Indo-European vocabulary

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The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.

Contents

Notes

The following conventions are used:

Kinship

People

Pronouns and particles

Numbers

Body

Animals

Food and farming

Bodily functions and states

Mental functions and states

General conditions and states

Natural features

Directions

Basic adjectives

Light and color

Positive qualities

Construction, fabrication

Self-motion, rest

Object motion

Time

Ideas and rituals

Unclassified

Derivatives

  1. ↑ maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira, alma mater, etc.
  2. ↑ Dēmḗtēr Demeter;
    mētrópolis "metropolis, lit., mother-city"
  3. ↑ paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre, etc.
  4. ↑ fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar, [b] confrere
  5. ↑ sorority
  6. ↑ nepotism
  7. ↑ avuncular
  8. ↑ human, humanity, ad hominem, etc
  9. ↑ virile, virtue, triumvir(ate), etc. [o]
  10. ↑ regal, regalia, regicide, royal, etc.
  11. ↑ corps, corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporate, etc.
  12. ↑ cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate, decapitate, per capita, kaput, etc.
  13. ↑ language, lingo etc.
  14. ↑ ocular, binoculars, etc.
  15. ↑ core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage, etc.
  16. ↑ cruel, crude
  17. ↑ tripod, podium, etc.
  18. ↑ manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate etc.
  19. ↑ Dan bryn > brine; brim
  20. ↑ pecunious, impecunious
  21. 1 2 auspices, auspicious
  22. ↑ grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate, etc.
  23. ↑ agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate, etc.
  24. ↑ promulgate, emulsion, etc.
  25. ↑ molar (tooth)
  26. ↑ immolate
  27. ↑ maul, mallet, malleable
  28. ↑ Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic
  29. ↑ fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence
  30. ↑ saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary
  31. ↑ semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative, etc.
  32. ↑ member, membrane
  33. ↑ "dorm, dormitory, dorter"
  34. ↑ progeny, progenitor
  35. ↑ nee [av]
  36. ↑ nascent
  37. ↑ native, nativity, etc.
  38. ↑ Spa Navidad "Christmas"
  39. ↑ nature, natural, etc.
  40. ↑ nation, national, etc.
  41. ↑ Natalia, Natalie, Natasha, Noël, etc.
  42. ↑ general, generic, generate, generous, congenital, degenerate, gender, genre, etc.
  43. ↑ gent, gentle, gentleman, gentile, genteel, etc.
  44. ↑ genitive, primogeniture, etc.
  45. ↑ ingenuous, ingenu, ingenue
  46. ↑ ingenious, engine, engineer, gin (instrument, as in cotton gin), etc.
  47. ↑ germ, germinate, germane, etc., but not German
  48. ↑ genitals, genitalia
  49. ↑ genesis, genes, genetic, etc.
  50. ↑ auction, etc.
  51. ↑ author, etc.
  52. ↑ augment, etc.
  53. ↑ augury, inaugurate, etc.
  54. ↑ August, etc.
  55. ↑ auxiliary, etc.
  56. ↑ "audio, audience, obey, obedience, auditorium, etc."
  57. ↑ aesthetic
  58. ↑ memento
  59. ↑ reminisce
  60. ↑ memory
  61. ↑ monster
  62. ↑ mathematics
  63. ↑ "memory, remember, etc."
  64. ↑ "mora, moratory, moratorium"
  65. ↑ "martyr"
  66. ↑ dekko
  67. ↑ aspect, inspect, respect, prospect, perspective, retrospect, despicable, conspicuous, perspicuous, perspicacious, spectacle, spectacular, etc etc.
  68. ↑ species, spice, special, specify, specific
  69. ↑ spectre, spectrum
  70. ↑ speculate
  71. ↑ scope, -scope, -scopy
  72. ↑ bishop, episcopal
  73. ↑ skeptic, skeptical, skepticism
  74. ↑ council, conciliate, etc.
  75. ↑ clamor, claim, exclamation, etc.
  76. ↑ clear, clarify, etc.
  77. ↑ stylus, style (originally same meaning as stylus: a particular form of writing > style)
  78. ↑ humble, humility, exhume, etc
  79. ↑ "incinerate, cinerary, cinerarium"
  80. ↑ "foment, fomentation"
  81. ↑ "fever, febrile"
  82. ↑ "February"
  83. ↑ pollute, pollution
  84. ↑ fort, forte, fortitude, fortification, force, effort, etc
  85. ↑ chernozem, chernukha, Cherno(byl)
  86. ↑  ?Siam
  87. ↑ civic, city, citizen, etc.
  88. ↑ cite, incite, excite, Incitātus (Caligula's horse), resuscitate, solicit, etc.
  89. ↑ site, situation, etc.
  90. ↑ expose, exponent, depose, deponent, oppose, opponent, proponent, posit, position, positive, post, etc.
  91. ↑
    impeccable, impeach
  92. ↑ podium, pew
  93. ↑ sequence, second, segue, etc.
  94. ↑ vert-, verse, versus, version, invert, convert, inverse, reverse, controversy, anniversary etc.
  95. ↑ join, joinder, joint, junction, juncture, conjugal, conjugate, conjunct, adjunct, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, jostle, joust, adjust, etc.
  96. ↑ local, locate, locality, locomotion, allocate, etc.
  97. ↑ epistle, pistle, epistolary, etc.
  98. ↑ sect (or possibly from Lat. sequi, "follow"), -sect, sectile, section, sector, dissect, insect, intersect, resect, transect, etc.
  99. ↑ carnal, carnage, carnation, carnival, carrion, caruncle, carnivorous, charnel, charcuterie, incarnate, etc., Spa carne
  100. ↑ scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, etc.
  101. ↑ scruple, scrupulous, etc.
  102. ↑ cult, culture, cultivate, incult, etc.
  103. ↑ colony, colonial, etc.
  104. ↑ collar, accolade, decollate, etc
  105. ↑ palindrome, palimpsest, palinode
  106. ↑ telegraph, television, etc.
  107. ↑ evolve, revolve, involve, involucrum, convolve, devolve, voluble etc.;
  108. ↑ vale, valley
  109. ↑ helix, helical, helicopter
  110. ↑ fruit, fructose
  111. ↑ eunuch (lit. bed-keeper)
  112. ↑ hectic
  113. ↑ scheme, schematic
  114. ↑ school, scholar, scholastic
  115. ↑ rude, rudimentary, erudite

