Japanese conjugation , like the conjugation of verbs of many other languages, allows verbs to be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function. In Japanese, the beginning of a word (the stem ) is preserved during conjugation, while the ending of the word is altered in some way to change the meaning (this is the inflectional suffix ). Japanese verb conjugations are independent of person, number and gender (they do not depend on whether the subject is I, you, he, she, we, etc.); the conjugated forms can express meanings such as negation, present and past tense, volition, passive voice, causation, imperative and conditional mood, and ability. There are also special forms for conjunction with other verbs, and for combination with particles for additional meanings.
Japanese verbs have agglutinating properties: some of the conjugated forms are themselves conjugable verbs (or i-adjectives), which can result in several suffixes being strung together in a single verb form to express a combination of meanings.
Conjugable words (verbs, i‑adjectives, and na‑adjectives) are traditionally considered to have six possible conjugational stems or bases ( 活用形 , katsuyōkei; literally "conjugation forms"). [1] This article lists those from the continuative base (連用形, ren'yōkei), as well as the euphonic sub-base (音便形, onbinkei).
The infinitive, conjunctive (中止形, chūshikei) or continuative functions as type of adverbial or conjunctive clause. A clause ending in an infinitive is placed before one ending in a conclusive. The infinitive has various meanings that overlap with those of the gerund. [2]
| English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|
| I'll just say that if he had been away the project would have become more exact and have gone smoother. | Tada, moshi, kare ga itte itara, keikaku wa mō sukoshi chimitsu ni nari, sumūzu ni yatta darō to itte okimashō (ただ、もし、彼が行っていたら、計画はもう少し緻密になり、スムーズにやっただろうと言っておきましょう) | simple conjoining ("do A, and also do B") |
| The mountains are tall, and the waters pure. | Yama ga takaku, mizu ga kiyoi (山が高く、水が清い) | |
| What are you saying⁉ I’m always pure and proper‼ | Nani itte ’n no yo! Watashi wa itsu mo kiyoku tadashii wa yo‼ (なにいってんのよ!わたしはいつも清く正しいわよ‼ [3] ) | |
| Motoko is taken into the mat-floored room, and ordered to under her waistband. [a] | Motoko wa tatami no heya e tsurete ikare, haraobi o toku koto o meijirareru (元子は畳の部屋へ連れていかれ、腹帯を解くことを命じられる) | temporal sequence ("do A, and then do B") |
| Before long summer was over and it became autumn. [b] | Yagate sono natsu mo sugi aki ni natta (やがてその夏も過ぎ秋になった) | |
| The game was called off because of rain, what a pity. [c] | Ame de gēmu ga chūshi ni nari, zannen deshita (雨でゲームが中止になり、残念でした) | consequence ("do A, and so do B") |
| There is a small hole in the shoji so that the outside light penetrates. | Sono shōji ni chiisai ana ga aite i, gaikō ga sashiitte iru (その障子に小さい穴が開いてい、外光が差し入っている) | |
| The shoji paper is rather old and soiled. [d] | Shōjigami wa kanari furuku, yogorete iru (障子紙はかなり古く、汚れている) | |
| The older brother became a physician, and the younger a literary scholar. | Ani wa isha ni nari, otōto wa bungakusha ni natta (兄は医者になり、弟は文学者になった) | contrast ("do A, and/but do B") |
| Such rumors centering on the Kremlin are apt to arise at the least little thing, but then they have always ended up as groundless rumors. | Kō shita Kuremurin o meguru ryūsetsu wa, nani ka ni tsukete okoriyasuku, so shite itsu mo ryūsetsu ni owatte kita (こうしたクレムリンを巡る流説は、何かに付けて起こりやすく、そしていつも流説に終わってきた) | |
| a beautiful yet sad epic | utsukushiku mo kanashii jojishi (美しくも悲しい叙事詩) | concession ("do A, and yet do B") |
| This year these applications are off to an earlier start than in ordinary years. [e] | Kotoshi wa kono seishin no deashi ga reinen ni naku hayai (今年はこの申請の出足が例年になく早い) | manner ("do A, and in the process, do B") |
| You end up with a depression if you don't start creating demand by investing new capital. | Sara ni tōshi o shi juyō o tsukuridasanai to fukyō ni natte shimau (更に投資をし需要を作り出さないと不況になってしまう) | instrument ("do A, and by that, do B") |
The infinitive uses the ren'yōkei base. It is one of the simplest conjugation patterns due to its lack of irregular conjugations. It does have an additional case for certain honorific verbs, but even those follow a consistent conjugation pattern.
In the domestic tradition of grammar, all inflected words have their own ren'yōkei (連用形), regardless of whether they can stand alone or must be followed by auxiliaries. In western analyses, "infinitives" must be able to stand on their own, and forms with auxiliaries are treated separately. Thus, such forms as ‑mashi‑ (〜まし〜) and deshi‑ (でし〜) are considered ren'yōkei in the native tradition, but not infinitives in western analyses as they cannot be on their own [4] and must be followed ‑te (〜て) or ‑ta (〜た).
The infinitive forms of the copulae and of adjectives function adverbially without additional auxiliaries just like those of verbs:
The verb aru, the adjective nai and the particle ‑te are instrumental in expanding copulae's and adjectives' conjugation by fusing with their infinitive forms:
Just like how da can be "split", or unfused, back to de (wa) aru, with added particles, the above fused forms can be split, as in Akaku wa atta. (赤くはあった。; lit. 'Being red? It was indeed.').
The particle ‑te itself was once an infinitive form as well, and it combined with aru to make ‑ta and ‑tarō, although the latter of which are increasingly displaced by ‑ta darō or ‑ta deshō.
Unlike verbal infinitive forms which can combine with ‑masu(ru) to make polite forms, as in kakimasu(ru) (書きます(る); 'write'), adjectives use conclusive forms and desu instead, as in akai desu (赤いです; 'be red'), but occasionally also with infinitives and arimasu, as in akaku arimasu (赤くあります). When honorific godan verbs combine with ‑masu(ru), it is more common to drop the consonant r; [6] keeping the r is obsolescent and has a sarcastic, dialectal or archaic connotation. [7]
Apart from the standard ‑ku forms, adjectives also have forms ending in long vowels. They stem from a historical loss of the consonant k, which was complete in conclusive/attributive forms (akaki → akai (赤き→赤い; 'be red'). In infinitive forms, however, such loss was complete only in western dialects; in standard Japanese, it is restricted to formations with gozaimasu [f] to make hyper-polite expressions, as in akaku → akō gozaimasu (赤うございます; 'be red'), compared to regularly polite akai desu (赤いです). Western sound changes of this type are obligatory in the affirmative, but optional in the negative, [8] hence akō/akaku gozaimasen (赤う・赤くございません; 'not be red'). In cases where there are triply long vowels, such as ooku → oō (多う), the actual pronunciations may only involve doubly long vowels, as in ō gozaimasu. Cases like yowaku → yo(w?)ō (弱う) are phonetically suspect as to whether there is still a lingering w sound and whether there is a reduction to a doubly long vowel (yo(w)ō gozaimasu or yō gozaimasu (?)). [8] Some of these hyper-polite adjectives have become idioms, such as ohayaku → ohayō (gozaimasu) (おはよう(ございます); lit. 'it's early', 'good morning'), omedetaku → omedetō (gozaimasu) (おめでとう(ございます); lit. 'it's wonderful', 'congratulations'), arigataku → arigatō (gozaimasu) (ありがとう(ございます); lit. 'it's rare', 'it's blessed; it's worthwhile; it's appreciated; thank you'). The sound changes resulting from the historical ‑u ending are usually spelt out in modern kana as shown below, although some historical spellings may still be used sometimes, such as しう instead of しゅう. [9] For beshi (可し), there was such a historical sound change as beku → beu → byō, [10] [11] and byō gozaimasu (べうございます) has been attested. [12]
Like ‑ku, ‑zu can fuse with ‑aru as well to expand its own conjugation (‑zaru, ‑zareba) independent of ‑n(u), though these forms are largely confined to elevated language or cliches like mizaru kikazaru iwazaru (見猿聞か猿言わ猿; ' not seeing, not hearing, not speaking '), manekarezaru kyaku (招かれざる客; 'uninvited guest'), motazaru (持たざる; 'have-not'), irazaru (要らざる; 'uncalled-for', synonymous with iran(u) (要らん・要らぬ) [13] [14] ), etc. [15]
| Dictionary form | Pattern [16] | Infinitive form | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godan verbs | ||||
| 結う(yuu, fasten) | 結う | 結い | 結い(yui, fastening) | |
| 言う(yū, say) | ゆう | いい | 言い (ii, saying) | |
| 勝つ (katsu, win) | 勝つ | 勝ち | 勝ち (kachi, winning) | |
| 狩る (karu, hunt) | 狩る | 狩り | 狩り (kari, hunting) | |
| 貸す (kasu, lend) | 貸す | 貸し | 貸し (kashi, lending) | |
| 書く (kaku, write) | 書く | 書き | 書き (kaki, writing) | |
| 嗅ぐ (kagu, smell) | 嗅ぐ | 嗅ぎ | 嗅ぎ (kagi, smelling) | |
| 呼ぶ(yobu, call) | 呼ぶ | 呼び | 呼び(yobi, calling) | |
| 読む(yomu, read) | 読む | 読み | 読み(yomi, reading) | |
| 死ぬ (shinu, die) | 死ぬ | 死に | 死に (shini, dying) | |
| Honorific godan verbs | ||||
| 下さる (kudasaru, give) | 下さる | 下さり | 下さり (kudasari, giving) | |
| 下さい 下さり | ます(る) | 下さいます(る) (kudasaimasu(ru), give) [17] [18] [19] 下さります(る) (kudasarimasu(ru)) [20] [18] [19] [21] [22] | ||
| 御座る (gozaru, exist/come) | 御座る | 御座り | 御座り (gozari, existing/coming) | |
| 御座い 御座り | ます(る) | 御座います(る) (gozaimasu(ru), exist/come) [23] [18] [19] 御座ります(る) (gozarimasu(ru)) [23] [18] [24] | ||
| Ichidan verbs | ||||
| 見る (miru, look) | 見る | 見 | 見 (mi, looking) | |
| 出る (deru, exit) | 出る | 出 | 出 (de, exiting) | |
| Irregular verbs | ||||
| する (suru, do) | する | し | し (shi, doing) | |
| 来る (kuru, come) | くる | き | 来 (ki, coming) | |
| Adjectives and adjectival auxiliaries | ||||
| 無い (nai, be nonexistent) | ない | なく のう | 無く (naku, being nonexistent) 無う (nō) [25] [26] [27] | |
| 少ない (sukunai, be scarce) | 少ない | 少なく 少のう | 少なく (sukunaku, being scarce) 少のう (sukunō) [28] [29] [9] [30] | |
| 弱い(yowai, be weak) | よわい | よわく よおう | 弱く(yowaku, being weak) 弱う(yoō) [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] | |
| 多い (ōi, be abundant) | 多い | 多く 多う | 多く (ōku, being abundant) 多う (oō) [28] [25] [36] [26] [37] [38] [39] | |
| 良い (ii/yoi, be good) | いい よい | よく よう | 良く(yoku, being good) 良う(yō) [40] [28] [41] [26] [24] [42] [43] | |
| 悪い (warui, be bad) | 悪い | 悪く 悪う | 悪く (waruku, being bad) 悪う (warū) [28] [44] [45] [26] [46] [47] | |
| 可愛い (kawaii/kawayui, be adorable) | かわいい かわゆい | かわいく かわゆく かわゆう | 可愛く (kawaiku/kawayuku, being adorable) 可愛う (kawayū) [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] | |
| 大きい (ōkii, be large) | 大きい | 大きく 大きゅう | 大きく (ōkiku, being large) 大きゅう (ōkyū) [26] [54] [55] [56] | |
| 宜しい(yoroshii, be good) | 宜しい | 宜しく 宜しゅう | 宜しく(yoroshiku, being good) 宜しゅう(yoroshū) [28] [41] [45] [26] [9] [57] [58] [39] | |
| 同じい (onajii, be the same) | 同じい | 同じく 同じゅう | 同じく (onajiku, being the same) 同じゅう (onajū) [59] [60] | |
| 可し (beshi, ought/have to) | べし | べく びょう | 可く (beku, having to) 可う (byō) [61] | |
| 如し (gotoshi, be like) | 如し | 如く | 如く (gotoku, being like) | |
| Special auxiliaries | ||||
| 〜ん (‑n, not) 〜ぬ (‑nu) 〜ず (‑zu) | ん ぬ ず | ん ぬ ず | 〜ん (‑n, without) 〜ぬ (‑nu) [62] 〜ず (‑zu) [63] | |
Infinitives allow "splitting", [64] or adding particles like wa or mo between the infinitives and a following verb/adjective to redirect focus. The following verb/adjective is aru/arimasu or nai/arimasen with copulae and adjectives, and suru/shimasu or shinai/shimasen with other verbs. There is a strong tendency to focus on negatives, [65] namely nai/arimasen and shinai/shimasen. In the following examples, the focused information is underlined in the Japanese originals, and in all-caps in the English translations to emulate spoken emphasis.
