Frankenia

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Frankenia
Frankenia palmeri.jpg
Frankenia palmeri
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Frankeniaceae
Desv.
Genus: Frankenia
L.
Type species
Frankenia laevis [1]
L.
Synonyms [2]
  • AnthobryumPhil.
  • BeatsoniaRoxb.
  • FrancaBoehm.
  • HypericopsisBoiss.
  • NiederleiniaHieron.
  • TetreilemaTurcz.

Frankenia (sea heath) is the only genus in the Frankeniaceae family of flowering plants. [3] Other genera have been recognized within the family, such as Anthobryum, Hypericopsis and Niederleinia, [4] but molecular phylogenetic studies have consistently shown that they all belong inside Frankenia. Frankenia comprises about 70–80 species of shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants, adapted to saline and dry environments throughout temperate and subtropical regions. [3] A few species are in cultivation as ornamental plants.

Contents

Description

Frankenia species are salt tolerant (halophytic) or drought tolerant (xerophytic) shrubs, subshrubs or herbaceous plants. They have opposite, simple leaves, generally small and somewhat heather-like, and often with salt-excreting glands in sunken pits. Their flowers are small, either solitary or borne in various kinds of cyme. Each flower has four to seven sepals, joined at the base into a tube, and four to seven overlapping petals, narrowed at the base. The stamens are often arranged in two whorls of three each. The ovary is made up of one to four carpels (usually three). The fruit is a capsule, enclosed in the persistent sepals. The seeds have a central embryo with considerable starchy endosperm on each side. [5]

Taxonomy

The genus Frankenia was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, [6] with three species, the first named being Frankenia laevis . [7] The genus name honours Johan Franck or Frankenius (1590–1661), a professor of botany at Uppsala, Sweden. [8] Linnaeus initially used an artificial system to group genera (his systema sexuale). Later, he and other botanists adopted "natural" systems of classification, using orders or families. Augustin Saint-Hilaire in 1815 was the first to suggest, tentatively, that Frankenia might be the type of a new family. [9] His suggestion was formalized in a publication edited by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1817. [10] [11] [12]

At least six genera have been recognized within the family Frankeniaceae at various times. [2] Only Frankenia is accepted as of March 2018. [13] Genera that have been recognized include HypericopsisBoiss. (not HypericopsisOpiz which is a synonym of Hypericum ), Anthobryum and Niederleinia. Hypericopsis, with the sole species Hypericopsis persica, was still accepted by Klaus Kubitzki in 2003; however a morphological study published in the same year concluded that Hypericopis belonged in Frankenia. [3] A molecular phylogenetic study in 2004 reached the same conclusion. [14]

Phylogeny and classification

The family Frankeniaceae is placed in the order Caryophyllales in the APG IV system. [15] A summary phylogenetic tree of the Caryophyllales shows that Frankeniaceae belongs outside the core Caryophyllales, and that its closest relationship is with the tamarisk family, Tamaricaceae. [3]

Caryophyllales

caryophyllids – core Caryophyllales

mostly carnivorous families (Dioncophyllaceae, Ancistrocladaceae, Drosophyllaceae, Droseraceae, Nepenthaceae)

Polygonaceae

Plumbaginaceae

Frankeniaceae

Tamaricaceae

Studies of the relationships within the genus have used a limited number of species. A cladogram for seven species suggests that Australian species may be more closely related to Eurasian and African species than to those from the Americas. [14] [16]

Frankenia salina – Chile, northern America

Frankenia jamesii – northern America

Frankenia johnstonii – northern America

Frankenia pauciflora – Australia

Frankenia serpylliflora – Australia

Frankenia hirsuta – Eurasia, northern Africa

Frankenia persica – Iran

Species

As of March 2018, the following species were accepted by Plants of the World Online: [2]

Distribution and habitat

Frankenia has a widespread but patchy distribution throughout temperate and subtropical areas of the world, being absent from the tropics. In North America, it is found in Mexico and some western and southern states of the U.S. In South America, it also has a western and southern distribution. In Eurasia and Africa, it occurs around the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, extending northwards to Great Britain, southwards to South Sudan, and eastwards to India. It is also native to southern Africa and Australia. [2] Frankenia species are halophytes (salt tolerant) and xerophytes (drought tolerant). [3] They are found in coastal and arid regions. [4]

Cultivation

A few species of Frankenia are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in rock gardens and similar situations, where they can form spreading mats. Recommended species in the United Kingdom include F. hirsuta, F. laevis and F. thymifolia, all with white to rose purple flowers. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malvales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within nine families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepenthales</span> Order of carnivorous plants

Nepenthales is an order of carnivorous flowering plants in the Cronquist system of plant classification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bombacaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus Bombax. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view, and currently the preference is to transfer most of the erstwhile family Bombacaceae to the subfamily Bombacoideae within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The rest of the family were transferred to other taxa, notably the new family Durionaceae. Irrespective of current taxonomic status, many of the species originally included in the Bombacaceae are of considerable ecological, historical, horticultural, and economic importance, such as balsa, kapok, baobab and durian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Violales</span> Order of eudicot flowering plants

Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae; it was proposed by Lindley (1853). The name has been used in several systems, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings. In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below. Some classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Violales in the superorder Violiflorae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemerocallidoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Hemerocallidoideae is the a subfamily of flowering plants, part of the family Asphodelaceae sensu lato in the monocot order Asparagales according to the APG system of 2016. Earlier classification systems treated the group as a separate family, the Hemerocallidaceae. The name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Hemerocallis. The largest genera in the group are Dianella, Hemerocallis (15), and Caesia (11).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basellaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Basellaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamaricaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Tamaricaceae, the tamarisk family, are a family of plants native to drier areas of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains four genera: Tamarix, Reaumuria, Myricaria, and Myrtama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosids</span> Large clade of flowering plants

The rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

The Kubitzki system is a system of plant taxonomy devised by Klaus Kubitzki, and is the product of an ongoing survey of vascular plants, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, and extending to 15 volumes in 2018. The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment of the vascular plants, with keys to and descriptions of all families and genera, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification in Mabberley's Plant-Book, a dictionary of the vascular plants. Mabberley states, in his Introduction on page xi of the 2008 edition, that the Kubitzki system "has remained the standard to which other literature is compared".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molluginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Molluginaceae are a family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. It was previously included in the larger family Aizoaceae. The APG III system of 2009 made no change in the status of the family as compared to the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998, apart from a reassignment of several genera, such as the placement of Corrigiola and Telephium into Caryophyllaceae, Corbichonia in Lophiocarpaceae, Microtea into Microteaceae and Limeum in Limeaceae, because the family was found to be widely polyphyletic in Caryophyllales. In addition Macarthuria was found not to be related to Limeum as previously thought and thus it was placed in Macarthuriaceae, and similarly species formerly placed in Hypertelis, apart from type species Hypertelis spergulacea, a true Molluginaceae, were found to belong elsewhere and were described as Kewa in the family Kewaceae, named for the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Molluginaceae is still assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, although the generic circumscription is difficult because Mollugo is not monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytolaccaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phytolaccaceae is a family of flowering plants. Though almost universally recognized by taxonomists, its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huerteales</span> Order of flowering plants

Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large eudicot group known as the rosids in the APG III system of plant classification. Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in Malvidae, a group formerly known as eurosids II and now known informally as the malvids. This is true whether Malvidae is circumscribed broadly to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders. Huerteales consists of four small families, Petenaeaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Tapisciaceae, and Dipentodontaceae.

<i>Frankenia pauciflora</i> Species of plant

Frankenia pauciflora, the common sea-heath or southern sea-heath, is an evergreen shrub native to southern Australia. It is part of the Frankenia genus of the Frankeniaceae family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caryophyllales</span> Order of flowering plants

Caryophyllales is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae.

<i>Hydrostachys</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hydrostachys is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants native to Madagascar and southern and central Africa. It is the only genus in the family Hydrostachyaceae. All species of Hydrostachys are aquatic, growing on rocks in fast-moving water. They have tuberous roots, usually pinnately compound leaves, and highly reduced flowers on dense spikes.

<i>Fumana</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Fumana is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are small perennial shrubs with five-lobed yellow flowers, native to rocky and sandy soils of Europe and wider Mediterranean region. Fumana shrubs can be procumbent or erect. Leaves tend to be very narrow and are almost always alternate. The genus consists of around 20 named species.

<i>Limeum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Limeum is a genus of flowering plants. It includes 25 species.

<i>Frankenia laevis</i> Species of flowering plant

Frankenia laevis, commonly sea heath, is a low shrub in the family Frankeniaceae. It is native to south-west Europe and Britain and to northwestern Africa, including Macaronesia. It grows on the coast. It is rare in Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macarthuriaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Macarthuriaceae is a family of plants in the order Caryophyllales and consists of a single genus, Macarthuria.

References

  1. ↑ "Frankenia L." Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Frankenia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hernández-Ledesma, Patricia; Berendsohn, Walter G.; Borsch, Thomas; Mering, Sabine Von; Akhani, Hossein; Arias, Salvador; Castañeda-Noa, Idelfonso; Eggli, Urs; Eriksson, Roger; Flores-Olvera, Hilda; Fuentes-Bazán, Susy; Kadereit, Gudrun; Klak, Cornelia; Korotkova, Nadja; Nyffeler, Reto; Ocampo, Gilberto; Ochoterena, Helga; Oxelman, Bengt; Rabeler, Richard K.; Sanchez, Adriana; Schlumpberger, Boris O. & Uotila, Pertti (2015). "A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales" (PDF). Willdenowia. 45 (3): 281. doi: 10.3372/wi.45.45301 . S2CID   85656868.
  4. 1 2 Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval" . Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  5. ↑ Kubitzki, K. (2003). "Frankeniaceae". In Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 209–212. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_24. ISBN   978-3-642-07680-0.
  6. ↑ Plant Name Details for Frankenia . Retrieved 11 March 2018.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Frankenia". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. p. 331. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  8. ↑ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN   978-0-19-866189-4.
  9. ↑ Saint-Hilaire, A. (1815). "Sur les Plantes auxquelles on attribue un Placenta central libre, et Revue des Familles auxquelles ces plantes appartiennent. §11. De la Famille des Caryophyllées". Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 2: 102–126. Retrieved 11 March 2018. p. 123 (footnote).
  10. ↑ "Plant Name Details for Frankeniaceae". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  11. ↑ Reveal, James L. (2011). "Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – FA–FZ". PlantSystematics.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  12. ↑ Desvaux, Auguste Nicaise, ed. (1822) [1st edition 1817]. "Frankeniées". Dictionnaire raisonné de botanique (in French). Paris: Dondey-Dupré. p. 188. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  13. ↑ "Frankeniaceae Desv". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  14. 1 2 Gaskin, John F.; Ghahremani-nejad, Farrokh; Zhang, Dao-yuan & Londo, Jason P. (2004). "A Systematic Overview of Frankeniaceae and Tamaricaceae from Nuclear rDNA and Plastid Sequence Data". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91 (3): 401–409. JSTOR   3298617.
  15. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 181 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385 .
  16. ↑ Distributions via the accepted species list for Frankenia at Plants of the World Online. [2]
  17. ↑ Beckett, K., ed. (1993), Encyclopaedia of Alpines : Volume 1 (A–K), Pershore, UK: AGS Publications, p. 488, ISBN   978-0-900048-61-6
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