers.com.
  12. "Lattner wins Heisman, Maxwell awards". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. December 2, 1953. p. 20.