Accentually, if a verb is to be accented, all their forms without auxiliaries or particles are minimally accented on the second mora from last, for example, tabe (食べ; 'eat', [tábè]→[tábèwàɕìnàì]). [66] However, infinitives are capable of being unimoraic, which means they can only be accented on the last and only mora they have. Furthermore, if an unaccented verb is followed by a particle, the particle places an accent on the verb's last mora anyway, resulting in a handful homophonous pairs such as these: [67]
The infinitive form is also compatible with an extensive list of particles and auxiliaries. [68] Of these, the polite auxiliary ‑masu used to have s-irregular conjugation (サ変格活用, sa-hen katsuyō), [69] whose prototype is the verb suru. As shown elsewhere in this article, unlike suru which has normal eastern shapes and elevated western shapes in Tokyo Japanese, ‑masu retains its western shapes. [70]
| Particle/auxiliary | English | Japanese | Conjugation type | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ni (に) | She brought flowers and went to see him during his hospitalization | Kanojo wa hana o motte nyūinchū no kare no mimai ni itta (彼女は花を持って入院中の彼を見舞いに行った) [5] | particle | in order to do something; before a verb of movement such as iku (行く; 'come') or kuru (来る; 'go') |
| What have you come to do? | Nani shi ni kita (何しに来た) | |||
| ‑nagara (乍ら) | He trembled as he spoke. | Furuenagara hanashita (震えながら話した) | particle | while doing something else at the same time |
| It's awful of you to not tell me even though you knew. | Shitte inagara oshiete kurenai nan te hidoi ja nai ka (知っていながら教えてくれないなんてひどいじゃないか) | though something else is the case; follows an adjective's imperfective | ||
| Though he's young, he's a well-balanced person. | Wakai nagara yoku dekita jinbutsu da (若いながらよくできた人物だ) | |||
| ‑tsutsu (つつ) | We stayed up late talking about the old days. | Ōji o kataritsutsu yoru o akashita (往時を語りつつ夜を明かした) | particle | while doing something else at the same time |
| ‑tsutsu aru (つつ有る) | The economy of our country is improving. | Waga kuni no keiki wa mochinaoshitstsu aru (わが国の景気は持ち直しつつある) | verb-like; godan | being doing something; same as one of the senses of ‑te iru but more elevated [m] |
| ‑masu (ます) | I'll write you as soon as I get to London. | Rondon ni tsuitara sugu o tegami o kakimasu (ロンドンに着いたらすぐお手紙を書きます) | verb-like; irregular | politeness |
| nasaru (為さる; 'do') | It's all right, have as much as you like. | Ii no yo, suki na dake otabenasai (いいのよ、好きなだけお食べなさい) | verb-like; godan | subject exaltation; honorific of suru; can replace suru altogether in compounds |
| You'll probably despise me if I say this. | Kō mōshitara osagesuminasaru deshō (こう申したらお蔑みなさるでしょう) | |||
| Never mind. | Okamainasaru na (おかまいなさるな) | |||
| Don't worry so much. | Sonna ni shinpai shinasan na (そんなに心配しなさんな) | |||
| You would agree that the United States should be involved in providing aid to these countries. | Gasshūkoku ga korera no kuni no enjo ni sanka su beki da to yū koto ni dōi nasaru deshō (合衆国がこれらの国の援助に参加すべきだということに同意なさるでしょう) | |||
| asobasu (遊ばす; 'let one play; do pleasedly/gladly') | His Highness was pleased to praise him for his achievements. | Denka wa kare no kōseki o ohomeasobashita (殿下は彼の功績をおほめ遊ばした) | verb-like; godan | same as nasaru, but perhaps doing something more gladly; [n] similar to be pleased to do or deign to do, or please do in the imperative, in English |
| Hark ye; The queen your mother rounds apace: we shall Present our services to a fine new prince One of these days; and then you ’ld wanton with us, If we would have you. | Moshimoshi. Nē, okāsama ga zunzun warūku onariasobasu deshō. De, ima ni, okirei na, shinki no wakagimisama ni, watakushidomo ga omemie o itashimasu no yo. Sō nattara, anata wa watakushidomo to oasobiasobase yo, sō asobase to mōshiagemashitara. (もし〱。[…]ねえ、お母さまがずん〱圓ゥくお成り遊ばすでせう。で、今に、お綺麗な、新規の若君さまに、わたくし共がお目見えをいたしますのよ。さう成ったら、貴下はわたくし共とお遊び遊ばせよ、さう遊ばせと申し上げましたら。 [73] ) | |||
| Please look this way. | Kochira o goran asobase (こちらをご覧遊ばせ) | |||
| sugiru (過ぎる; 'pass by; exceed') | That metal becomes brittle if it's overheated. | Sono kinzoku wa nesshisugiru to moroku naru (その金属は熱しすぎるともろくなる) | verb-like; ichidan | doing or being something excessively; follows a verb's infinitive, but an adjective's root directly |
| Too many cooks spoil the soup. | Ryōrinin ga ōsugiru to sūpu ga mazuku naru (料理人が多すぎるとスープがまずくなる) | |||
| Her political theory is too complicated for me. | Kanojo no seiji riron wa watashi ni wa fukuzatsu sugiru (彼女の政治理論は私には複雑すぎる) | |||
| hajimeru (始める; 'begin') | The cherry blossoms have started to bloom. | Sakura ga sakihajimete ita (桜が咲き始めていた) | verb-like; ichidan | starting doing something |
| someru (初める; 'begin') | The night began to turn to day. | Yoru ga akesometa (夜が明けそめた) | ||
| dasu (出す; 'exit') | Snow began to fall. | Yuki ga furidashita (雪が降りだした) | verb-like; godan | |
| kakeru (掛ける; 'initiate') | The banana has started to rot. | Sono banana wa kusarikakete iru (そのバナナは腐りかけている) | verb-like; ichidan | being poised to do something |
| kakaru (掛かる; 'start') | rotten fruit | kusarikakatta kudamono (腐りかかった果物) | verb-like; godan | |
| owaru (終わる; 'end') | I finished eating. | Tabeowatta (食べ終わった) | verb-like; godan | finishing doing something |
| kiru (切る; 'cut; stop') | I haven't finished reading this book. | Kono hon wa mada yomikitte inai (この本はまだ読み切っていない) | ||
| tōsu (通す; 'pass through') | I read it through to the very end. | Saigo made yomitōshita (最後まで読み通した) | verb-like; godan | doing something thoroughly |
| tsukusu (尽くす; 'endeavor') | I said everything I wanted to say. | Iitai koto wa subete iitsukushita (言いたいことはすべて言い尽くした) | ||
| au (合う; 'meet; match') | At some point, they fell for each other. | Itsu kashira wa futari aishiau yō ni natta (いつかしら二人は愛し合うようになった) | verb-like; godan | doing something together or to/for each other |
| tamau / tamō (給う; 'bestow') | and God forgive me! | Kami yo, yurusasetamae! (神よ、赦させたまへ! [74] ) | verb-like; godan | doing something to/for me/us; more archaic/elevated than ‑te kureru and ‑te kudasaru |
| tateru (立てる; 'erect') | The media gave it too much coverage, so it blew up further. | Masukomi ga kakitateta no de sawagi ga ōkiku natta (マスコミが書き立てたので騒ぎが大きくなった) | verb-like; ichidan | doing something vigorously |
| makuru (捲る; 'roll') | He made calls right and left. | Achi kochi ni denwa o kakemakutta (あちこちに電話をかけまくった) | verb-like; godan | doing something wildly |
| kyōjiru / kyōzuru (興じる・興ずる; 'enjoy') | It's a time for drinking merrily. | Sake o nomikyōjiru no da (酒を飲み興じるのだ) | verb-like; ichidan | enjoying doing something |
| tsuzukeru (続ける; 'continue') | Average temperatures have kept rising for decades here. | Koko sūjūnen heikin kion ga agaritsuzukete iru (ここ数十年平均気温が上がり続けている) | verb-like; ichidan | continuing doing something |
| tsukeru (付ける; 'apply; attach') | This cheese smells bad to those who aren't used to eating it. | Kono chīzu wa tabetsukenai hito ni wa kusai (このチーズは食べつけない人には臭い) | verb-like; ichidan | being used to doing something |
| nareru (慣れる; 'get used to') | He's gotten used to running this marathon course. | Kono marason kōsu wa hashirinarete iru (このマラソンコースは走り慣れている) | verb-like; ichidan | getting used to doing something |
| eru (得る; 'get; can do') | Among people who could write their own names, there likely existed a variety of literate types, ranging from those who could write only their own given names, through those who could adequately read documents written primarily in hiragana, to those who could comprehend the gist of even documents written primarily in kanji. | Jiko no seimei o shirushieru hitobito no naka ni wa, jiko no namae nomi o kakieru hito kara, hiragana shutai no bunsho de areba jūbun ni yomieru hito, kanji shutai no bunsho de mo imi dake wa rikai shieru hito nado ni itaru made, tayō na shikijisha ga sonzai shita to omowareru. (自己の姓名を記し得る人々のなかには、自己の名前のみを書きえる人から、平仮名主体の文書であれば充分に読みえる人、漢字主体の文書でも意味だけは理解しえる人などに至るまで、多様な識字者が存在したと思われる。 [75] ) | verb-like; ichidan | being able to do something |
| ‑tai (たい) | A self-proclaimed Arab magnate has said he wants to buy this building. | Jishō Arabu no daifugō ga kono biru o kaitai to itte kita (自称アラブの大富豪がこのビルを買いたいと言ってきた) | adjective-like | wanting to do something |
| ‑tagaru (たがる) | The cat's making lots of noise because she wants to get out. | Neko ga soto ni detagatte urusai (猫が外に出たがってうるさい) | verb-like; godan | |
| yasui (易い; 'easy') | It's easier to get advice from my mother than from my father. | Chichi yori haha no hō ga sōdan shiyasui (父より母のほうが相談しやすい) | adjective-like | something being easy to do |
| nikui / katai (難い; 'difficult') | Something hard to say can be written in a letter. | Iinikui koto de mo tegami ni nara kakeru (言いにくいことでも手紙になら書ける) | adjective-like | something being difficult to do |
| Passions are hard to control. | Jōyoku wa seishigatai (情欲は制しがたい) | |||
| kachi (勝ち; 'victory') | Young people are prone to go to extremes. | Wakamono wa kyokutan ni hashirigachi da (若者は極端に走りがちだ) | noun-like | being prone to do something |
| She at the age when you dream a lot. | Yumemigachi na toshigoro na n da yo (夢見がちな年ごろなんだよ) | |||
| tate (立て) | a freshly bought hat | kaitate no bōshi (買いたての帽子) | noun-like | something having been freshly done |
As a type of verbal stem, the infinitive has been used to derive several categories of words:
These derivatives above are not arbitrarily derived but idiomatic, except for politeness or subject exaltation [76] with the prefix o‑ (御), in which case verbs can be arbitrarily turned into nouns in the shape of o‑<infinitive>: okotowari shimasu (お断わりします; 'I decline'), [77] oyasumi nasai (お休みなさい; 'good night', lit. 'please rest'), otsukai kudasai (お使いください; 'please [do me a favor and] use'). This nominalization is analogous to the use of the homographic Sino-Japanese prefix go‑ (御) with Sino-Japanese nouns with verbal meanings: [78] gomen nasai (ご免なさい; 'I'm sorry', lit. 'please forgive me'), goshiyō kudasai (ご使用ください; 'please [do me a favor and] use').
