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*Trito is a significant figure in Proto-Indo-European mythology, representing the first warrior and acting as a culture hero. He is connected to other prominent characters, such as Manu and Yemo, and is recognized as the protagonist of the myth of the warrior function, establishing the model for all later men of arms. In the legend, Trito is offered cattle as a divine gift by celestial gods, which is later stolen by a three-headed serpent named *H₂n̥gʷʰis ('serpent'). Despite initial defeat, Trito, fortified by an intoxicating drink and aided by the Sky-Father, or alternatively the Storm-God or *H₂nḗr, 'Man', together they go to a cave or a mountain, and the hero overcomes the monster and returns the recovered cattle to a priest for it to be properly sacrificed. He is now the first warrior, maintaining through his heroic deeds the cycle of mutual giving between gods and mortals. Scholars have interpreted the story of Trito either as a cosmic conflict between the heavenly hero and the earthly serpent or as an Indo-European victory over non-Indo-European people, with the monster symbolizing the aboriginal thief or usurper. Trito's character served as a model for later cattle raiding epic myths and was seen as providing moral justification for cattle raiding. The legend of Trito is generally accepted among scholars and is recognized as an essential part of Proto-Indo-European mythology, although not to the level of Manu and Yemo.
*Péh₂usōn ("Protector") was a proposed Proto-Indo-European pastoral god guarding roads and herds.
*H₂n̥gʷʰis is a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European term meaning 'serpent', as well as a possible name for a mythological entity, polycephalous sea serpent or dragon which was slain by a hero named Trito with a help of god Perkʷunos.
References
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- ↑ Simon, Zsolt (2017). "Selected Pisidian problems and the position of Pisidian within the Anatolian languages". Journal of Language Relationship. 15 (1): 37. doi: 10.31826/jlr-2017-151-207 . S2CID 212688432.
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- ↑ Danka, Ignacy Ryszard; Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2010). "Deis Equeunubo: The Divine Twins in Asturia". Studia Celto-Slavica. 4: 17–26. doi: 10.54586/ZLYB6908 .
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- ↑ Bader, Françoise (2009). "Le nom des Vénètes et leur expansion". MOM Éditions. 43 (1): 31–77.
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- ↑ Meini, Linda (16 January 2012). "Some remarks on the etymology of *teutā, πλῆθος, plēbs". Linguistic Studies and Essays. 50 (1): 25–56. doi:10.4454/ssl.v50i1.68 (inactive 31 January 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - ↑ Mallory, J.P. (October 2006). "Indo-European Warfare". Journal of Conflict Archaeology. 2 (1): 77–98. doi:10.1163/157407706778942312. S2CID 162297933.
- ↑ Wachter, Rudolf (2015). "Homeric – Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". Prolegomena. pp. 236–258. doi:10.1515/9781501501746-015. ISBN 978-1-61451-737-5.
- ↑ *us-we is the original form, modified to *us-me in many languages under the influence of 1st. pl. *n̥s-mé. Very often when *us-we remained, the initial u- was lost; this happened at least in Germanic, Avestan and Celtic.
- 1 2 3 Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 38 (1–2): 26-27.
- ↑ Shevoroshkin, Vitaly. "Anatolian laryngeals in Milyan". In: The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics. Edited by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2012. p. 481. ISBN 978-87-635-3838-1
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- ↑ Accent location unknown.
- ↑ Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag. p. 60. ISBN 3-88893-031-6.
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- ↑ "This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE *newn ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). Indo-European numerals. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. ISBN 3-11-011322-8
- ↑ Wodtko, d. S. "Remarks on Celtiberian Etymology". In: Villar, Francisco y Beltrán, Francisco (eds.). Pueblos, lengua y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana. Actas del VII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de Marzo de 1997). Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. 1999. p. 734. ISBN 84-7800-094-1
- ↑ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4008-3110-4
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- ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ὄκκον".
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- ↑ Dnghu, p. 863
- ↑ Pokorny, p. 313
- ↑ Hamp, Eric P. (1 January 1977). "Indo-European *'kreuH'". Indogermanische Forschungen. 82: 75–76. ProQuest 1305007584.
