During his announcement speech, Trump displayed a chart detailing claimed tariffs levied against the United States and retaliatory tariffs that he would issue in turn.
On April 2, 2025, United States presidentDonald Trump held a White House Rose Garden ceremony, dubbed as the "Liberation Day" speech, where Trump revealed a comprehensive trade policy overhaul that significantly altered the United States' economic relationships with global trading partners. It represented the culmination of Trump's promised "reciprocal tariff" strategy, which he had described as necessary to correct what he characterized as decades of unfair trading relationships that disadvantaged American manufacturers and workers. He dubbed April 2 as "Liberation Day" and "one of the most important days in American history".[1] During the event, Trump signed Executive Order 14257, which outlined extensive global tariff policies which he described as the United States' "declaration of economic independence".
The announcement of the order marked the beginning of a global trade war between the United States and the rest of the world, and triggered a global stock market crash.
Prior to the "Liberation Day" announcement, Trump had implemented several tariff policies since returning to office in January 2025. These included duties on steel and aluminum imports, as well as tariffs targeting specific countries such as China, Canada, and Mexico. The administration had also announced a 25% tariff on imported automobiles and automotive parts scheduled to take effect at midnight on April 3, 2025. These previous measures had already increased the average U.S. tariff rate to approximately 12%, the highest level since World War II according to Deutsche Bank Research.[1][2]
In the White House Rose Garden address on April 2, 2025, Trump declared that April 2 was "Liberation Day," describing the announcement as "one of the most important days in American history" and "our declaration of economic independence." The president unveiled a two-tier tariff structure: a baseline 10% tariff applied universally to imports from all countries with the exception of Canada and Mexico, and additional country-specific "reciprocal" tariffs based on what the administration deemed unfair trade practices by approximately 60 individual nations.[1][3] The 10% baseline tariff would begin at 12:01 a.m. EDT on April 5, 2025 (04:01 UTC), while the higher country-specific rates would commence at 12:01 a.m. EDT on April 9, 2025.[3]
Trump declared a national emergency to address what he described as a "large and persistent U.S. trade deficit", enabling him to invoke the IEEPA to impose a 10% tariff on all imports to the US, effective April 5, 2025.[4] He also announced higher tariffs on approximately 60 countries and territories set to begin April 9.[5] The White House confirmed that these tariffs would be applied in addition to existing measures on Chinese imports, resulting in an effective tariff rate of 54% on Chinese goods after April 9, 2025.[6]
The tariffs would apply to more than 100 trading partners. However, they would not impact products already subject to previous tariff actions, including steel, aluminum, vehicles, and vehicle parts. Energy products and certain minerals "not available in the United States" were also exempted.[1]
Among the highest tariff rates announced included:[1][2][7]
Australia: 10% (despite trade surplus, not deficit)
Ukraine: 10% (many countries get this base rate, except for e.g. Russia)
United Kingdom: 10% (lowest tariff rate countries get except for 0% on Russia and North Korea)
The $800 de minimis threshold for duty-free imports from China was eliminated, with plans to eliminate this threshold for other countries once administrative capacity was established.[8] The elimination of this exemption would take effect on May 2, 2025.[3]
Speech
Footage of the speech
During the speech, Trump framed the tariffs as being in response to a "national emergency," asserting they would boost domestic production and create American jobs. He stated, "We're going to start being smart, and we're going to start being very wealthy again," claiming the new policy would generate "trillions and trillions of dollars to reduce our taxes and pay down our national debt."[1] He cited a US$1.2 trillion trade deficit from the previous year as evidence of unfair global trading practices.[8]
The president characterized his approach to the tariff implementation as "kind," explaining that the government would only charge other countries half of what administration calculations suggested he should apply based on the trade practices of the impacted nations. When describing the rates during his speech, Trump displayed a chart showing reciprocal tariff rates for U.S. trading partners. Associated White House materials indicated that calculations included assessments of "currency manipulation and trade barriers" imposed by other countries, though the specific formula was not disclosed.[1][3] He offered trading partners a straightforward alternative: "Terminate your own tariffs. Drop your barriers." and summarized his tariff policy as: "If you want your tariff rate to be zero, then you build your product right here in America."[3]
List of tariffs imposed
Tables of all countries and territories affected and associated tariff rates. Note that the amounts listed as "Tariffs charged to the USA" are disputed by most economists, for instance, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, which are uninhabited.[9]
Map of countries and territories affected by and percentages of the Liberation Day tariffs
Countries and territories affected by and percentages of the Liberation Day tariffs[10]
Financial markets generally responded negatively to the announcement. S&P 500 index futures, which had gained 0.7% during normal trading hours, tumbled more than 3% following Trump's announcement. Similarly, Japanese Nikkei 225 futures fell approximately 2%.[1]