The gerund(ive) or ‑te form ( て形 , ‑te-kei) is yet another way to make adverbial or conjunctive clauses. It has various meanings that overlap with those of the infinitive, with some restrictions. [79] The ‑te can be thought of as working like the conjunction and in English, with all of its ambiguity. Sometimes the meaning is not as discrete as described in the table below, but quite vague; for example, Mimi de kiite wakaru (耳で聞いてわかる; transl. They make sense upon hearing them with your ears) could be interpreted in a variety of ways: instrument, [o] temporal sequence, [p] condition, [q] etc. [80]
While the gerund often occurs as a conjunctive clause before a conclusive one, the conclusive clause can sometimes be elliptically omitted. [81] This is especially the case with the favor imperative ‑te kudasai, which is to be abbreviated to ‑te alone, as in Yamete (kudasai) (止めて(ください); 'Please [do me a favor and] stop'). In some cases where the gerund acts as a explanatory nominalized clause before a copula, which is otherwise expressed with the conclusive followed by no da/desu ("it is that"), the omitted part can be thought of as sō (na n(o)) ("it it so; it's like that; things are that way"), hence Ame ga futte (sō) desu (雨が降って(そう)です; = Ame ga futte iru no desu; transl. It's that it's raining; it's raining (so it is so)). [82]
| English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|
| They've grown poor in flavor and become expensive. | Mazuku natte takaku narimashita (まずくなって高くなりました) | simple conjoining ("do A, and also do B") |
| Alaska's winters are long and dark. | Arasuka no fuyu wa nagakute kurai (アラスカの冬は長くて暗い) | |
| Harashima, the protagonist, is a meek and ordinary salaryman employed by a certain travel agency. | Shujinkō no Harashima wa, aru ryokōsha ni tsutomeru sunao de heibon na sararīman de aru (主人公の原島は、ある旅行社に勤める素直で平凡なサラリーマンである) | |
| Go to the left on that street, and when you get to the end of it, turn right and go straight ahead. | Sono michi o hidari e itte, tsukiatatte, migi e orete, massugu oide nasai (その道を左へ行って、突き当たって、右へ折れて、まっすぐお出でなさい) | temporal sequence ("do A, and then do B") |
| Two years after we started the work she finally comprehended the meaning of what we were doing. | Shigoto o hajimete ninen, kanojo wa yōyaku shigoto no imi o taitoku shita (仕事を始めて二年、彼女はようやく仕事の意味を体得した) | |
| I borrowed the book and read it. | Hon o karite yonda (本を借りて読んだ) | |
| Man lives and then dies. | Ningen wa umarete shinu mono de aru (人間は生まれて死ぬものである) | |
| The principle of stocks is that you make money if you buy cheap and sell dear. | Kabu no gensoku wa, yasuku katte takaku ureba mōkaru (株の原則は、安く買って高く売ればもうかる) | |
| She put on her glasses and had a better look. | Megane o kakete nagamenaoshita (眼鏡をかけて眺めなおした) | |
| It rained, so we couldn't go. | Ame ga futte ikenakatta (雨が降って行けなかった) | consequence ("do A, and so do B") |
| From New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, there are so many drunks it is a problem | Kure kara shōgatsu ni kakete yopparai ga ōkute komarimasu (暮れから正月にかけて酔っ払いが多くて困ります) | |
| You'll be surprised at how much time it takes. [r] | Anmari jikan ga kakatte bikkuri suru deshō (あんまり時間がかかってびっくりするでしょう) | |
| Excuse me for keeping you waiting. [s] | Omatase shite dō mo sumimasen deshita (お待たせしてどうもすみませんでした) | |
| From the appearance of the tracks, it must be a dog. [t] | Ashiato kara mite, kore wa, inu darō (足跡から見て、これは、犬だろう) | |
| Mr Ogura was such a caring teacher that gave me a lot of generous help in finding a job. | Ogura Sensei wa taihen mendōmi no ii sensei de, shūshoku no sewa nado shinmi ni natte shite kureta (小倉先生は大変面倒見のいい先生で、就職の世話など親身になってしてくれた) | |
| He was quite a nice dashing young man. [u] | Nakanaka inase de ii wakamono deshita yo (なかなかいなせでいい若者でしたよ) | |
| I'm so scared of snakes. [v] | Hebi nan ka ga kowakute tamaranai (蛇なんかが怖くてたまらない) | |
| It's awfully difficult. [w] | Muzukashikute taihen da (難しくて大変だ) | |
| He left school and I stayed there. | Kare wa gakkō o satte watashi wa gakkō ni todomatta (彼は学校を去って私は学校にとどまった) | contrast ("do A, and/but do B") |
| He came by car, not by train. | Densha de konai de kuruma de yatte kita (電車で来ないで車でやってきた) | |
| I was insubordinate to the boss but was not scolded. [x] | Uwayaku ni tatetsuite shikarenakatta (上役に楯突いて叱られなかった) | concession ("do A, and yet do B"), with an elliptically omitted mo (see #Gerund focus) |
| It's even odds at best. [y] | Umaku itte, gobu-gobu deshō (旨く行って、五分五分でしょう) | |
| This room is really hot—always over 30 degrees. | Kono heya wa jitsu ni atsukute itsu mo sanjūdo ijō aru (この部屋は実に暑くていつも三十度以上ある) | proof ("do A, because B is the case") |
| Lacking love man cannot live. [z] | Ai o kaite ningen wa ikiru koto ga dekinai (愛を欠いて人間は生きることができない) | condition ("if you do A, you do B"), with an elliptically omitted wa (see #Gerund focus) |
| If you walk, it takes about 30 minutes. | Aruite sanjippun gurai kakaru (歩いて三十分ぐらいかかる) | |
| What's wrong with enjoying sex? [aa] | Sekkusu o tanoshinde nani ga warui (セックスを楽しんで何が悪い) | |
| The two slept hand in hand. [ab] | Futari wa te o toriatte neta (二人は手を取り合って寝た) | manner ("do A, and in the process, do B") |
| Fukuko approaches, stepping on the lawn. | Sono shibafu o funde Fukuko ga yatte kuru (その芝生を踏んで福子がやってくる) | |
| Let's collect weather data and make a weather map. [ac] | Kishō jōhō o atsumete tenkizu o tsukurō (気象情報を集めて天気図を作ろう) | instrument ("do A, and by that, do B") |
| The hag cast a spell and turned the flower into stone. [ad] | Yōba wa fushigi na jumon o tonaete hana o ishi ni shita (妖婆は不思議な呪文を唱えて花を石にした) | |
| When repeatedly asked 'Is it that you were carrying guns as a soldier?' they would answer 'Yes, it was as a soldier that I was.' | Heitai to shite, jū o motte desu ka to kasanete tazuneru to, sō desu, heitai to shite desu, to kotaeta (兵隊として、銃を持ってですかと重ねて訊ねると、そうです、兵隊としてです、と答えた) | elliptical nominalization |
| Was your becoming a sumo wrestler the result of people urging you? [ae] | Sumō ni natta no wa, hito ni susumerarete desu ka (相撲になったのは、人に勧められてですか) | |
| Wait a minute! | Chotto matte (kudasai) (ちょっと待って(ください)) | sentence-ending ellipsis |
| Sorry, I'm late. | Dō mo osoku natte (sumimasen) (どうも遅くなって(すみません)) | |
| Have you ever been to Karuizawa? [af] | Karuizawa ni irashita koto ga atte? (軽井沢にいらしたことがあって?) | (possibly feminine) sentence-ending interrogative substitute for conclusive |
| Got money? Sure. | Kane ga atte? Atte yo (金があって? あってよ) | |
| Is it interesting? [ag] | Omoshirokatte? (面白かって?) | |
| That's the way it is. | Sō na n de (そうなんで) | sentence-ending copular de; perhaps idiosyncratic, old-fashioned, dialectal; OR, to avoid explicitly choosing between desu, de arimasu and de gozaimasu for politeness, without sounding rude with da [83] |
| Oh, it's a joke, see. [ah] | Iya, sore wa jōdan de ne (いや、それは冗談でね) |
The gerund is created by using the onbinkei base, which is not a distinct "base", but rather the result of consonant and vowel reduction, termed onbin (音便), of the infinitive when followed by the ‑te/‑de (て・で) suffix: [84]
‑Te was the infinitive form of the ancient auxiliary tu. [85] [86] [87] It was used to create the perfective auxiliary by fusing with the verb aru: ‑te + aru → ‑ta, which triggers the exact same sound changes as shown here. This was also how the particle ‑tari was formed. [88] [89] It also fused with the copular particle ni: ni + ‑te → de. [90]
For verbs like kau (買う; 'buy'), yū (言う; 'say'), etc, there is a clear preference for sokuonbin in northern and eastern dialects, as in katte (買って), itte/yutte (言って); and for u‑onbin in western and southern dialects, as in kōte (買うて), yūte (言うて). [91] [92] In standard Japanese (eastern), however, there are exceptions where u‑onbin is preferred, such as tōte (問うて; 'inquire'), tōte (訪うて; 'visit'), kōte (請うて・乞うて; 'solicit'), kōte (恋うて; 'long for'), [93] [94] [66] notamōte (宣うて; 'say'), [93] itōte (厭うて), [95] tamōte (給うて; 'bestow'). [96] [97] These distinctly elevated western forms [ai] are favored as the verbs themselves are inherently elevated. [98] Non-elevated verbs are less likely to get the western treatment, for example in “Mō tokku ni doko ka e shimikonde shimatta ’rō yo” to notamōta (「もうとっくにどこかへしみ込んでしまったろうよ」とのたもうた) where shimatta (of shimau) remains eastern even though notamōta (of notamau) is westernized. [98] Other examples with u‑onbin, such as ōta (負うた), sōta = sotta (沿うた) have been found as well, [93] and the tendency to use u‑onbin is stronger if the verb stem already contains the vowel o. [98] Some western-Japanese writers such as Orikuchi Shinobu and Oda Sakunosuke (both of whom were Osakan) wrote prose (both narration and dialog) with western forms such as yūte (言うて), ōte (会うて), mōte = matte (舞うて), [99] ushinōte = ushinatte (失うて), [100] sōte = sotte (添うて), [101] etc, while others restrict western forms to only elevated verbs. For the verb yū (言う) in particular, according to two surveys conducted in 2016 and 2017, at least some speakers, particularly female college students from Notre Dame Seishin University, from the western prefecture of Okayama, showed a strong preference for itta n/yutta n (言ったん), even though the broader western public still preferred yūta n, and there was a discreprancy in preference for the said forms and itta no/yutta no/yūta no (言ったの). [102] Further dialectal forms include kaite for kashite (貸して), [103] daite for dashite (出して), [104] magiraite for magirashite (紛らして), [105] yōde for yonde (呼んで) and yonde (読んで), [84] tōde for tonde (飛んで), [106] nōde for nonde (飲んで), [107] etc.
The verb iku/yuku (行く) in particular has the irregular form itte (行って), rather than iite/yuite (行いて). The similarly irregular yutte, as well as the regular iite and yuite, are historically attested in both classical and modern Japanese (see examples below). Additionally, yuite was associated with western dialects, and iite and even ite were recorded in premodern Christian material. [108] It has been hypothesized that the emergence of the eastern itte, which dates from the Muromachi period, [109] and which wound up displacing the other forms (including the once western yuite), was due to a phonetic difficulty in or an aversion to saying iite with any sort of clarity, or a potential confusion with the historical iite (言ひて; 'say'). [108] Nevertheless, the current paradigm bears out that itte (言って) and itte (行って) are still homophonously (consonantally, vocalically and accentually) pronounced [ìtté]. [66] [110] Currently, only itte is recommended, [111] as are ika‑/yuka‑, iki/yuki, iku/yuku, ike/yuke and ikō/yukō. [6] [110] Itte is currently found in the vast majority of dialects, with ite being a sporadic western variant. [112] As for the i‑ and yu‑ stems, while i‑ has been dominant since the Taishō era, yu‑ dominated classical literature of the Meiji era and earlier times, and thus is more elevated. [113] [111]
Adjectival gerunds end in ‑kute, with the infinitive ‑ku. Western infinitives can also combine with ‑te, [84] hence nōte = nakute (無うて), yaritōte = yaritakute (遣りとうて), isogashūte = isogashikute (忙しゅうて), [114] etc. The special sentence-ending use as a question marker permits ‑katte (← ‑ku atte), [83] which otherwise sporadically crops up in the west as an alternative to ‑kute, [115] for example in the Ōgaki dialect; [116] compare the perfective ‑katta (← ‑ku atta). It has been hypothesized that the mainstream, unrestricted ‑kute could have been a mere contraction of *‑ku atte to begin with; there was also ‑kutte as a historical [117] and dialectal [115] [118] [119] alternative.
The auxiliary ‑nai de ("not and") is more common than ‑nakute after verbs, the latter of which is, with few exceptions, not used before subsidiary verbs and adjectives: [85] [120]
The negative equivalent of atte (あって) is the adjective nakute: [85] [aj]
After adjectives, only the auxiliary ‑nakute is used: [85]
‑N de, equivalent to ‑nai de, is used mostly by older speakers: [121]
| Dictionary form | Pattern [16] | Gerund | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godan verbs | |||||
| う | 結う(yuu, fasten) | 結う | 結っ 結う | て | 結って(yutte, fasten and) 結うて(yūte) [124] |
| 言う(yū, say) | ゆう | いっ ゆっ ゆう | て | 言って (itte/yutte, say and) 言うて(yūte) [125] [126] | |
| 会う (au, meet) | あう | あっ おう | て | 会って (atte, meet and) 会うて (ōte) [127] | |
| 祝う (iwau, celebrate) | いわう | いわっ いおう | て | 祝って (iwatte, celebrate and) 祝うて (iōte) [128] [129] | |
| 紛う (magau/magō [66] , mistake) | まがう まごう | まがっ まごう | て | 紛って (magatte, mistake and) [130] [131] 紛うて (magōte) [132] | |
| 給う (tamau/tamō [66] [110] , bestow) | たまう たもう | たもう たまっ | て | 給うて (tamōte, bestow and) [133] [134] [135] 給って (tamatte) [136] [137] | |
| 宣う (notamau/notamō [66] [110] , say) | のたまう のたもう | のたもう のたまっ | て | 宣うて (notamōte, say and) [138] [139] [140] 宣って (notamatte) [141] [142] [143] | |
| 負う (ou, carry) | 負う | 負っ 負う | て | 負って (otte, carry and) 負うて (ōte) [144] [145] [146] [147] | |
| 覆う (ōu, cover) | 覆う | 覆っ 覆う | て | 覆って (ōtte, cover and) 覆うて (oōte) [148] [149] [150] [151] | |
| 問う (tou, inquire) | 問う | 問う 問っ | て | 問うて (tōte, inquire and) [152] [153] [154] [155] 問って (totte) [156] [157] [158] | |
| 訪う (tou, visit) | 訪う | 訪う 訪っ | て | 訪うて (tōte, visit and) [159] [160] 訪って (totte) [161] | |
| 請う (kou, solicit) | 請う | 請う 請っ | て | 請うて (kōte, solicit and) [162] [163] [164] [165] 請って (kotte) [166] [167] [168] [169] | |
| 恋う (kou, long for) | 恋う | 恋う 恋っ | て | 恋うて (kōte, long for and) [170] [171] 恋って (kotte) [172] [ak] | |
| 厭う (itou, grudge) | 厭う | 厭う 厭っ | て | 厭うて (itōte, grudge and) [174] [175] 厭って (itotte) [176] [177] | |
| つ | 勝つ (katsu, win) | 勝つ | 勝っ | て | 勝って (katte, win and) |
| る | 狩る (karu, hunt) | 狩る | 狩っ | て | 狩って (katte, hunt and) |
| す | 貸す (kasu, lend) | 貸す | 貸し | て | 貸して (kashite, lend and) |
| く | 書く (kaku, write) | 書く | 書い | て | 書いて (kaite, write and) |
| ぐ | 嗅ぐ (kagu, smell) | 嗅ぐ | 嗅い | で | 嗅いで (kaide, smell and) |
| ぶ | 呼ぶ(yobu, call) | 呼ぶ | 呼ん | で | 呼んで(yonde, call and) |
| む | 読む(yomu, read) | 読む | 読ん | で | 読んで(yonde, read and) |
| ぬ | 死ぬ (shinu, die) | 死ぬ | 死ん | で | 死んで (shinde, die and) |
| Irregular godan verbs | |||||
| く | 行く (iku/yuku, go) | いく ゆく | いっ ゆっ ゆい いい | て | 行って (itte/yutte [178] [179] [180] , go and) 行いて(yuite [178] [181] [182] [183] [184] [180] [185] /iite [178] [186] [187] [188] [189] ) |
| Ichidan verbs | |||||
| 見る (miru, look) | 見る | 見 | て | 見て (mite, look and) | |
| 出る (deru, exit) | 出る | 出 | て | 出て (dete, exit and) | |
| Irregular verbs | |||||
| する (suru, do) | する | し | て | して (shite, do it and) | |
| 来る (kuru, come) | くる | き | て | 来て (kite, come and) | |
| Verbal auxiliaries | |||||
| 〜ます(る) (‑masu(ru)) | ます(る) | まし | て | 〜まして (‑mashite, and) | |
| です (desu, be) | です | でし | て | でして (deshite, be and) | |
| Adjectives and adjectival auxiliaries | |||||
| 〜ない (‑nai, not) | ない | ない | で | 〜ないで (‑nai de, not and) | |
| なく のう なかっ | て | 〜なくて (‑nakute) 〜のうて (‑nōte) 〜なかって (‑nakatte) [190] [191] [192] | |||
| 無い (nai, be nonexistent) | 無くて (nakute, be nonexistent and) 無うて (nōte) [193] [194] 無かって (nakatte) [191] [195] [196] | ||||
| 少ない (sukunai, be scarce) | 少ない | 少なく 少のう 少なかっ | て | 少なくて (sukunakute, be scarce and) 少のうて (sukunōte) [197] [198] 少なかって (sukunakatte) | |
| 弱い(yowai, be weak) | よわい | よわく よおう よわかっ | て | 弱くて(yowakute, be weak and) 弱うて(yoōte) [199] 弱かって(yowakatte) | |
| 多い (ōi, be abundant) | 多い | 多く 多う 多かっ | て | 多くて (ōkute, be abundant and) 多うて (oōte) [200] 多かって (ōkatte) | |
| 良い (ii/yoi, be good) | いい よい | よく よう よかっ | て | 良くて(yokute, be good and) 良うて(yōte) [201] [202] 良かって(yokatte) [203] [204] [205] [206] [207] | |
| 悪い (warui, be bad) | 悪い | 悪く 悪う 悪かっ | て | 悪くて (warukute, be bad and) 悪うて (warūte) [208] 悪かって (warukatte) | |
| 可愛い (kawaii/kawayui, be adorable) | かわいい かわゆい | かわいく かわゆく かわゆう かわいかっ かわゆかっ | て | 可愛くて (kawaiku/kawayukute, be adorable and) 可愛うて (kawayūte) [209] [210] 可愛かって (kawaikatte/kawayukatte) | |
| 大きい (ōkii, be large) | 大きい | 大きく 大きゅう 大きかっ | て | 大きくて (ōkikute, be large and) 大きゅうて (ōkyūte) [211] 大きかって (ōkikatte) | |
| 宜しい(yoroshii, be good) | 宜しい | 宜しく 宜しゅう 宜しかっ | て | 宜しくて(yoroshikute, be good and) 宜しゅうて(yoroshūte) [212] 宜しかって(yoroshikatte) | |
| 同じい (onajii, be the same) | 同じい | 同じく 同じゅう 同じかっ | て | 同じくて (onajikute, be the same and) 同じゅうて (onajūte) 同じかって (onajikatte) | |
| Special auxiliaries | |||||
| 〜ん (‑n, not) 〜ぬ (‑nu) 〜ず (‑zu) | ん ぬ ず | ん ぬ ず | で | 〜んで (‑n de, not and) [213] [121] [214] 〜ぬで (‑nu de) [215] [216] 〜ずで (‑zu de) [217] | |
| 〜ません (‑masen, not) 〜ませぬ (‑masenu) | ません ませぬ | ません ませぬ | で でして | 〜ませんで (‑masen de, not and) [121] [218] 〜ませぬで (‑masenu de) [219] 〜ませんでして (‑masen deshite) [121] [220] 〜ませぬでして (‑masenu deshite) [221] | |
Just like the infinitive, the gerund, whose ‑te ending is etymologically an infinitive itself, can be followed by a focus particle, such as wa and mo.