- ↑ Kuiper, F. B. J. (1 November 1976). "Old east Iranian dialects". Indo-Iranian Journal. 18 (3): 241–253. doi:10.1163/000000076790079753. JSTOR 24652490. S2CID 161218715.
- ↑ Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
- ↑ Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018. p. 1647. ISBN 978-3-11-054036-9.
- ↑ Gagliano, Maria Teresa Ademollo (2007). "Le denominazioni del sangue in area baltica". In: Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 56: 1-21.
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- ↑ Pokorny, p. 823
- 1 2 Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 183
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- ↑ Pokorny, pp. 55-61.
- ↑ Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 179.
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- ↑ Pokorny, p. 780
- ↑ Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 176.
- ↑ Petit, Daniel (2002). "Vieux pruss. lagno, lit. jẽknos: apophonie radicale et formation hétéroclitique" (PDF). Res Balticae. 8: 67–91.
- ↑ Itkin, Ilya B. (2023). "On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning 'spleen' and 'liver'" [О тохарских A соответствиях тохарским B словам со значением ʽселезенкаʼ и ʽпечень"]. Journal of Language Relationship. 20 (3–4): 177–180. doi:10.1515/jlr-2023-203-404 (inactive 31 January 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - ↑ Sasseville, David (2020). "The Lydian Stems in -o-(d), Luwian /-(a)u-/, Lyc. -u-". Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation. pp. 180–205. doi:10.1163/9789004436299_006. ISBN 978-90-04-43629-9. S2CID 242268076.
- ↑ Puhvel, Jaan (1992). "Shaft-shedding Artemis and mind-voiding Ate: Hittite determinants of Greek etyma". Historische Sprachforschung. 105 (1): 4–8. JSTOR 40849348.
- ↑ Dnghu, p. 2124
- ↑ Pokorny, pp. 740-741
- 1 2 Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 179
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- 1 2 Dnghu, pp. 2373-2376
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- ↑ Duhoux, Yves (1991). "Minos. Revista de Filologia Egea". L'Antiquité Classique. 60 (1): 716–717.
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- ↑ Sasseville, David; Yakubovich, Ilya (7 December 2018). "Palaic Words for Domestic Animals and their Enclosures". Historical Linguistics. 131 (1): 46–58. doi:10.13109/hisp.2018.131.1.46. JSTOR 27032358. S2CID 239601340.
- 1 2 Mallory, p. 25f.
- 1 2 3 4 Beekes, p. 35.
- ↑ Dnghu, pp. 219-220.
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- 1 2 Mallory & Adams (2006), §9.3.
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- ↑ Blažek, Václav (2017). "Indo-European 'bear'". Historische Sprachforschung. 130: 148–192. JSTOR 26532668.
- ↑ Peeters, Christian (1973). "The word for 'dog' and the sequence *wH + consonant in Indo-european". Indogermanische Forschungen. 78 (1): 75–77. ProQuest 1305020152.
- ↑ Delgado, José Miguel Jiménez (2015). "The etymology of Myc. ku-na-ke-ta-i, Ion.-Att. κυνηγέτης, and Myc. ra-wa-ke-ta, Dor. γᾱγέτᾱς". Glotta. 91: 116–128. doi:10.13109/glot.2015.91e.1.116. JSTOR 24368212.
- ↑ Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction". In: The Indo-European Languages. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat. Routledge. 1998. p. 54. ISBN 0-415-06449-X.
- ↑ Sasseville, David and Yakubovich, Ilya. "Palaic Words for Domestic Animals and their Enclosures". In: Historical Linguistics (2018) 131:1, 48-49.
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- 1 2 3 4 Beekes, p. 37.
- ↑ Orel, Vladimir. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. p. 81.
- 1 2 Blažek, Václav (1998). "Baltic and Slavic 'fox'". Linguistica Baltica. 7 (1): 25–31.
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- ↑ Pokorny, pp. 888-889
- ↑ Delamarre (2003), pp. 269-270.
- ↑ Dnghu, pp. 2250-2251
- ↑ Pokorny, pp. 781-782
- ↑ Georgiev, Vladimir (1965). "Problèmes phonématiques du slave commun" (PDF). Revue des études slaves. 44 (1): 7–17. doi:10.3406/slave.1965.1882.[ permanent dead link ]