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions: Old English Mōdraniht ('Night of the Mothers'); Celtic and Germanic Matres and Matronae (Latin for 'Mothers and Matrons'); Latvian Māte ('Mother'); Gaulish Dea Matrona ('Divine Mother Goddess'); Sanskrit Matrikas ('Divine Mothers').
  2. ↑ e.g., black friar
  3. ↑ Phralipe, or Pralipe, "brotherhood", name of several Gypsy/Romany organizations, including a music band and a literary magazine.
  4. ↑ sw- > xw-
  5. ↑ kʿoyr*swesōr; kʿeʿ < *swesros; kʿor-kʿ < *swesŏres.
  6. ↑ Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl'). [21]
  7. ↑ Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however. [26] [27]
  8. ↑ The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari. [28] However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of Dotari as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in male names. [29]
  9. ↑ Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar". [34]
  10. ↑ The word is attested in Plate III of the Botorrita plaques. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the Celtic branch. [22] [35]
  11. ↑ This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch. [36]
  12. ↑ As argued by Peyrot and Meng (2021). [42]
  13. ↑ cf. divide
  14. ↑ bridegome in Middle English, subsequently influenced by groom (archaically "servant, man").
  15. ↑ But not virus
  16. ↑ See also Thr goni "woman". [51]
  17. ↑ See also Phry knaiko, knaikan "woman". [52]
  18. ↑ Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans. [63] However, the stem "is attested ... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages", [64] as seen, for instance, in Illyrian Teuta (a Illyrian female ruler); Messapic teuta (community) and Taotor (name of deity); tribal name Teutons.
  19. ↑ However, Robert Beekes suggests a non-Indo-European, substrate origin for the stem and its reflexes. [65]
  20. ↑ Woudhuizen lists possible reflexes: Phrygian totos, teutous; Mycenaean te-u-ta-(ko-ro). [52] Another reflex appears in Thracian personal name Tautomedes, cited by J. P. Mallory, [68] and Ancient Macedonian (Pelasgian?) general Teutamus . [65]
  21. ↑ hēm- < *ām- (with h- after hum- "you (pl.)") < *asm- < *n̥sm-.
  22. 1 2 OE ēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High German iuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
  23. ↑ Cf. Latin ne-que, Gothic ni-h, Hittite ni-kku, Lydian ni-k "and not, nor".
  24. ↑ All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greek mía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
  25. ↑ For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two"). [72]
  26. ↑ See also: Umb peturpursus "quadruped".
  27. ↑ Cf. Thr ketri- "four". [75]
  28. ↑ See also: Osc pomp- "five". [76]
  29. ↑ See also Phry pinke "five". [52]
  30. ↑ Built upon osmŭ "eighth" < *H₁ok̂t-mo-.
  31. ↑ With nasalization after *septḿ̥ "seven".
  32. ↑ There is the possibility that Lycian sñta could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred". [77] [80]
  33. ↑ But not kephalḗ!
  34. ↑ Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by Sasseville (2020). [109]
  35. ↑ Only in *aíƕatundi "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".
  36. ↑ Expected form is *vōs, not *bōs; evidently this is a borrowing from Oscan or Umbrian.
  37. ↑ bóu, báu are archaic genitives; later báo, bó.
  38. ↑ Celtic river-goddess
  39. ↑ In the latter case, a direct parallel to Skt. go·vinda- "cow-finder"
  40. ↑ River in Ireland
  41. ↑ Proposed by Yakubovich and Sasseville (2018). [123]
  42. ↑ Cf. also Phry ἔξις or ἔζις (ezi) "hedgehog".