With wa ("as for," "speaking of"), the gerund can form a type of conditional clause, [222] with meanings overlapping with such constructions as imperfective + to, provisional ‑eba and conditional ‑tara(ba):
‑Te/‑de wa, can colloquially contract to ‑cha(a)/‑ja(a): [222]
With mo ("even," "too"), the gerund can form a type of concessive clause, [226] with meanings overlapping with such constructions as the classical concessive ‑edo, the imperative concessive ni shiro/seyo and de are, and the tentative concessive with ga and to (mo):
The gerund can precede an extensive list of subsidiary [5] verbs and adjectives (補助動詞・形容詞, hojo dōshi/keiyōshi). [227] Of these subsidiaries, yaru (遣る), ageru (上げる), kureru (呉れる) and kudasaru (下さる), all of which literally mean "give", can be used to convey favors, and their imperative forms when used this way are less terse than those of other verbs. [228] [227] [229] These expressions are similar to "do me a favor and …" in English, but apart from "do something for somebody" (positively), they can also mean "do something to somebody" (negatively).
The current orthographic convention is to spell subsidiaries only in hiragana to distinguish them from the main verbs or adjectives they derive from. Thus, yonde miru (読んでみる) means "try reading" with miru being a subsidiary verb meaning "try", while yonde(,) miru (読んで(、)見る) means "read and see" with miru being a main verb meaning "see". Mite miru, meaning "try seeing", would be spelt 見てみる rather than 見て見る. Other subsidiaries follow the same principle, such as oite oku (置いておく; rather than 置いて置く), kite kuru (来てくる; rather than 来て来る), itte iku (行っていく; rather than 行って行く), but some verbs like shimau are almost always spelt in kana for simplicity anyway, as in shimatte shimau (しまってしまう).
Phonetically, if the verb before ‑te/‑de is accented, the accent (if any) of the subsidiary verb can be deleted, while that of the main verb can be kept in a separate minor phrase, which begins in a low tone if possible (henceforth, high tones are marked with acutes, low tones with graves, and the accent of a phrase is the high tone immediately before a low tone). Thus:
Using multiple minor phrases also works with if either or both verbs are unaccented, for example:
Some of these combinations of ‑te/‑de and a following subsidiary can be colloquially contracted. Notably, while ‑te/‑de iru → ‑te/‑de 'ru and ‑te/‑de ita carry no accent, ‑te/‑de 'te and ‑te/‑de 'ta do: [233] [234]
呼んでない can be either a contraction of 呼んでいない "not be calling", or the negative of 呼んである "have been called": [235]
Due to the ambiguity of てない, which could be not only the negative of ‑te aru, but also a contraction of ‑te inai and thus too informal, ‑te inai can be used for both for more consistency in formality: [236]
Subsidiaries can be chained together, such as ‑te ite miru, ‑te oite oku, ‑te mite oite shimau, etc. [237]
The various meanings are not as discrete as this table suggests. There is room for interpreting one way or another, and context can help to find the most likely interpretation. [238]
| Original verb/adjective | te + subsidiary | Colloquial contraction | English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iru (いる・居る; 'exist; be') [al] | ‑te iru / ‑de iru (ている・でいる) ‑te iru no (da) / ‑de iru no (da) (ているの(だ)・でいるの(だ)) | ‑te 'ru / ‑de 'ru (てる・でる) ‑te 'ru no (da) / ‑de 'ru no (da) / ‑te 'n no (da) / ‑de 'n no (da) / ‑te 'n da / ‑de 'n da (てるの(だ)・でるの(だ)・てんの(だ)・でんの(だ)・てんだ・でんだ) | The cat's holding a fish in her mouth. | Neko ga sakana o kuwaete iru (猫が魚をくわえている) | being doing something right now or at some point in the future |
| What's that guy doin' over there? | Aitsu, anna tokoro de nani yatte 'n da? (あいつ、あんなところで何やってんだ?) | ||||
| Whatcha doin'? | Nani yatte 'n no? (何やってんの?) | ||||
| Stay in bed! [am] | Nete inasai (寝ていなさい) | ||||
| He loves his wife deeply. | Kare wa tsuma o fukaku aishite iru (彼は妻を深く愛している) | doing, being doing or having been doing something regularly, during a period around the present or in the future | |||
| I've been kicking back lately. | Saikin wa mainichi hima ni shite iru (最近は毎日暇にしている) | ||||
| Are you still a reporter? [an] | Mada kisha o yatte 'ru no? (まだ記者をやってるの?) | ||||
| You’re already dead! [ao] | Omae wa mō shinde iru! (おまえは もう死んでいる! [240] ) | having done something with a persistent result | |||
| “First, they may or may not know about it. At present, that point is immaterial. Second, whether or not they know about it, it is almost a certainty that they cannot crack it. […]” [ap] | “Mazu karera ga zōn ovu fōsu no koto o shitte iru ka dō ka no ten da ga. Genzai de wa, sono koto wa jūyō ja nai. Daini wa, karera wa, zōn ovu fōsu o shitte iru shitte inai ni kakawarazu, kore o yaburu koto wa dekinai koto wa tashika da. […]” (「まず彼らが力場帯のことを知っているかどうかの点だが。現在では、そのことは重要じゃない。第二は、彼らは、力場帯を知っている知っていないにかかわらず、これを破ることはできないことは確かだ。[…]」 [241] ) | ||||
| Your fly is open. [aq] | Fasunā ga aite 'masu yo (ファスナーが開いてますよ) | ||||
| The window is shut. [ar] | Mado ga shimatte iru (窓が閉まっている) | ||||
| inai (いない・居ない) | ‑te inai / ‑de inai (ていない・でいない) | ‑te 'nai / ‑de 'nai (てない・でない) | I'm not married yet. [as] | Kekkon shite inai (結婚していない) | negative of te iru; also negative of te aru and same as te nai below |
| I never asked for a vacation, did I? | Rifuresshu shitai nante tanonde 'nai yo ne? (リフレッシュしたいなんて頼んでないよね? [242] ) | ||||
| oru (おる・居る; 'exist; be') | ‑te oru / ‑de oru (ておる・でおる) | ‑toru / ‑doru (とる・どる) | Today there is a special offer. | Kyō wa tokubetsu oyasuku natte orimasu (今日は特別お安くなっております) | same as iru; more deferential in Tokyo Japanese; neutrally alternative to iru in some other dialects [239] |
| Pliny of ancient times once said. “Even a bad book is not without merit” | Inishie no Puriniusu Sensei mo notamōte orimasu. “Akusho to iedo, torie ga kaimu to yū koto wa nai” (いにしえのプリニウス先生も宣うております。 「悪書といえど,とりえが皆無ということはない」 [140] ) | ||||
| “You are rather afraid of me. Do you know what I be?” […] “Yes.” | “Ore ga chitto kowai n da na. Ore no shōbai ga shittoru ka i?” […] “Shittoru yo” (「おれがちっと恐いんだな。おれの商売が何か知っとるかい?」 […]「知っとるよ」 [243] ) | ||||
| “My family keeps nagging me to take it, so I make sure to take it.” | “Kazoku ga nome tte urusai kara chanto nondoru” (「家族が飲めってうるさいからちゃんと飲んどる」 [244] ) | ||||
| aru (ある・有る・在る; 'exist; be') | ‑te aru / ‑de aru (てある・である) | ‑taru / ‑daru (たる・だる) [at] | The car is parked on the street. [au] | Michi ni kuruma ga tomete aru (道に車が停めてある) | something having been done with a persistent result [av] |
| The window is shut. [aw] | Mado ga shimete aru (窓が閉めてある) | ||||
| nai (ない・無い; 'not exist; not be') | ‑te nai / ‑de nai (てない・でない) | The coat hasn't been paid for. [ax] | Kono kōto-dai wa mada haratte nai (このコート代はまだ払ってない) | negative of te aru; also replaceable by te inai above | |
| gozaru (ござる・御座る; 'exist; be') | ‑te gozaru / ‑de gozaru (てござる・でござる) | We have an assortment of wine and beer. [ay] | Wain mo bīru mo kakushu torisoroete gozaimasu (ワインもビールも各種取りそろえてございます) | same as aru; much more polite | |
| oku (置く; 'put') | ‑te oku / ‑de oku (ておく・でおく) | ‑toku / ‑doku (とく・どく) | Just leave them there for now. | Mada oite oite kudasai (まだ置いておいてください) | getting something done and leaving it as is |
| Let's just hear him out anyway. | Kare no iibun o ichiō kiite okō (彼の言い分を一応聞いておこう) | getting something done anyway | |||
| There's an exam tomorrow, we better get some reading done and get some tapes listened to. | Ashita shiken da kara, yoku hon o yondoitari, tēpu o kiitoitari shitoita hō ga ii (明日試験だから、よく本を読んどいたり、テープを聞いといたりしといた方がいい [248] ) | getting something done so there is some result at least | |||
| “I think it’s best to store it in the church. Nobody will think of snatching it if we leave it there. We’ll put it under the altar and not touch it until we need it.” | “Kyōkai ni shimatte oku no ga, ichiban ii to omou n da. Asoko ni oitokeba, dare mo kapparaō nan te omoi ya shinai kara ne. Saidan no shita ni oitoite, hoshiku naru made, te o tsukenai koto ni shiyō” (「教会にしまっておくのが、いちばんいいと思うんだ。あそこに置いとけば、誰も掻っぱらおうなんて思いやしないからね。祭壇の下に置いといて、ほしくなるまで、手をつけないことにしよう」 [249] ) | getting something done in advance so something else can happen | |||
| miru (見る; 'look; see') | ‑te miru / ‑de miru (てみる・でみる) | Have a look at the newspaper. | Shinbun o mite mite (新聞を見てみて) | doing something and seeing/finding out what happens; trying doing something | |
| Give it a shot, I bet you can do it. | Yatte minasai, kitto dekiru yo (やってみなさい、きっとできるよ) | ||||
| Not knowning what's inside the box, we opened it to find out. | Nani ga haitte iru ka wakaranai no de, hako o akete mita (何が入っているか分からないので、箱を開けてみた) | ||||
| As someone with parents, I don't get to have that much freedom. | Oya ga atte mireba, anmari jiyū ni wa dekinai (親があってみえれば、あんまり自由にはできない) | once something is seen, experienced or considered | |||
| Once I got to Tōkyō, I found it unbearably noisy. | Tōkyō e tsuite mitara, yakamshikute tamaranakatta (東京へ着いてみたら、やかましくてたまらなかった) | ||||
| goran (ご覧・御覧; 'seeing') | ‑te goran nasaru / ‑de goran nasaru (てごらんなさる・でごらんなさる) | Try thinking it through. | Yoku kangaete goran (nasai) (よく考えてごらん(なさい)) | same as miru; exalts the subject | |
| miseru (見せる; 'show') | ‑te miseru / ‑de miseru (てみせる・でみせる) | In the latest match against Celta B, he showed off this brilliant free kick. | Chokkin no Seruta Bī-sen de wa, konna azayaka na furī kikku o misete miseta. (直近のセルタB戦では、こんな鮮やかなフリーキックを見せてみせた。 [250] ) | doing something while showing that to someone | |
| Let me sing you a song. | Hitotsu utatte miseyō (ひとつ歌ってみせよう) | ||||
| shimau (しまう・仕舞う・終う・了う; 'end; put an end to; put/store away') | ‑te shimau / ‑de shimau (てしまう・でしまう) | ‑chimau / ‑jimau / ‑chau / ‑jau (ちまう・じまう・ちゃう・じゃう) [251] | Here's a rocky tract that gets submerged at high tide. | Koko wa ageshio ni naru to kakurete shimau iwaba desu (ここは上げ潮になると隠れてしまう岩場です) | doing something completely or thoroughly |
| “I’ve already put away my other clothes, so I’m just layering up now” | “Fuku o shimatte shimatta no de, nan to ka kasanegi o shite kitemasu” (「服をしまってしまったので、なんとか重ね着をして着てます」 [252] ) | ||||
| Did you drain all the hot water? | Oyu nuichatta no (お湯抜いちゃったの) | ||||
| Have you read it all? | Mō yonjatta? (もう読んじゃった?) | ||||
| I finally got around seeing that bastard. | Tōtō aitsu ni atte shimatta (とうとうあいつに会ってしまった) [232] | getting around doing something | |||
| Just die already! | Shinjae! (死んじゃえ!) | ||||
| “Shirley! Just waste that idiot emperor already! He’s the enemy of women!” | “Shāryi-san! Anna onna no teki na baka kōtei, hinerikoroshichae!” (「シャーリィさん! あんな女の敵なバカ皇帝、捻り殺しちゃえ!」 [253] ) | ||||
| I ended up offending her with my poor choice of words. | Iikata ga warukute kanojo o okorasete shimatta (言い方が悪くて彼女を怒らせてしまった) | having ended/wound up doing something | |||
| One that was a woman, sir; but, rest her soul, she’s dead. | Ikitoru uchi wa onna no hito jatta ga, nanmamidabu, gonete shimaimashita ga na. (生きとる中は女の人ぢゃったが、なんまみだぶ、死ねてしまひましたがな。 [254] ) | ||||
| Damn it, I left my wallet home! | Shimatta, kamiire oite kichimatta (しまった、紙入れを置いて来ちまった) | ||||
| “She’s dead.” | “Kanai ga shinjimatta n da na” (「家内が死んじまったんだな」 [255] ) | ||||
| Oops, I did it again. | Are, mata yatchatta (あれ、またやっちゃった) | ||||
| Whoops, I just spit on you. | A, tsuba ga tonjatta (あ、唾が飛んじゃった) | ||||
| No matter how many times I try to memorize this word, I just keep forgetting it. | Kono tango wa nankai oboete mo wasurete shimau (この単語は何回覚えても忘れてしまう) | ending/winding up doing something [az] | |||
| When I'm your age, I'll probably forget what I eat yesterday, too. | Ore mo anta gurai no toshi ni nattara, kinō nani o tabeta ka wasurechimau yō ni naru n darō na (俺もあんたぐらいの年になったら,きのう何を食べたか忘れちまうようになるんだろうな) | ||||
| He'll drink any goddamn thing. | Nan de mo nonjau (なんでも飲んじゃう) | ||||
