List of the prehistoric life of Virginia

This list of the prehistoric life of Virginia contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Virginia.

Precambrian

The Paleobiology Database records no known occurrences of Precambrian fossils in Virginia.

Paleozoic

Main article: List of the Paleozoic life of Virginia

Selected Paleozoic taxa of Virginia

• † Acmarhachis
• † Amplexopora
• † Ampyx

• 

  Fossils of the Carboniferous-Permian bryozoan Archimedes

  † Archimedes
• † Arthrorhachis
• † Athyris
  • † Athyris lamellosa
• † Atrypa
  • † Atrypa reticularis
• † Aulopora
• † Aviculopecten
• † Bassleroceras
• † Bellerophon
  • † Bellerophon spergensis – tentative report
• † Bimuria
• † Blountiella

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Devonian placoderm fish Bothriolepis

  † Bothriolepis
• † Bumastus
  • † Bumastus lioderma – or unidentified comparable form
• † Callixylon
• † Calymene
• † Calyptaulax
• † Camarotoechia
  • † Camarotoechia contracta
• † Campbelloceras
• † Cardiopteris
• † Ceratocephala
• † Ceratopsis
• † Ceraurinella – type locality for genus
• † Ceraurus
• † Chasmatopora
• † Chonetes
  • † Chonetes chesterensis
  • † Chonetes novascoticus
• † Christiania

• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Ordovician brachiopod Cincinnetina

  † Cincinnetina
  • † Cincinnetina meeki
  • † Cincinnetina multisecta
• † Clarkoceras – tentative report
• † Cleiothyridina
  • † Cleiothyridina sublamellosa – or unidentified comparable form
• † Climacograptus
• † Coleoloides
• † Columnaria
• † Composita
  • † Composita subquadrata – or unidentified comparable form
• † Conocardium
• † Constellaria
• † Coosia
• † Coosina
• † Cornulites
  • † Cornulites flexuosus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Craniops
• † Crepicephalus
• † Cryptophragmus

• 

  Restoration of the Cambrian-Middle Devonian nautiloid cephalopod Cyrtoceras

  † Cyrtoceras
• † Cyrtospirifer
• † Cystodictya
  • † Cystodictya lineata
• † Dakeoceras
• † Dalmanites – or unidentified comparable form
• † Diplograptus
• † Echinosphaerites
• † Edmondia
• † Encrinuroides
• † Eophacops
• † Epiphyton

• 

  Illustration with inset cross-section diagrams of the Cambrian sponge Ethmophyllum

  † Ethmophyllum
• † Favosites
• † Fletcheria – tentative report
• † Flexicalymene
  • † Flexicalymene senaria
• † Foerstia
• † Girvanella
• † Glauconome
• † Gonioceras
• † Hallopora
• † Helcionella
• † Heliomeroides
• † Hemithecella – type locality for genus
• † Holia
• † Holopea
• † Homagnostus
• † Hyolithellus
• † Hyolithes
• † Hypseloconus
• † Illaenus

• 

  Fossil of the Middle-Late Ordovician giant trilobite Isotelus .

  † Isotelus
  • † Isotelus maximus
• † Kingstonia
• † Kionoceras
• † Komaspidella
• † Kootenia
• † Krausella
• † Kutorgina
• † Labyrinthus
• † Latouchella

• 

  Restoration of the Carboniferous-Late Triassic club moss relative Lepidodendron . Eli Heimans (1911).

  † Lepidodendron
• † Levisoceras
• Lingula
• † Lingulella – tentative report
• † Llanoaspis
• † Lonchodomas
• † Maryvillia
• † Meteoraspis
• † Michelinoceras
• † Microplasma
• † Miraspis
• † Naticopsis
• † Niobe
• † Nisusia
• Nucula
• † Odontopleura
• † Olenellus
• † Olenoides
• † Orthoceras
• † Oulodus
• † Ozarkodina
• † Pagetia
• † Paractinoceras
• † Paterina
• † Pemphigaspis

• 

  Fossilized theca of the Carboniferous blastoid echinoderm ("sea bud") Pentremites

  † Pentremites
• † Phillipsia
• † Phragmolites
• † Phylloporina
• Pinna
• † Plaesiomys
• † Platyceras
• † Platystrophia
• † Plectoceras
• † Posidonia
• † Proetus
• † Protobarinophyton
• † Raymondaspis

• 

  Fossil of the Early Ordovician-Permian benthic alga Receptaculites

  † Receptaculites
• † Remopleurides
• † Rhodea
• † Rothpletzella
• † Salterella
• † Siphonodella
• † Skenidioides
• Solemya
• † Solenopora
  • † Solenopora compacta
• † Sowerbyella
• † Spathognathodus
• † Sphaerexochus
• † Sphaerocoryphe
• † Spirifer
• † Spyroceras
• † Strophomena
  • † Strophomena filitexta
  • † Strophomena incurvata
• † Subligaculum
• † Subulites
• † Syringopora

• 

  Assemblage of fossilized shells of the Early Ordovician-Late Devonian probable mollusc Tentaculites

  † Tentaculites
• † Terranovella
• † Tetradium
• † Tricrepicephalus
• † Trinodus
• Trypanites
• † Wilkingia