  43. ↑ In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.
  44. ↑ See also Illyrian tribal name Enchele "eel-people".
  45. ↑ The name migrated to Eastern Europe, [148] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness" [149] or "water snake" [150] in Balkanic and Slavic languages. [151]
  46. ↑ See also Ovinnik 'a spirit of the barn'. [189]
  47. 1 2 Lit. drinking implement
  48. ↑ Via French né, née
  49. ↑ Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
  50. ↑ Seen in many personal or tribal names: Biuitoni, Biuonia, Dago-bius, etc
  51. ↑ This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))
  52. ↑ Derived by some from *men- "to think"
  53. ↑ standard present tense formed using a suppletive root
  54. ↑ all Slavic languages
  55. ↑ Under the misguided influence of Greek stûlos "pillar"
  56. ↑ Cf. Asteria (litt.) "starry one"; Astraeus "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); Astraea "star-maiden"; Cretan king Asterion "starry".
  57. ↑ acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. nom. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄uš, gen. strǝ̄m, dat. stǝrǝbyō.
  58. ↑ Tīw < *déywos was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.
  59. ↑ *déywos > Lat. deus; gen. *deiwī > Lat. dīvī. From each stem a full declension was formed.
  60. ↑ According to linguist Vitaly Shevoroshkin, the noun exists in other Anatolian languages: Lycian ziw-; Lydian civ-; Luwian Tiwa-; Palaic Tija-. [122]
  61. ↑ Other dialectal variants are Cretan awélios or ābélios; Doric āélios.
  62. ↑ Seen in chamomile (from khamaimēlon "earth-apple") and chameleon (from khamailéōn "earth-lion"). [187]
  63. 1 2 3 4 It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péh₂wōr -> ph₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
  64. ↑ Februārius mēnsis - Roman month of expiation
  65. ↑ Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange. [294] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia. [295]
  66. ↑ The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
  67. ↑ Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
  68. ↑ Replaced OE sār, compare Ger sehr
  69. 1 2 *H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *h₁rewdʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *h₂erǵ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰewb- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dʰub-ro-).
  70. ↑ contested
  71. ↑ Cf. also Thrac arzas "white". [326]
  72. ↑ Etymon rudá appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger". [336]
  73. ↑ Latin etymons galbus ("yellow") and galbinus ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root. [342]
  74. ↑ See also: Phr glouros "gold". [343] [344]
  75. ↑ Not cognate
  76. ↑ ibetis uciu andecari biiete - 'drink from here and be nice' - Limé (Aisne) inscrpition
  77. ↑ See also Umbrian benust (Latin uenerit) and Oscan kúm-bened (Latin conuentio).
  78. ↑ Now compare 'prose' and 'verse'
  79. ↑ wagon is a loan-word from Dutch.
  80. ↑ Some of these words might instead derive from *sekʷ- "to follow"
  81. ↑ Not related to Spanish alquilar
  82. ↑ Probably
  83. ↑ See also Hesperus "evening star"; Hesperides "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".
  84. ↑ Attested in the Coligny calendar, written in Gaulish language.
  85. ↑ Douglas Q. Adams reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations. [456] [457]
  86. ↑ Influenced by zǝrǝd "heart".
  87. ↑ Range of meanings across the different Slavic languages
  88. ↑ as in 'to boot', 'bootless'
  89. ↑ exact cognate of Héktōr