| What the hell's happening? | Dō natchatten daro (どうなっちゃってんだろ) | ||||
| sumu (済む; 'end; come to an end; be over') | ‑te sumu / ‑de sumu (てすむ・ですむ) | I'm managing without a car of my own. | Jikayōsha ga nakute mo sunde iru (自家用車がなくても済んでいる) | getting by on doing something; managing to do something | |
| It uses little power thanks to its power-saving design. | Setsudengata na no de denryoku wa sukunakute sumu (節電型なので電力は少なくてすむ) | ||||
| You can't just laugh this off. [ba] | Sore wa waratte sumu koto de wa nai (それは笑ってすむことではない) | getting off/away with doing something | |||
| If I turn down the transfer assignment, I won't have to live apart from my family. [bb] | Tenkin o kotowareba bekkyo seikatsu o shinai de sumu (転勤を断れば別居生活をしないですむ) | ||||
| He got off with a warning. [bc] | Kare wa keikoku de sunda (彼は警告ですんだ) | ||||
| sumanai (済まない; 'isn't over') sumimasen (済みません) | ‑te sumanai / ‑de sumanai (てすまない・ですまない) ‑te sumimasen / ‑de sumimasen (てすみません・ですみません) | I'm sorry I can't accept your kindness. [bd] | Goshinsetsu o hogo ni shite sumanai (ご親切を反古にしてすまない) | feeling sorry for doing something | |
| I'm sorry for causing you trouble. [be] | Gomendō o kakete sumimasen (ご面倒をかけてすみません) | ||||
| kuru (来る; 'come') | ‑te kuru / ‑de kuru (てくる・でくる) [257] | He came home from the office. [bf] | Kaisha kara kaette kita (会社から帰ってきた) | coming here while also doing something else | |
| Worms also often come on Trojan Horses. [bg] | Wāmu mo Toroi no Mokuba ni notte kuru no ga futsū da. (ワームもトロイの木馬に乗ってくるのが普通だ。) | ||||
| A shell got him. Came right down on him and his horse. Tore the horse’s— I shot the horse myself, poor creature. | Hōdan ni atatta no ja. Maue kara ochite kita hōdan no tame ni uma mo ōkega o shita――kizu tsuita uma wa, washi ga, kono te de uchikoroshita ga, kawaisō na yatsu jatta. (砲弾にあたったのじゃ。真上から落ちてきた砲弾のために馬も大けがをした――傷ついた馬は、わしが、この手で射ち殺したが、かわいそうなやつじゃった。 [126] ) | ||||
| Go get his ass. [bh] | Yattsukete koi (やっつけてこい) | going somewhere else, doing something there, then coming back here [bi] | |||
| I'm leaving. [bj] | Itte kimasu (行ってきます) | ||||
| As the water clears, the bottom becomes visible. ―Nothing is becoming visible at all. | Mizu ga sunde kuru to soko ga miete kimasu. ―Nan ni mo miete konai na. (水が澄んでくると底が見えてきます。―なんにも見えてこないな。) | sustaining or progressing along up until a point in time | |||
| I told of how I've lived my life | Jibun ga ika ni ikite kita ka o hanashita (自分がいかに生きてきたかを話した) | ||||
| In summer, the sky starts to be lighter when it gets to be four in the morning. | Natsu ni wa asa yoji ni naru to, sora ga shirande kuru (夏には朝四時になると、空が白んでくる) | starting from then on | |||
| My stomach started hurting, so I went to the doctor. | Kyū ni onaka ga itande kita kara, isha ni itta (急におなかが痛んできたから、医者に行った) | ||||
| When I left my Tokyo office, I was told that if I called from Ōiso Station, the secretary (at his house) would drive there and pick me up, so I called after half past one. | Tōkyō no ofisu o saru toki, Ōiso-eki kara denwa o sureba (jitaku no) hisho ga kuruma de mukae ni kite kuru to yū koto datta no de, ichiji han ni natte kara denwa o shita. (東京のオフィスを去るとき、大磯駅から電話をすれば(自宅の)秘書が車で迎えに来てくるということだったので、1時半になってから電話をした。 [259] ) | ||||
| iku / yuku (行く; 'go') | ‑te iku / ‑de iku / ‑te yuku / ‑de yuku (ていく・でいく・てゆく・でゆく) [257] | ‑te 'ku / ‑de 'ku (てく・でく) [bk] | He went home. [bl] | Uchi e kaette itta (うちへ帰っていった) | going away while also doing something else |
| She walked off alone down the single path through the fields. [bm] | Kanojo wa hatake no naka no ippon michi o hitori de aruite itta (彼女は畑の中の一本道を一人で歩いていった) | ||||
| And when you put your two-year-old on a slide in the United States, they put something on the slide to slow the kid down as he comes down the slide. Not in the Middle East. I put my two-year-old on the slide, ffffff, he took off! [260] | “Amerika no suberidai wa saigo gensoku suru yō ni dekite iru. De mo Chūtō no wa chigau. Musuko ga suberidai o subette tonde 'tta” (「アメリカの滑り台は最後減速するようにできている。でも中東のは違う。息子が滑り台を滑って飛んでった」 [261] ) | ||||
| Did they come and get the laundry? [bn] | Sentakumono o totte itta? (洗濯物を取っていった?) | coming here, doing something here, then going away [bi] | |||
| ‘They’ve got … they’ve got Ron?’ [bo] | “Suichūjin ga totte ’tta no wa…… totte ’tta no wa, Ron?” (「水中人が取ってったのは……取ってったのは、ロン?」 [262] ) | ||||
| Let's eat before leaving. | Tabete ikimashō (食べていきましょう) | ||||
| Old soldiers don't die, they just fade away. | Rōhei wa shinazu, kiete iku nomi (老兵は死なず、消えていくのみ) | sustaining or progressing along from a point in time onward | |||
| The affair dragged on unsettled. | Shigoto wa katazuite ikanakatta (仕事は片付いていかなかった) | ||||
| It will get colder from now on. | Kore kara samuku natte iku deshō (これから寒くなっていくでしょう) | starting from now on | |||
| Mommy‼ I’ll become stone! I’m slowly turning into stone‼ | Mama‼ Boku ishi ni natchau yo Dandan ishi ni kawatte ’ku yo‼ (ママ‼ぼく石になっちゃうよ だんだん石にかわってくよ‼ [263] ) | ||||
| ikenai / yukenai (行けない; 'can't go') ikemasen / yukemasen (行けません) | ‑te ikenai / ‑de ikenai / ‑te yukenai / ‑de yukenai (ていけない・でいけない・てゆけない・でゆけない) ‑te ikemasen / ‑de ikemasen / ‑te yukemasen / ‑de yukemasen (ていけません・でいけません・てゆけません・でゆけません) | ‑te 'kenai / ‑de 'kenai (てけない・でけない) ‑te 'kemasen / ‑de 'kemasen (てけません・でけません) | No way I could keep on living on my own. | Hitori de wa tote mo ikite ikenai (一人ではとても生きていけない) | it's impossible to keep on doing something |
| You can’t afford not to be strict with how much money and how many connections you get. | Okane to kone o dore dake eru ka, shibia ja nai to yatte 'kenai wa. (お金とコネをどれだけ得るか、シビアじゃないとやってけないわ。 [264] ) | ||||
| “……Mika, you’ve gotten freakier over the years, haven’t you?” “If I hadn’t, I wouldn’t be able to run a rental store” | “……Mika-chan, nennen, seikaku yugande kitenai?” “Kono kurai de nakya, rentaru-ya no kanrishoku nan ka yatte 'kemasen” (「……ミカちゃん、年々、性格ゆがんできてない?」 「このくらいでなきゃ、レンタル屋の管理職なんかやってけません」 [265] ) | ||||
| You mustn't steal other people's ideas. | Tanin no aidea o nusunde wa ikenai (他人のアイデアを盗んではいけない) | it's prohibited to do something | |||
| he who must not be named | namae o itte wa ikenai ano hito (名前を言ってはいけないあの人) | ||||
| It's the library's job to answer these questions, and this must be communicated with the younger generations. | Korera ni kotaeru koto ga toshokan no shigoto deari, sore wa wakai sedai ni mo tsutaenakute wa ikemasen. (これらに答えることが図書館の仕事であり、それは若い世代にも伝えなくてはいけません。 [155] ) | ||||
| irassharu (いらっしゃる; 'be; come; go') irasshatte / irasshatta (いらっしゃって・いらっしゃった) | ‑te irassharu / ‑de irassharu (ていらっしゃる・でいらっしゃる) ‑te irasshatte / ‑de irasshatte / ‑te irasshatta / ‑de irasshatta (ていらっしゃって・でいらっしゃって・ていらっしゃった・でいらっしゃった) | ‑te 'rassharu / ‑de 'rassharu (てらっしゃる・でらっしゃる) ‑te 'rasshatte / ‑de 'rasshatte / ‑te 'rasshatta / ‑de 'rasshatta / ‑te irashite / ‑de irashite / ‑te irashita / ‑de irashita / ‑te 'rashite / ‑de 'rashite / ‑te 'rashita / ‑de 'rashita (てらっしゃって・でらっしゃって・てらっしゃった・でらっしゃった・ていらして [266] ・でいらして・ていらした・でいらした・てらして・でらして・てらした・でらした) | You probably don't remember, but it's me, Satō. [bp] | Tabun oboete irassharanai deshō keredo, watashi, Satō desu (たぶん覚えていらっしゃらないでしょうけれど、私、佐藤です) | same as iru, kuru and iku; ‑te/‑de irassharu is also the same as (de) aru; exalts the subject, and unusable if the subject is not human |
| “No,” she said, “we won’t have any of this. If she comes in she must see you—and think if she likes there’s something wrong! But how can I open the door to her, when she dislikes me—wishes to see not me, but her son? I won’t open the door!” [bq] | “Dame yo” to kanojo wa itta, “Konna koto wa yamemashō. Okāsama ga haitte 'rashitara, anata ni ki ga tsuku ni chigai nai wa――sore ni, katte ni nani ka okashii to omoware de mo shitara! De mo dō shite watashi ga to o akete agerarete? Watashi o kiratte 'rasshatte――watashi ja naku, musuko ni aitagatte 'rassharu no ni. Watashi, doa wa akenai wa” (「だめよ」と彼女は言った、「こんなことはやめましょう。お姑様が入ってらしたら、あなたに気がつくにちがいないわ――それに、勝手に何かおかしいと思われでもしたら! でもどうしてわたしが戸を開けてあげられて? わたしを嫌ってらっしゃって――わたしじゃなく、息子に会いたがってらっしゃるのに。わたし、ドアは開けないわ」 [267] ) | ||||
| “I thought you had been dreaming,” [br] | “Yume o mite 'rashita n da to omoimashita wa” (「夢を見てらしたんだと思いましたわ」 [267] ) | ||||
| “Were you dancing with her, Diggory?” [bs] | “Sono kata to odotte irashita no, Digori?” (「その方と踊っていらしたの、ディゴリ?」 [267] ) | ||||
| “About that policewoman you asked to come over…” [bt] | “Sakki kuruma no naka de koko ni kosaseru yō tanonde 'rashita fukeisan no koto wa……” (「さっき車の中でここに来させるよう頼んでらした婦警さんのことは……」 [268] ) | ||||
| Hurry up and come down, please! [bu] | Sassa to orite irasshai (さっさと下りていらっしゃい) | ||||
| Come back soon! [bv] | Itte( i)rasshai (いって(い)らっしゃい) | ||||
| Take your umbrella with you! [bw] | Kyō wa kasa o motte irasshai (傘を持っていらっしゃい) | ||||
| I envy how you always stay beautiful. [bx] | Anata wa itsu mo outsukushikute irassharu kara urayamashii wa (あなたはいつもお美しくていらっしゃるからうらやましいわ) | ||||
| morau (もらう・貰う; 'receive') | ‑te morau / ‑de morau (てもらう・でもらう) | My raison d’être is only for you to kill me! [by] | Anata ni koroshite morau koto dake ga, watashi no sonzai igi na no! (あなたに殺してもらうことだけが、私の存在意義なの! [269] ) | having someone else do something | |
| I had him translate it into English. [bz] | Kare ni sore o eiyaku shite moratta (彼にそれを英訳してもらった) | ||||
| You’d better write Mrs. Tarleton about that, too. [ca] | Omae kara, Tāruton Fujin ni, sono koto o kaite yatte moraitai. (おまえから、タールトン夫人に、そのことを書いてやってもらいたい。 [126] ) | ||||
| “I took the liberty of waiting for you.” [cb] | “Matasete moratte imashita” (「待たせてもらっていました」 [270] ) | after a causative, taking the liberty of doing something [cc] | |||
| How about eating with me sometime soon? Let me treat you. I'll get in touch with you before long. [cd] | Chikaku meshi de mo kuwanai ka. Ogorashite morau yo. Izure renraku suru. (近く飯でも食わないか。おごらしてもらうよ。いずれ連絡する。) | ||||
| itadaku (頂く; 'receive') | ‑te itadaku / ‑de itadaku (ていただく・でいただく) | ‑te 'tadaku / ‑de 'tadaku (てただく・でただく) | I was honored to feast my eyes upon his prized antique china. [ce] | Kare no hizō no kotōki o misete itadaku to yū ganpuku o emashita (彼の秘蔵の古陶器を見せていただくという眼福を得ました) | same as morau; more polite |
| “Well then, sire, pray take me life. I’d gladly rather be killed than suffer sorrow like this.” [cf] | “De wa, dō ka, watashi no inochi o omeshi ni nasutte kudasaimashi. Watashi wa, konna kanashii omoi o itashimasu yori wa, isso koroshite itadaita hō ga, yoppodo shiawase de gozaimasu.” (「では、どうか、わたしの命をお召しになすってくださいまし。わたしは、こんな悲しい思いをいたしますよりは、いっそ殺していただいた方が、よっぽど仕合わせでございます。」 [272] ) | ||||
| I asked the parents whether they might not let their son take our daughter's hand in marriage. [cg] | Oya ni sono musuko ni uchi no musume o moratte yatte itadakenai to ka tanonda (親にその息子にうちの娘を貰ってやっていただけないとか頼んだ [273] ) | ||||
| To get even more people to take advantage of it, the Sea Girl Bus will undergo changes from the 1st of October. [ch] | Mada mada ōku no minnasan ni riyō shite 'tadaku tame, jūgatsu tsuitachi kara Umikko Basu ga kawarimasu. (まだまだ多くのみなさんに利用してただくため、10月1日から海っ子バスが変わります。 [274] ) | ||||
| May I bring my little brother along? [ci] | Otōto o tsurete kosasete itadakemasen ka (弟を連れてこさせていただけませんか) | ||||
| I will take the liberty to be in attendance. [cj] | Shusseki sasete itadakimasu (出席させていただきます) | ||||
| yaru (やる・遣る; 'give (to someone other than me/us); do') | ‑te yaru / ‑de yaru (てやる・でやる) | ‑taru / ‑daru (たる・だる) [ck] | “I’ll kill you all. I’ll kill you all. I’ll kill you. I’ll kill your family. I’ll kill all your sons, daughters and grandchildren, so help me. I’ll rid this earth of every one of your descendants.” | “Koroshite yaru. Koroshite yaru. Omae o koroshite yaru. Omae no kazoku o koroshite yaru. Omae no musuko o, omae no musume o, omae no mago o, kanarazu kitto, zettai ni koroshite yaru. Omae no chi o hiku subete no mono o, kono chijō kara keshisatte yaru” (「殺してやる。殺してやる。お前を殺してやる。お前の家族を殺してやる。お前の息子を、お前の娘を、お前の孫を、必ずきっと、絶対に殺してやる。お前の血を引く全ての者を、この地上から消し去ってやる」 [275] ) | doing something to/for someone other than me/us |