Financial analysts expressed surprise at the tariffs' magnitude. Head of macro strategy at Academy Securities Peter Tchir described the rates as "shockingly high compared to what people were expecting" and called the announcement "a disaster". Others suggested the high rates might represent an opening position for subsequent negotiations rather than permanent policy.[1]
Domestic
Outside the White House gates following the ceremony, protestors gathered with signs depicting the Mr. Monopoly character and messages criticizing the policy as "liberating" money from consumers' wallets to benefit wealthy interests.[1]
Senate Democrats voiced opposition to the tariffs. Oregon Senator Ron Wyden characterized them as "a tax on almost everything families buy" that "won't rebuild American manufacturing or help working families get ahead."[1]
Representative Suzan DelBene (D-WA-01), chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, characterized the tariffs as part of broader "chaos and dysfunction" and argued that the president should not have unilateral authority to impose such measures.[8]
Republican leadership generally supported the president's tariff actions, while acknowledging potential short-term economic disruption. Speaker of the HouseMike Johnson (R-LA-04) expressed confidence that despite initial difficulties, the policy would ultimately "make sense for Americans and help all Americans."[8]
New York governorKathy Hochul called the impending tariffs "nothing but a reckless tax on hard-working New Yorkers" that would severely damage the state's economy, particularly businesses dependent on Canadian tourism.[1]
Former Vice PresidentMike Pence, who served in Trump's first presidency, criticized the tariffs as the "largest peacetime tax hike in U.S. history". He also stated that they are "nearly 10x the size of those imposed during the Trump-Pence administration and will cost American families over $3,500 per year".[11]
The Washington Post reported that Elon Musk made personal appeals to Trump to reverse the tariffs.[12] On April 5, Musk criticized Peter Navarro, Trump's trade advisor and one of the key official behind the tariffs, questioning his educational qualifications from Harvard on X and writing "He ain’t built shit."[13] Navarro responded by saying Musk is not a "car manufacturer". In response, on April 8, Musk called Navarro "a moron" and "dumber than a sack of bricks", and said he should consult "the fake expert he invented, Ron Vara".[14]
Business organizations
American experts and business organizations raised concerns about potential inflationary effects and supply chain disruptions. The National Retail Federation issued a statement warning that the tariffs would "cause more anxiety and uncertainty for American businesses and consumers," emphasizing that U.S. importers, not foreign countries or suppliers, would bear the initial financial burden.[1]
The National Association of Manufacturers expressed concern that the large scale of the tariffs would threaten jobs, supply chains, investment, which in turn would threaten "America's ability to outcompete other nations and lead as the preeminent manufacturing superpower."[1]
The National Restaurant Association similarly predicted that tariffs at the scale they were presented would create "change and disruption" restaurant owners would have difficulty with bearing to keep their businesses open, noting that food and packaging costs would likely increase.[1]
Argentina – PresidentJavier Milei, a strong supporter of Trump, celebrated the tariffs imposed on Argentina by posting Queen's "Friends Will Be Friends" on his Twitter account, suggesting that the country obtained the lowest percentage of 10% because of his alleged friendship with the U.S. president.[15][16] The post generated controversy in Argentina, because he chose to share music from an English band on the same day of the Argentine public holiday of the Day of the Veterans and Fallen of the Malvinas [Falklands] War.[15] Although several Milei officials claim that the 10% tariffs are preferential treatment to Argentina, Trump announced the same percentage for left-leaning political rivals in the region such as Brazil, Chile and Colombia.[17]
Australia – Australian Prime MinisterAnthony Albanese stated that the United States' implementation of 10% tariffs on Australia had "no basis in logic," arguing that "a true reciprocal tariff would have been zero percent". He described the action as "not the act of a friend", but indicated Australia would not immediately impose retaliatory measures.[1]
Bangladesh – On April 5, Chief Advisor of Bangladeshi Interim Government, Muhammad Yunus, called off an emergency meeting of experts, advisors and related officials in his residence to discuss over the tariff issue.[18] Following the meeting, decisions were made to increase import for reducing trade deficit with the US.[19][20] On April 7, Yunus sent a personal letter to President Trump requesting a three-month postponement of the decision, highlighting initiatives to reduce trade deficit with the US.[21]
Brazil – The Foreign Ministry of Brazil stated that the announced 10% tariff did not "reflect reality," claiming that the United States had a $410 billion trade surplus with Brazil over 15 years.[1]
Cambodia – In a formal letter, prime minister Hun Manet announced a reduction in trade import tariffs for US products, requested for negotiations to be opened, and for tariffs be postponed.[22]
Chile – PresidentGabriel Boric expressed "regret over the unilateral imposition of tariffs" during a meeting with business leaders in India, stating that his team is analyzing the consequences of this measure, that it is not specifically aimed at Chile, and that they evaluate opportunities to diversify trade and reduce dependence on external decisions, noting that key products like copper and wood are not included for now.[17]