Tabular notes

  1. 1 2 3 Complex ablauting stem:
    SingularPlural
    LanguageNomAccGenDatNomAccGen
    PIEgʷṓwsgʷṓmgʷéwsgʷéweygʷówesgʷówm̥sgʷéwoHom
    Sanskritgáusgā́mgṓsgávēgā́vasgā́sgávām
    Avestangāušgąmgāušgavegā̆vōgā̊gavąm
  2. ↑ Complex ablauting stem:
    LanguageNomAccVocGenDatLocInstr Pl
    PIEd(i)yḗwsdyḗmdyéwdiw-és, -ósdiwéydyéwi and dyéw?
    GreekZdeúsZdẽnZdeũDi(w)ósDi(w)í
    Sanskritd(i)yāúsdyā́m?divás, dyōsdivḗdyáví, divídyú-bhis
  3. 1 2 Complex ablauting stem:
    LanguageNomAccVocGenDatLocInstr Pl
    PIEd(i)yēusdyēumdyĕudiw-és, -ósdiwéidyéwi and dyēu?
    GreekZdeúsZdẽnZdeũDi(w)ósDi(w)í
    Sanskritd(i)yāúsdyā́m?divás, dyōsdivḗdyáví, divídyú-bhis

References

  1. ↑ Dnghu, pp. 1993-1994.
  2. ↑ Pokorny, pp. 700-701.
  3. 1 2 Dnghu, p. 2394.
  4. 1 2 Pokorny, p. 829.
  5. 1 2 Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 210.
  6. ↑ Dnghu, pp. 485-486.
  7. ↑ Pokorny, pp. 163-164.
  8. 1 2 Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 214.
  9. ↑ Yūsuke, Sumi (2018). New Express Romani (Gypsy). p. 142.
  10. ↑ Kenrick, Donald (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies. Scarecrow Press. pp. 195, 204. ISBN   978-0-8108-5468-0.
  11. ↑ Zair, Nicholas (2012). The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Brill. p. 110. doi:10.1163/9789004233096. ISBN   978-90-04-22539-8.
  12. ↑ Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. Compendium of the World's Languages. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. ISBN   978-0-415-62191-5
  13. ↑ Dnghu, p. 3027.
  14. ↑ Pokorny, p. 1051.
  15. ↑ Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1 December 2015). "Gaulish SUIOREBE 'with two sisters'". Lingua Posnaniensis. 57 (2): 59–62. doi: 10.1515/linpo-2015-0011 . S2CID   56122374.
  16. ↑ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2011). "The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter'". Accent Matters. pp. 235–243. doi:10.1163/9789401200325_009. ISBN   978-90-420-3332-0.
  17. ↑ Dnghu, pp. 757-758.
  18. ↑ Pokorny, p. 277.
  19. ↑ Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 213.
  20. ↑ García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. pp. 382-383. ISBN   978-84-697-8214-9
  21. ↑ García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. p. 388. ISBN   978-84-697-8214-9
  22. 1 2 Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de (January 2013). "Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". Indogermanische Forschungen. 118 (2013). doi:10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259. S2CID   199664295.
  23. ↑ Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (6): 237–245. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  24. ↑ Hughes, Art J. (2023). "A synchronic and diachronic reappraisal of Indo-European *dʱug̑ʱh2ter- 'daughter' and *suhxnú- 'son' in Celtic dialects, Insular and Continental". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. 31 (1): 117–134. doi:10.1515/dialect-2023-0006.
  25. ↑ Oshiro, Terumasa (1990). "On Kinship Terms in Hieroglyphic Luwian". Orient. 26: 86–93. doi: 10.5356/orient1960.26.86 . S2CID   162342792. INIST   6146291.
  26. ↑ Milanova, Veronika (2019). "MUNUS/Fduttarii̯ata/I- and Some Other Indo-European Maidens". Hrozný and Hittite. pp. 277–294. doi:10.1163/9789004413122_015. ISBN   978-90-04-41312-2. S2CID   213576150.
  27. ↑ Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. pp. 1042-1044. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
  28. ↑ Blažek, Václav. “Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯2TER.” (2001). In: Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata. Šefčík, Ondřej (editor); Vykypěl, Bohumil (editor). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 2001. p. 25. http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/123188
  29. ↑ Simon, Zsolt (2017). "Selected Pisidian problems and the position of Pisidian within the Anatolian languages". Journal of Language Relationship. 15 (1): 37. doi: 10.31826/jlr-2017-151-207 . S2CID   212688432.
  30. 1 2 Dnghu, p. 2642.
  31. 1 2 Pokorny, pp. 913-914.
  32. 1 2 3 Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 211.
  33. 1 2 Monier Williams, p. 1240.
  34. ↑ Schrijver, P. C. H. (2015). "The meaning of Celtic *eburos". In: Oudaer, Guillaume, Hily, Gael, Le Bihan, Herve (eds.). Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert. pp. 65-76. ISBN   978-2-917681-27-5
  35. ↑ Stempel, Patrizia de Bernardo (2013). "El Tercer Bronce de Botorrita, veinte años después". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (13): 637–660. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  36. ↑ Danka, Ignacy Ryszard; Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2010). "Deis Equeunubo: The Divine Twins in Asturia". Studia Celto-Slavica. 4: 17–26. doi: 10.54586/ZLYB6908 .
  37. ↑ Winter, Werner (April 1985). "Tocharian B soy, A se and Related Forms". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 105 (2): 259–264. doi:10.2307/601705. JSTOR   601705.
  38. ↑ Monier Williams, p. 632.
  39. ↑ Fortson, §13.7
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  41. ↑ Pokorny, p. 764.
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