| I'll handle it for you. | Boku ga umaku yatte yaru yo (僕がうまくやってやるよ) | ||||
| If they have something to say, let them say it. | Iitai koto ga aru nara iwasete yare (言いたいことがあるなら言わせてやれ) | ||||
| Come hang out at my place. I’ll show ya some good fun. | Ore n toko ni asobi ni koi ya. Omoshiroi asobi mo oshietaru. (俺んとこに遊びに来いや。面白い遊びも教えたる。 [246] [cl] ) | ||||
| ageru (上げる; 'raise; give (to someone other than me/us)') | ‑te ageru / ‑de ageru (てあげる・であげる) | ‑tageru / ‑dageru (たげる・だげる) | “Your magic has the power to warp the world. Unfortunately, even with my current power, I cannot kill you.” | “Anata no mahō wa, sekai o yugameru chikara. Zannen nagara, ima no watashi no chikara de mo, anata o koroshite ageru koto wa dekinai wa” (「あなたの魔法は、世界を歪める力。残念ながら、今のわたしの力でも、あなたを殺してあげることはできないわ」 [276] ) | |
| Let me help you put your shoes on. | Kutsu o hakasete ageyō (靴をはかせてあげよう) | ||||
| I'll even pay your tuition fees. | Gakuhi mo dashitageru (学費も出したげる) | ||||
| I’ll read it for ya. It says “Ieyasu’s gonna attack Osaka again.” Oh, no! | Atashi ga yondageru wa “Mata mo ya Ieyasu ga Ōsaka” desu tte yo Ara mā! (あたしが読んだげるわ 「またもや家康が大坂を攻撃」ですってよ あらまア! [277] ) | ||||
| tsukawasu (遣わす; 'give (to someone other than me/us)') | ‑te tsukawasu / ‑de tsukawasu (てつかわす・でつかわす) | I forgive you. | Yurushite tsukawasu (許してつかわす) | ||
| These five men, who figured prominently in the Buddha’s life, are said to be Brahmins that his father, King Suddhodana, chose for him from the Sakya clan. | Butsuden no naka de mo jūyō na ichi o shimeru kono gonin wa, chichi no Suddōdana-ō ga Shaka-zoku no naka kara Baramon o erande tsukawashita to yū koto ni mo natte iru. (仏伝の中でも重要な位置を占めるこの五人は、父のスッドーダナ王がシャカ族の中からバラモンを選んでつかわしたということにもなっている。 [278] ) | ||||
| kureru (くれる・呉れる; 'give (to me/us)') | ‑te kureru / ‑de kureru (てくれる・でくれる) | Will you lend me the book? | Hon o kashite kurenai? (本を貸してくれない?) | doing something to/for me/us | |
| You just embarrassed me, you know that? | Yoku mo haji o kakasete kureta na (よくも恥をかかせてくれたな) | ||||
| Tell Melly that. | Meranī ni mo sō yūte kure. (メラニーにもそういうてくれ。 [126] ) | ||||
| “Kill me! Kill me! Kill me!” | “Koroshite kure! Koroshite kure! Koroshite kure!” (「殺してくれ! 殺してくれ! 殺してくれ!」 [279] ) | ||||
| okureru (おくれる・御呉れる; 'give (to me/us)') | ‑te okureru / ‑de okureru (ておくれる・でおくれる) | ‑tokureru / ‑dokureru (とくれる・どくれる) | “[…] Oh! Geneviève, thee, thou art an angel of goodness, dost thou want this? Dost thou want to make one man so happy that he no more regrets his life and no more desires eternal bliss? If so, instead of pushing me away, smile at me, my Geneviève, rest thy hand on mine arm, lean on the man who yearns for thee, putting his yearning into all his body and soul. Geneviève, my love, my life, Geneviève, take not back thy vow!” | “[…] Ā! Junuviēvu, kimi koso zen’i no tenshi da, sō daro? Kimi wa otoko o kono ue naku shiawase ni shite kureru, da kara aite wa, mō jinsei ga iya ni natta, nado to nageku koto mo nai shi, mō eikyū no kōfuku nan te hoshigaranaku naru jā nai ka na? Da kara, boku o oshinokeru kawari ni, boku ni hohoende okure, boku no Junuviēvu, kimi no te o boku no ude ni atete okure, zenshin zenrei, nozomi o komete kimi o nozonde iru otoko ni yorikakatte okure. Junuviēvu, boku no koibito, boku no inochi, Junuviēvu, mō kimi no chikai nan ka kurikaesanai de okure!” (「[…] アア! ジュヌヴィエーヴ、きみこそ善意の天使だ、そうだろ? きみは男をこの上なくしあわせにしてくれる、だから相手は、もう人生が嫌になった、などと嘆くこともないし、もう永久の幸福なんて欲しがらなくなるじゃあないかな? だから、ぼくを押しのける代りに、ぼくにほほ笑んでおくれ、ぼくのジュヌヴィエーヴ、きみの手をぼくの腕に当てておくれ、全身全霊、望みをこめてきみを望んでいる男に寄りかかっておくれ。ジュヌヴィエーヴ、ぼくの恋人、ぼくの命、ジュヌヴィエーヴ、もうきみの誓いなんか繰りかえさないでおくれ!」 [280] ) | |
| Patience, be near me still; and set me lower: I have not long to trouble thee.—Good Griffith, Cause the musicians play me that sad note I named my knell, whilst I sit meditating On that celestial harmony I go to. | Pēshensu yo, shijū soba ni ite okure.‥‥ Motto hikuku shitokure. Mō nagai koto sewa mo kakemai.‥‥ Gurifisu ya, gakujindomo ni iitsukete, watashi ga watashi no tomuraigane to na o tsuketa ano aware na fu o sōsasetokure. (ペーシェンスよ、始終傍にゐておくれ。‥‥もっと低くしとくれ。もう長いこと世話も掛けまい。‥‥グリフィスや、樂人どもにいひつけて、わたしがわたしの弔鐘と名を附けたあの哀れな譜を奏させとくれ。‥‥ [281] ) | ||||
| I pray you.—Come, sirrah. | Nē, kitokure yo. (ねえ、來とくれよ。 [282] ) | ||||
| If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me In one of those same sheets. | Moshi watashi ga omae yori mo saki shindara, nē, dō zo sono shikifu de motte tsutsundokure ne. (若しわたしがお前よりも先き死んだら、ねえ、どうぞ其敷布で以て包んどくれね。 [283] ) | ||||
| Buy it, read it, y’all! Another tragedy in the royal family! Duke Flint’s eldest son’s body has been found‼ | Sā kattokure yondokure! Ōshitsu de mata higeki da! Furinto-kō no chakunan ga shitai de hakken sareta‼ (さぁ買っとくれ 読んどくれ!王室でまた悲劇だ!フリント公の嫡男が死体で発見された‼ [284] ) | ||||
| “I dont’t want to die in vain just like that. If you want to die, die on your own” | “Atashi wa sonna inujini wa, gomen da yoh. Shinitakerya, jibun hitori de shindokureh” (「あたしはそんな犬死には、ご免だよッ。死にたけりゃ、自分一人で死んどくれッ」 [285] ) | ||||
| kudasaru (くださる・下さる; 'give (to me/us)') | ‑te kudasaru / ‑de kudasaru (てくださる・でくださる) | “Once you do…… you will kill me?” | “Sō sureba…… anata wa, watakushi o koroshite kudasaru no desu ka?” (「そうすれば……あなたは、わたくしを殺してくださるのですか?」 [276] ) | ||
| He took the trouble to come to the airport and see me. | Wazawaza kūkō made mukae ni kite kudasatta (わざわざ空港まで迎えに来てくださった) | ||||
| Anyway, please get her to leave my hospital room. [273] [cm] | Tonikaku, byōshitsu kara dete itte moratte kudasai (とにかく、病室から出ていってもらってください) | ||||
| ii / yoi (いい・よい・良い・善い; 'be good') | ‑te ii / ‑de ii / ‑te yoi / ‑de yoi (ていい・てよい・でいい・でよい) | Can I borrow this? | Kore karite ii desu ka (これ借りていいですか) | it's okay to do something | |
| Can I see you tomorrow? | Ashita otaku e asobi ni itte mo ii desu ka (明日お宅へ遊びに行ってもいいですか) | ||||
| yoroshii (よろしい・宜しい; 'be good') | ‑te yoroshii / ‑de yoroshii (てよろしい・でよろしい) | Starting tomorrow, you won't need to come to work. | Ashita kara kaisha ni konakute yoroshii (あしたから会社に来なくてよろしい) | ||
| hoshii (ほしい・欲しい; 'be wanted') | ‑te hoshii / ‑de hoshii (てほしい・でほしい) | I hope my mother has a long life. | Haha ni wa nagaiki shite hoshii (母には長生きして欲しい) | it's desirable to do something | |
| Tell her to write it to his girls. | Wirukusu-ke no musumetachi ni mo, sō kaite okuru yō ni yūte hoshii. (ウィルクス家の娘たちにも、そう書いて送るようにいうてほしい。 [126] ) |
The infinitive and the gerund have overlap in usage, although using the infinitive instead of the gerund is more common writing, cliches and stiff speech. [2] [286]
Infintives can be nested in clauses ending in gerunds: [287]
Sometimes a gerund can precede clauses ending in infinitives:
According to Kuno (1973 :195–199), the gerund "cannot be used when two simultaneous actions or states are involved":
If John plays and studies at the same time, only the infinitive asobi is appropriate. The gerundive asonde could be too only in the temporal sequence meaning, as if John plays first, then studies later. Likewise:
Another constraint on only the gerund, not the infinitive, is that "the two actions involved must be either both self-controllable or both non-self-controllable":
Since "washing his face" is in John's control, only the intentional "getting up" is appropriate here, while the incidental "waking up," which is out of his control, is incompatible. Likewise:
The infinitive is applicable in the above cases where the gerund is not:
In the "manner" [cn] meaning ("while doing something"), either the infinitive or the gerund can be used:
The perfect(ive) ( 完了形 , kanryōkei), past ( 過去形 , kakokei) or ‑ta form generally conveys a past time. However, for certain verbs, especially in the attributive (before a noun), it may not have anything to do with a past time; or in certain uses, it is more about the perfect aspect, or some sort of completion, past or not. [288] [289]
| English | Japanese | Function |
|---|---|---|
| ‘You are her murderer,’ Sir Hugh said, an evil smile on his mouth. ‘For I intend to see you dead, and she had to be silenced. She had served her purpose. Besides, she fell on my sword—which, as you know, was meant for you.’ | “Onna o koroshita no wa, omae da yo. Da kara ore wa, omae o korosu. Tsumari seitō bōei” Hyū-kyō wa jaaku na emi o kuchimoto ni ukabete itta. “Kono onna no yakume wa owatta. Ikashite oku to mendō na koto ni naru ka mo shiren. Mokugekisha no kuchi wa fūjiru no ga futsū darō?” (「女を殺したのは、おまえだよ。だからおれは、おまえを殺す。つまり正当防衛さ」ヒュー卿は邪悪な笑みを口もとに浮かべて言った。「この女の役目は終わった。生かしておくと面倒なことになるかもしれん。目撃者の口は封じるのが普通だろう?」 [290] ) | past time or past perfect |
| I went on deeper and deeper into the forest, and it occurred to me to seek help from the good hermit […] Perhaps, his comforting words would ease a bit the pain that was beyond what I could take. | Watashi wa, mori no okufukaku e dondon haitte yukimashita. Sō shite iru uchi ni, ano zenryō na yosutebito ni tasuke o motomeyō to omoitachimashita. […] Tabun, kare no nagusame no kotoba wa, watashi no uketa mi ni amaru kutsū o, ikubaku ka wa yawaragete kureru deshō. (私は、森の奥深くへどんどん入ってゆきました。そうしているうちに、あの善良な世捨て人に助けを求めようと思い立ちました。[…]多分、彼の慰めの言葉は、私の受けた身に余る苦痛を、幾ばくかは和らげてくれるでしょう。 [291] ) | |
| Dragon Shiryū is dead. [co] | Doragon Shiryū wa shinda‼ (ドラゴン紫龍は死んだ‼ [292] ) | |
| Japan has become affluent. | Nihon wa yutaka ni natta. (日本は豊かになった。) | |
| Beer drunk after a loss seems to have even more of a hoppy taste than usual. [cp] | Maketa ato no bīru no aji wa, masumasu horonigaku kanjirareru (負けた後のビールの味は、ますますほろ苦く感じられる) | non-past perfect |
| Giant walls of snow are formed after the snowplows have passed through. | Josetsusha ga tōtta ato ni wa kyodai na yukikabe ga dekite iku (除雪車が通った後には巨大な雪壁ができていく) | |
| It weighs on my mind even after I separate from someone I've liked. | Ichido suki ni natta hito no koto wa wakareta ato mo ni naru. (一度好きになった人のことは別れた後も気になる) | |
| Come to think of it, Mr and Mrs F are a married couple with different surnames, right? [cq] | Sō ieba Efu-san wa bessei fūfu datta ne. (そういえばFさんは別姓夫婦だったね。) | non-past state recently recognized by the speaker |
| This is the one! [cr] | Kore deshita ka (これでしたか) | |
| Eh? Bullying exists in Britain too? It was silly of me to vaguely think that it’s unique to Japan. [cs] | Eh, Igirisu ni mo ijime wa atta no ka, Nihon dake no mono ka na to bakuzen to kangaete ita no wa amakatta. (えっ、イギリスにもいじめはあったのか、日本だけのものかなと漠然と考えていたのは甘かった。) | |
| Yes, yes, I have an appointment next Sunday. [ct] | Sō sō, tsugi no nichiyō wa yakusoku ga arimashita (そうそう、次の日曜は約束がありました) | |
| secure life [cu] | antei shita seikatsu (安定した生活) | attributively, "having done something with a persistent result," instead of the gerundive ‑te iru; ‑te iru may still be possible attributively [294] |
| excellent artist [cv] | sugureta gaka (優れた画家) | |
| Stiffness that is confined to either the left or right side requires care. [cw] | Sayū dochira ka ni katayotta kori wa yōchūi da. (左右どちらかに偏った凝りは要注意だ。) | |
| You have your hanko with you, I presume. | Hanko o omochi deshita ne (判子をお持ちでしたね) | politeness |
| If I'd hurried I would have been in time, but I gave up along the way. | Isogeba ma ni atta (darō) ga, tochū de dannen shita (急げば間に合った(だろう)が、途中で断念した) | past counterfactual tentativity; also see Japanese conjugation#Conditional |
The perfective form is created by using the onbinkei base, followed by the ta/da (た・だ) suffix, which was historically a combination of te (as in the gerunds below) and the verb aru ("exist"). [88] [89] Note that ‑te aru now has different uses from ‑ta, and there can even be ‑te atta (← ‑te + ari + ‑ta) as well. ‑Ta, ‑tara(ba), ‑tari, ‑tarō trigger the same sound changes as ‑te as shown above.