China – The Chinese government issued a measured statement warning that protectionism leads to "nowhere", and that there are no winners in trade wars.[8] On April 4, the State Council Tariff Commission[zh] announced retaliatory tariffs of 34%, effective April 10.[24]
Israel – Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich revealed that he was planning on discussing the protection of his country's economy from the 17% tariff with other ministry officials.[27]
Italy – Italian Prime MinisterGiorgia Meloni characterized the EU-targeted tariffs as "wrong" and pledged to work toward an agreement to prevent a mutually damaging trade conflict.[8]
Japan – Japanese Trade MinisterYoji Muto said that the tariffs are "extremely regrettable" and said that Japan would "continue to urge the US to exempt Japan from these tariffs."[28]
Malaysia – Prime minister Anwar Ibrahim announced he would coordinate a regional response in his capacity as ASEAN Chair, and discussed the tariffs with counterparts from Vietnam and Indonesia. Malaysia initially did not implement retaliatory measures.[29]
Poland – In a Twitter post, Prime Minister of PolandDonald Tusk responded to Trump's announcement by stating that "Friendship means partnership. Partnership means really and truly mutual duties. Adequate decisions are needed."[30][31]
Russia – On 9 April Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Overchuk said that Russia has no significant trade with the United States: "As for our country, on the one hand, a record number of sanctions have been imposed on it, aimed at curbing our development, and on the other hand, Russia still has no significant trade with this country".[32] He noted that there is a dismantling of the international trade system. "The imposition of these duties by Trump is not accidental. It should be seen in the context of the process of de-globalisation. Globalisation emerged in the late 40s of the last century. At that time, the USSR as a victorious country enjoyed enormous prestige in the world, many Western intellectuals were supporters of communist ideology, and the planned economy based on public ownership of the means of production demonstrated the highest growth rates. It seemed that the Soviet model would triumph around the world. In the US, this was perceived as a threat to a society based on democracy and private property. The result was globalisation. The US shouldered the lion's share of the costs required to maintain this huge system and seemed oblivious to the damage of this policy. In December 1991, the USSR ceased to exist and the root cause of globalisation disappeared. Why the US continued to tolerate three more decades of accumulating national debt, budget deficits and negative foreign trade balance requires a separate study. Today, in fact, the bill for the prosperity achieved by keeping the U.S. in line for nearly 80 years is being billed."[33]
Singapore – Trade minister Gan Kim Yong announced that his country would not impose retaliatory tariffs against the United States because of concerns regarding price imports to Singapore.[27]
South Korea – Industry minister Ahn Duk-geun said that the acting president Han Duck-soo implemented emergency measures for businesses affected by the 25% tariff.[27]
Spain – Spanish Prime MinisterPedro Sánchez called Trump's decision "an unprecedented measure that is a unilateral attack on global trade relations", and stressed that "protectionism is not a smart way to face challenges".[34] He also announced "the immediate deployment" of a $14.1 billion Business Response and Revival Plan to mitigate the damage of US tariffs.[35]
Switzerland – Swiss PresidentKarin Keller-Sutter announced that Switzerland "has taken note" of the 31% tariff and would "quickly determine how to proceed," emphasizing that the nation's "long-term economic interests are paramount" while maintaining that "loyalty to international law and free trade remain core values."[1]
Taiwan – Taiwan's cabinet referred to Trump's tariffs toward it as "deeply unreasonable," stating that they did not understand the calculations behind the 32% tariff and would seek to discuss them in talks in Washington.[36] On April 6, President William Lai delivered a video speech saying that the government will make a negotiation with the USA to attempt to decrease the tariff rate, and give necessary support to the industries that the tariff policy impacts.[37] On April 7, PremierCho Jung-tai convened a meeting with leaders of both ruling and opposition legislative caucuses at the Executive Yuan to discuss the impact of the U.S. tariff increases on Taiwan.[38]
United Kingdom – Prime minister Keir Starmer said that he planned on negotiating for a trade deal with the United States and that he did not want his country to be in a trade war.[27]
Vietnam – The country's Ministry of Industry and Trade stated that Trump's 46% reciprocal tariff is "unfair" and "lacking scientific basis", citing that Vietnam's actual average MFN tariff rate for imported goods stands at just 9.4%, contradicting to the White House's accusation of 90%.[39] Meanwhile, Prime MinisterPhạm Minh Chính summoned an emergency meeting with his cabinet and assigned two of his deputies to head a rapid response task force and a government's special envoy to deal with the American administration.[40] In a phone call with Trump, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of VietnamTô Lâm offered a "0%" tariff on American goods in exchange for lowering and eliminating tariffs against Vietnam, which Trump praised in a Truth Social post.[41][42]
↑ Trump, Donald J. (April 4, 2025). "Call with To Lam". Truth Social. Retrieved April 4, 2025. Just had a very productive call with To Lam, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, who told me that Vietnam wants to cut their Tariffs down to ZERO if they are able to make an agreement with the U.S. I thanked him on behalf of our Country, and said I look forward to a meeting in the near future.
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