Note that despite their common origin, ‑ta and ‑te aru are split differently by particles. [295] Here, the particle wa is illustratively used:
The past form of the eastern negative auxiliary ‑nai, which is grammatically adjectival, is ‑nakatta (← ‑naku + atta). The western ‑n, on the other hand, has multiple variants: ‑nanda, ‑zatta (← ‑zu + atta), ‑henkatta, ‑n jatta, ‑n datta [296] [cx] (both from ‑n + de atta), ‑n yatta, etc. ‑Nkatta is found in both the east and the west. [297]
While ‑n is largely western, it is still used in the polite negative ‑masen in eastern dialects as well, and it also has multiple variants for past negative forms with: [298]
Alternatively, politeness can be marked only with desu instead of ‑mase‑, with:
Of the above, only ‑masen deshita and ‑nakatta desu are accepted in Tokyo Japanese.
The now western-only ‑nanda was used in the older Edo Japanese (the precursor of the modern Tokyo Japanese), [299] as in torananda (取らなんだ; 'did not take', equivalent to toranakatta), mairimasenanda (参りませなんだ; 'did not visit', equivalent to mairimasen deshita), shiremashinanda (知れましなんだ; 'could not know; did not become known', equivalent to shiremasen deshita), [300] de arimasenanda (でありませなんだ; 'were not', equivalent to de arimasen deshita), etc. In Tokyo Japanese, ‑nanda was displaced by ‑nakatta, while ‑masenanda was displaced by ‑masenkatta, [301] ‑masen datta, [302] and ultimately ‑masen deshita. [303] [304] [305] [306] ‑Nanda and ‑masenanda can still be used in literature to convey dialectal or faux-archaic speech, even if that speech is anachronistic or made by non-Japanese characters.
| Dictionary form | Pattern [16] | Perfective form | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godan verbs | |||||
| う | 結う(yuu, fasten) | 結う | 結っ 結う | た | 結った(yutta, fastened) 結うた(yūta) [124] |
| 言う(yū, say) | ゆう | いっ ゆっ ゆう | た | 言った (itta/yutta, said) 言うた(yūta) [125] | |
| 会う (au, meet) | あう | あっ おう | た | 会った (atta, met) 会うた (ōta) [127] | |
| 祝う (iwau, celebrate) | いわう | いわっ いおう | た | 祝った (iwatta, celebrated) 祝うた (iōta) [307] | |
| 紛う (magau/magō [66] , mistake) | まがう まごう | まがっ まごう | た | 紛った (magatta, mistook) [308] 紛うた (magōta) [309] | |
| 給う (tamau/tamō [66] [110] , bestow) | たまう たもう | たもう たまっ | た | 給うた (tamōta, bestowed) [141] [133] [310] [311] [312] [134] [135] 給った (tamatta) [313] [314] | |
| 宣う (notamau/notamō [66] [110] , say) | のたまう のたもう | のたもう のたまっ | た | 宣うた (notamōta, said) [315] [316] 宣った (notamatta) [142] [317] | |
| 負う (ou, carry) | 負う | 負っ 負う | た | 負った (otta, carried) 負うた (ōta) [cy] [144] [320] [146] [147] | |
| 覆う (ōu, cover) | 覆う | 覆っ 覆う | た | 覆った (ōtta, covered) 覆うた (oōta) [321] [322] [323] [324] | |
| 問う (tou, inquire) | 問う | 問う 問っ | た | 問うた (tōta, inquired) [159] [325] [326] [327] [154] [328] 問った (totta) [329] [330] [331] [332] [333] | |
| 訪う (tou, visit) | 訪う | 訪う 訪っ | た | 訪うた (tōta, visited) [159] [160] [334] 訪った (totta) [335] [336] [337] | |
| 請う (kou, solicit) | 請う | 請う 請っ | た | 請うた (kōta, solicited) [163] [338] [339] [340] 請った (kotta) [341] [342] [343] [344] | |
| 恋う (kou, long for) | 恋う | 恋う 恋っ | た | 恋うた (kōta, longed for) [345] [346] 恋った (kotta) [347] | |
| 厭う (itou, grudge) | 厭う | 厭う 厭っ | た | 厭うた (itōta, grudged) [348] [175] 厭った (itotta) [349] [350] | |
| つ | 勝つ (katsu, win) | 勝つ | 勝っ | た | 勝った (katta, won) |
| る | 狩る (karu, hunt) | 狩る | 狩っ | た | 狩った (katta, hunted) |
| す | 貸す (kasu, lend) | 貸す | 貸し | た | 貸した (kashita, lent) |
| く | 書く (kaku, write) | 書く | 書い | た | 書いた (kaita, wrote) |
| ぐ | 嗅ぐ (kagu, smell) | 嗅ぐ | 嗅い | だ | 嗅いだ (kaida, smelled) |
| ぶ | 呼ぶ(yobu, call) | 呼ぶ | 呼ん | だ | 呼んだ(yonda, called) |
| む | 読む(yomu, read) | 読む | 読ん | だ | 読んだ(yonda, read) |
| ぬ | 死ぬ (shinu, die) | 死ぬ | 死ん | だ | 死んだ (shinda, died) |
| Irregular godan verbs | |||||
| く | 行く (iku/yuku, go) | いく ゆく | いっ ゆっ ゆい いい | た | 行った (itta/yutta [178] [179] [181] , went) 行いた(yuita [351] [181] [182] [352] [353] /iita [178] [354] [179] [355] [356] ) |
| Ichidan verbs | |||||
| 見る (miru, look) | 見る | 見 | た | 見た (mita, looked) | |
| 出る (deru, exit) | 出る | 出 | た | 出た (deta, exited) | |
| Irregular verbs | |||||
| する (suru, do) | する | し | た | した (shita, did it) | |
| 来る (kuru, come) | くる | き | た | 来た (kita, came) | |
| Verbal auxiliaries | |||||
| 〜ます(る) (‑masu(ru)) | ます(る) | まし | た | 〜ました (‑mashita) | |
| です (desu, be) | です | でし | た | でした (deshita, were) | |
| だ (da, be) じゃ(ja) | だ じゃ | だ じゃ | った | だった (datta, were) じゃった(jatta) | |
| Adjective and adjectival auxiliaries | |||||
| 無い (nai, be nonexistent) | 無い | 無かっ | た | 無かった (nakatta, were nonexistent) | |
| 良い (ii/yoi, be good) | いい よい | よかっ | た | 良かった(yokatta, were good) | |
| Special auxiliaries | |||||
| 〜ん (‑n) 〜ぬ (‑nu) | ん ぬ | なん | だ | 〜なんだ (‑nanda) [357] [358] [359] [360] [361] [362] [363] [364] | |
| 〜ません (‑masen) 〜ませぬ (‑masenu) | ません ませぬ | ません ませぬ | でした | 〜ませんでした (‑masen deshita) 〜ませぬでした (‑masenu deshita) [365] [366] [367] | |
| ませなん | だ | 〜ませなんだ (‑masenanda) [368] [359] [369] [370] [371] [372] [373] | |||
Morphologically, ‑ta equals ‑te aru, which means it also has some derived forms that aru has:
| English | Japanese |
|---|---|
| Meanwhile, Bunroku got sick and his wife died, you see. | Sono uchi ni, Bunroku ga byōki ni nattari, Bunroku no saikun ga shindari shimashite ne (そのうちに、文六が病気になったり、文六の細君が死んだりしましてね) |
| The present-day world is one where they cry peace peace with their mouths while a student brandishing a samurai sword hijacks an airplane and a mother chokes her baby to death! | Gendai wa heiwa heiwa to kuchi de wa tonaenagara, Nihontō o furikazashita gakusei ga hikōki o nottottari, hahaoya kantan ni akanbō o hinerikoroshitari suru yo no naka desu (現代は平和平和と口では唱えながら、日本刀を振りかざした学生が飛行機を乗っ取ったり、母親が簡単に赤ん坊をひねり殺したりするよのなかです) |
| Parents sometimes kill children, children sometimes kill parents. [cz] | Oya ga ko o koroshitari, kodomo ga oya o korosu (親が子を殺したり、子供が親を殺す) |
| It's sometimes written this way. | Sore o kaitari suru (それを書いたりする) |
| When it's a pair with at least one woman, after they've passed by me, they sometimes exchange looks. | Onnazure da to, tōrisugite kara, kao miawasetari suru no (女連れだと、通り過ぎてから、顔見合わせたりするの) |
| But he never forced this style on people. | Shikashi kono ryūgi o hitobito ni kyōsei shitari wa shinakatta (しかしこの流儀を人々に強制したりはしなかった) |
| The elder sister would call her younger sister otōto, never imōto. [da] | Ane mo imōto o otōto to itte, imōto ittari wa shinai (姉も妹を弟と言って、妹と言ったりはしない) |
| I don't know why he ever brought a camera in. | Dō shite kamera o mochikondari shita no ka wakaranai (どうしてカメラを持ち込んだりしたのか分からない) |
"Work here for another two hours, my lord. Can't do with less than thirty minutes' exposure. The current's none too strong."「旦那様、もう二時間ばかりここで仕事をいたしたいのでございます。現像いたしますのには、三十分では少のうございます。水の出が弱いので」
[…]
"Pleased to meet you, Lord Wimsey," said Mr. Milligan. "Won't you take a seat?"
[…]
"I'm vurry pleased to meet you, Duchess," had been that financier's opening remark, "to thank you for your exceedingly kind invitation. I assure you it's a compliment I deeply appreciate."
[…]
"To be sure they will," said Mr. Bunter, "and very nice, too. You just come and lay down a bit, sir—they've come to take over this section."
"I am a very frail old woman, Miss Shirley. For over twenty years I've been a great sufferer. For twenty long, weary years I've been dying by inches."「わたしはとてもからだが弱うございましてね、ミス・シャーリー。二十年以上、そりゃ苦しんでまいりましたよ。二十年ものうんざりする年月をかけて、ほんの少しずつ死んでるわけですね」
Dieu me donnerait sa plus belle étoile,神樣の一番綺麗な星よりも、
J'aime mieux l'enfant que tu m'as donné.
— Sire, puis-je quitter la France quand je croirai ma vie menacée?「陛下、命を脅かされたら、フランスを離れてもよろしゅうございますか?」[“Sire, may I leave France in case my life is endangered?”]
First Lady. Hark ye;甲侍女 もし〱。(少し聲をひそめて)ねえ、お母さまがずん〱圓ゥくお成り遊ばすでせう。で、今に、お綺麗な、新規の若君さまに、わたくし共がお目見えをいたしますのよ。さう成ったら、貴下はわたくし共とお遊び遊ばせよ、さう遊ばせと申し上げましたら。
The queen your mother rounds apace: we shall
Present our services to a fine new prince
One of these days; and then you 'ld wanton with us,
If we would have you.
Farewell:さよなら。‥‥何か悲慘な事共を話しあふ場合には、わしの末路を引合ひに出して下さい。これでもう言ふことはない。神よ、赦させたまへ!
And when you would say something that is sad,
Speak how I fell. I have done; and God forgive me!
Madvig jumped up. His hand caught Ned Beaumont's, crushed it. "Don't go, Ned. Stick it out with me. Christ knows I need you now. Even if I didn't—I'll do my damndest to make up for all that."マドヴィグは、ネド・ボウモンの手をつかんで握りしめた。「ネド、行かんでくれ。おれといっしょにいてくれ。今こそ、どんな君を頼りに思っていることか。これまでのことは、どんなにしてでも埋め合わせをするよ」
'Ah! but he might say that to charge us more, in case of his getting well' said Jonas. 'You mustn't go away, Pecksniff. Now it's come to this, I wouldn't be without a witness for a thousand pound.'「ああ! だが、おやじがよくなったら金をうんとしぼろうと考えて、それをいったのかもしれませんよ」ジョーナスはいった。「帰らんでくださいよ、ペックスニフ。こんなことになったいま、千ポンドを出したってここに証人がいてもらいたいとこなんですからな」
"He was a brave man, Scarlett. Tell Melly that. Tell her to write it to his girls. And a good soldier for all his years. A shell got him. Came right down on him and his horse. Tore the horse's— I shot the horse myself, poor creature. A fine little mare she was. You'd better write Mrs. Tarleton about that, too. She set a store on that mare. Wrap up my lunch, child. I must be going. There, dear, don't take it so hard. What better way can an old man die than doing a young man's work?"「勇敢な男じゃったよ、スカーレット。メラニーにもそういうてくれ。ウィルクス家の娘たちにも、そう書いて送るようにいうてほしい。じっさい、あんな年寄りだったが、軍人としては、りっぱなものじゃった。砲弾にあたったのじゃ。真上から落ちてきた砲弾のために馬も大けがをした――傷ついた馬は、わしが、この手で射ち殺したが、かわいそうなやつじゃった。いい牝馬だった。おまえから、タールトン夫人に、そのことを書いてやってもらいたい。夫人は、あの牝馬を、とてもかわいがっていたからな。さあ、弁当を包んでくれ。わしは行かにゃならん。そう悲しむことはない。老人が若いものの仕事をやりながら死ぬなんて、こんなすばらしい死に方はないじゃないか」
y a este propósito dice Plinio que no hay libro, por malo que sea, que no tenga alguna cosa buena; […] y a este propósito dice Tulio: "La honra cría las artes."いにしえのプリニウス先生も宣うております。
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Герцог王
Я верю, верю: благородный рыцарь,
Таков, как вы, отца не обвинит
Без крайности. Таких развратных мало…
Ger. 'Tis well thou art not fish; if thou hadst, thou hadst been poor John. Draw thy tool; here comes two of the house of Montagues.グレ へん、魚でなうて幸福ぢゃわい、汝が魚なら、女たらしでは無うて總菜の鹽大口魚と來てけつからう。‥‥(一方を見て)拔けよ(劍を)、モンタギューの奴等が來たわい。
[…]
Fri. L. Benedicite!
What early tongue so sweet saluteth me?
Young son, it argues a distemper'd head
So soon to bid good morrow to thy bed:
Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,
And where care lodges, sleep will never lie;
But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign:
Therefore thy earliness doth me assure
Thou art up-rous'd by some distemperature;
Or if not so, then here I hit it right,
Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night.
[…]
Rom. There is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls,
Doing more murder in this loathsome world,
Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell:
I sell thee poison, thou hast sold me none.
Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh.
Come, cordial and not poison, go with me
To Juliet's grave, for there must I use thee.
Moley gulped, jammed a cheroot into his mouth, and struck a match. He was striving to steady himself. "All right. You won't talk about that. But you had a fight with him, didn't you?" She was silent. "He called you a dirty name, didn't he?" A sickness came into her eyes, but she merely compressed her lips. "Well, how long did this go on, Mrs. Godfrey? How long were you with him?"モリーはつばをのみ、たばこをくわえて、マッチをすった。自分を落ちつかせようと懸命だった。「よろしい。そのことは言わんでよろしい。だが、マルコとあらそったでしょう」夫人は黙っていた。「マルコはあなたを、罵ったでしょう」夫人は不快の色を目に浮かべたが、唇をかみしめただけだった。「じゃあ、どのくらい、いたんですか、奥さん。どのくらい一緒にいたんですか」
"I can see ferries any old time at home," he whined. "Why can't we go back to the villa and swim in the pool?"「フェリーなんて、カナダでも見られるもん」サイモンは哀れっぽい声で訴えた。「どうして別荘に戻ってプールで泳いじゃいけないの?」
'Oh, it is too bad,' John was complaining. 'I wanted to go all the way to the barracks with the parade and buy myself some souvenirs.'「つまんないの」ジョンが口を尖らせる。「行列のあとをついてって、公園で何か買いたかったのに」
'I'm sorry, son, but with this crowd it would be far too dangerous.'
"You are rather afraid of me. Do you know what I be?"「おれがちっと恐いんだな。おれの商売が何か知っとるかい?」
The child surveyed his vermilion figure up and down with much misgiving and finally said, "Yes."
"Well, what?"
"The reddleman!" he faltered.
„Ich weiß keinen Ort, wo es besser aufgehoben wäre, als die Kirche, da getraut sich niemand etwas wegzunehmen. Wir stellen es unter den Altar und rühren es nicht eher an, bis wir es nötig haben."「教会にしまっておくのが、いちばんいいと思うんだ。あそこに置いとけば、誰も掻っぱらおうなんて思いやしないからね。祭壇の下に置いといて、ほしくなるまで、手をつけないことにしよう」
Ham. To be, or not to be, that is the question:ハム 世に在る、世に在らぬ、それが疑問ぢゃ。[…]
[…]
First Clo. One that was a woman, sir; but, rest her soul, she's dead.
'What's a Wheezy?'「ウィージーってなんだい?」
'Your Wheezy, sir, your Wheezy - Wheezy who is giving Dobby his jumper!'
Dobby plucked at the shrunken maroon sweater he was now wearing over his shorts.
'What?' Harry gasped. 'They've got … they've got Ron?'
"No," she said, "we won't have any of this. If she comes in she must see you—and think if she likes there's something wrong! But how can I open the door to her, when she dislikes me—wishes to see not me, but her son? I won't open the door!"「だめよ」と彼女は言った、「こんなことはやめましょう。お姑様が入ってらしたら、あなたに気がつくにちがいないわ――それに、勝手に何かおかしいと思われでもしたら! でもどうしてわたしが戸を開けてあげられて? わたしを嫌ってらっしゃって――わたしじゃなく、息子に会いたがってらっしゃるのに。わたし、ドアは開けないわ」
[…]
"I thought you had been dreaming," said she.
[…]
"Were you dancing with her, Diggory?" she asked, in a voice which revealed that he had made himself considerably more interesting to her by this disclosure.
"About that policewoman you asked to come over…"「さっき車の中でここに来させるよう頼んでらした婦警さんのことは……」
"I'll make sure that gets canceled."
— […] Oh ! Geneviève, toi, tu es un ange de bonté, veux-tu, dis ? veux-tu rendre un homme si heureux qu'il ne regrette plus la vie et qu'il ne désire plus le bonheur éternel ? Alors, au lieu de me repousser, souris-moi, ma Geneviève, laisse-moi appuyer ta main sur mon cœur, penche-toi vers celui qui t'aspire de toute sa puissance, de tous ses vœux, de toute son âme ; Geneviève, mon amour, ma vie, Geneviève, ne reprends pas ton serment !「[…] アア! ジュヌヴィエーヴ、きみこそ善意の天使だ、そうだろ? きみは男をこの上なくしあわせにしてくれる、だから相手は、もう人生が嫌になった、などと嘆くこともないし、もう永久の幸福なんて欲しがらなくなるじゃあないかな? だから、ぼくを押しのける代りに、ぼくにほほ笑んでおくれ、ぼくのジュヌヴィエーヴ、きみの手をぼくの腕に当てておくれ、全身全霊、望みをこめてきみを望んでいる男に寄りかかっておくれ。ジュヌヴィエーヴ、ぼくの恋人、ぼくの命、ジュヌヴィエーヴ、もうきみの誓いなんか繰りかえさないでおくれ!」[“[…] Oh! Geneviève, thee, thou art an angel of goodness, dost thou want this? Dost thou want to make one man so happy that he no more regrets his life and no more desires eternal bliss? If so, instead of pushing me away, smile at me, my Geneviève, rest thy hand on mine arm, lean on the man who yearns for thee, putting his yearning into all his body and soul. Geneviève, my love, my life, Geneviève, take not back thy vow!”]
Patience, be near me still; and set me lower:ペーシェンスよ、始終傍にゐておくれ。‥‥もっと低くしとくれ。もう長いこと世話も掛けまい。‥‥グリフィスや、樂人どもにいひつけて、わたしがわたしの弔鐘と名を附けたあの哀れな譜を奏させとくれ。‥‥
I have not long to trouble thee.—Good Griffith,
Cause the musicians play me that sad note
I named my knell, whilst I sit meditating
On that celestial harmony I go to.
Hel. [to Fool] I pray you.—Come, sirrah.ヘレナ (フールに)ねえ、來とくれよ。
Des. All's one. Good faith, how foolish are our minds!デズデ どうでもいゝの。‥‥ほんとに人間は何て馬鹿らしいものだらうねえ! 若しわたしがお前よりも先き死んだら、ねえ、どうぞ其敷布で以て包んどくれね。
If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me
In one of those same sheets.
Je m'enfonçai plus avant dans la forêt, et l'idée me vint d'aller chercher un appui auprès du bon anachorète qui nous avait si cordialement accueillis, la princesse et moi, le jour où j'avais voulu l'enlever et où le serpent et l'orage m'avaient fait me repentir de ma faute. Certes, ce pieux vieillard, qui avait médité les livres saints et savait bien qu'il ne faut pas être moins pitoyable aux animaux qu'aux humains, ne me repousserait pas et, peut-être, ses paroles de consolation apaiseraient-elles un peu le chagrin qui m'abattait.私は、森の奥深くへどんどん入ってゆきました。そうしているうちに、あの善良な世捨て人に助けを求めようと思い立ちました。姫を連れ去り、毒蛇と嵐が私の仕出かした過ちを悔いさせたあの日、私たちを優しく迎え入れてくれた、あの世捨て人です。長年にわたり聖人の生活を求め、動物も人間と同じくらい哀れなものだと知っているあの敬虔な老人なら、きっと私のことを追い払ったりはしないでしょう。多分、彼の慰めの言葉は、私の受けた身に余る苦痛を、幾ばくかは和らげてくれるでしょう。[I went on deeper and deeper into the forest, and it occurred to me to seek help from the good hermit who had so kindly welcomed us the day when I tried to abduct the princess and when the serpent and the storm made me repent of my wrongdoing. Surely, this pious old man, who had long pursued a saintly life, and knew well that animals and humans are equally pitiable, would not turn me away. Perhaps, his comforting words would ease a bit the pain that was beyond what I could take.]
"Here's Abominable Lunch Number Seventy-seven," she announced. "Made from plastic food bags, parsley, and gum from under theatre seats. Brush your teeth after or you'll taste the poison all afternoon."「さあ、おぞましき昼食第七十七号ですよ」とお祖母さまはのたもうた。「プラスチックのパックに入っているインスタント食品と、パセリと、映画館の座席の下から拾って来たガムでこしらえたのよ。あとで歯を磨きなさいね――さもないと、夜になるまでずっと毒の味が口に残りますからね」
Even the helmet, that covered him with its invisibility, had vanished!隠す力を以て彼を覆うた兜さえも、もう見えませんでした!
— Como me lo pregunta este señor —respondió ella—, no pude dejar de respondelle.『この旦那樣がお訊ねになつたので、御返事せんわけには行かなんだもの。』と娘は言つた。[“As the gentleman asked me, I could not help answering him,” said the girl.]
Bru. Farewell, good Strato.—Caesar, now be still:ブルー さやうなら、ストレートーよ。……シーザーよ、今こそ安心なさい。予はお前さんを此半分ほども甘んじては殺さなんだのだ。
I kill'd not thee with halfe so good a will.
'It's them as should be sorry! I knew yeh weren't gettin' yer letters but I never thought yeh wouldn't even know abou' Hogwarts, fer cryin' out loud! Did yeh never wonder where yer parents learnt it all?'「ごめんなさいはこいつらのセリフだ。おまえさんが手紙を受け取ってないのは知っとったが、まさかホグワーツのことも知らんとは、思ってもみなかったぞ。なんてこった! おまえの両親がいったいどこであんなにいろんなことを学んだのか、不思議に思わなんだのか?」
«А я опять не помер!»「やれやれ、またわしは死ななんだよ!」[“Good grief, once again, I didn’t die!”]
"Sure I should never have thought you had the face. Well, and what did the last one say to ye? Nothing that can't be got over, perhaps, after all?" […] Ay, when I think what she'll say to me now without a mossel of red in her face, it do seem strange that 'a wouldn't say such a little thing then….「まさかお前がそんなに厚かましいとは思わなんだ。ところで最後に声かけた娘っ子は何て返事しただ?結局、聞き流してしまえねえようなことじゃなかろう?」[…]ああ、女房も今なら顔なんかちっとも赤らめんで言ってのけるだろうにって思やあ、あのころ、あんなつまらんこともよう言わなんだのが不思議に思えるだ。
"What did he want?" said she.「どういうことで?」
"He didn't tell us."
"Something to sell, I suppose; what it can be I am at a loss to understand."
Well, sir, in coorse o' time, the White Throut, God bless it, was seen in the sthrame beyant, and sure the people didn't know what to think av the crathur, seein' as how a white throut was never heard av afor, nor since ; and years upon years the throut was there, just where you seen it this blessed minit, longer nor I can tell—aye throth, and beyant the memory o' th' ouldest in the village.ところが、あなた、しばらくたつと、「白い鱒」がな、ああ、神様、この白い鱒をお守り下さいまし、その白い鱒が向こうの川に見かけられるようになったのですわい。何せ、白い鱒なんて、人は後にも先にも、ついぞ聞いたことがありませなんだによって、それをどう考えたらいいのか、誰ひとりわかるものはおりませなんだ。それから、何年も何年もその白い鱒はそこにおりました。有難い、この今という時にあなたが見かけなすった通りの場所にな。どれだけ長らくいたかは、わしにもわからんです――いや、全くの話、この村でいちばん長生きの年寄りも覚えとらんほど昔からじゃそうな。
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