Mesozoic

• † Abietites – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Abietites longifolius
• † Acrostichites
  • † Acrostichites linnaeaefolius
• † Agrestipus – type locality for genus
  • † Agrestipus hottoni – type locality for species
• † Alisporites
  • † Alisporites aequalis
• † Amblydactylus
  • † Amblydactylus gethingi
• † Anchisauripus
  • † Anchisauripus parallelus

• 

  Fossil (right) of the Early Jurassic dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Anomoepus

  † Anomoepus
• † Appomatoxia – type locality for genus
  • † Appomatoxia ancistrophora – type locality for species
• † Aquia – type locality for genus
• † Aquia
  • † Aquia brookensis – type locality for species
• Aralia
  • † Aralia dubia
• † Aratrisporites
  • † Aratrisporites scabratus
• † Araucarites
  • † Araucarites aquiensis
• † Arcellites
  • † Arcellites disciformis
  • † Arcellites pyriformis – or unidentified comparable form
• † Athrotaxis
  • † Athrotaxis ungeri – or unidentified comparable form
• † Athrotaxopsis
• † Atreipus
  • † Atreipus milfordensis
• † Auriculophora
  • † Auriculophora acrostichoides
• † Boreogomphodon – type locality for genus
  • † Boreogomphodon jeffersoni – type locality for species
• † Brachyphyllum
  • † Brachyphyllum crassicaule
• † Brenneria – type locality for genus
  • † Brenneria potomacensis – type locality for species
• † Brennerispermum – type locality for genus
  • † Brennerispermum potomacensis – type locality for species

• 

  Fossil of the sauropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Brontopodus

  † Brontopodus
  • † Brontopodus birdi
• † Caririchnium
  • † Caririchnium leonardii
• † Carpestella – type locality for genus
  • † Carpestella lacunata – type locality for species
• † Chirotherium
  • † Chirotherium lulli
  • † Chirotherium parvum
• Cladophlebis
  • † Cladophlebis auriculata
  • † Cladophlebis constricta
  • † Cladophlebis mexicana
• † Classopollis
• † Clathropteris
  • † Clathropteris meniscoides
• † Colpectopollis
  • † Colpectopollis ellipsoideus
• † Crudia
  • † Crudia grahamiana – type locality for species
• † Crybelosporites
  • † Crybelosporites striatus
• † Cyathocaulis
  • † Cyathocaulis carolinensis
• † Cyathoforma
  • † Cyathoforma carolinensis
  • † Cyathoforma minuta
  • † Cyathoforma penticarpa
• † Danaeopsis
  • † Danaeopsis virginiensis
• † Decussosporites
  • † Decussosporites microreticulatus
• † Delosorus
  • † Delosorus heterophyllus
• † Dichotozamites
  • † Dichotozamites cycadopsis
• Dicotylophyllum
  • † Dicotylophyllum ovatodecurrens – type locality for species
• Dicranopteris
• † Dictyophylum
• † Dictyopygae
• † Dictyothylakos
  • † Dictyothylakos pesslerae
• † Diplurus

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic reptile Doswellia

  † Doswellia – type locality for genus
  • † Doswellia kaltenbachi – type locality for species
• † Drewria
• † Echitriletes
  • † Echitriletes lanatus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Emydhipus – or unidentified related form
• † Equisetites
  • † Equisetites milleri
  • † Equisetites richmondensis
  • † Equisetites rogersii
• † Equisetum
  • † Equisetum lyellii – or unidentified comparable form
• † Erlansonisporites
  • † Erlansonisporites erlansonii

• 

  Fossils of the large theropod dinosaur footprint ichnogenus Eubrontes

  † Eubrontes
  • † Eubrontes approximus
  • † Eubrontes giganteus
• † Eucommiidites
• † Euscolosuchus – type locality for genus
  • † Euscolosuchus olseni – type locality for species
• † Exesipollenites
• † Ficophyllum
  • † Ficophyllum crassinerve
• † Gleichenites
  • † Gleichenites distans
• † Gomphiosauridion – type locality for genus
  • † Gomphiosauridion baileyae – type locality for species

• 

  Negative footprint of G. cuneatus showing skin impressions

  † Grallator
  • † Grallator cuneatus
  • † Grallator formosus
• † Gregaripus
• † Gwyneddichnium
  • † Gwyneddichnium majore
• † Gypsichnites
  • † Gypsichnites pacensis
• † Hypsiloichnus
  • † Hypsiloichnus marylandicus
• † Isoetodendron
  • † Isoetodendron striata
• † Juglandiphyllum
  • † Juglandiphyllum integrifolium
• † Kayentapus
  • † Kayentapus minor
• † Kenella – or unidentified related form
• † Lagenella
  • † Lagenella martinii
• † Landonia
  • † Landonia calophylla – or unidentified comparable form
• † Lapposisporites
  • † Lapposisporites loricatus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Leptocyclotes
  • † Leptocyclotes americana

• 

  Electron micrograph of fossilized teeth from the Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous freshwater shark Lissodus

  † Lissodus
• † Lonchopteris
  • † Lonchopteris oblonga
• † Lunatisporites
  • † Lunatisporites acutus
• † Macrotaeniopteris
  • † Macrotaeniopteris crassinervis
  • † Macrotaeniopteris magnifolia
• † Megalosauropus
• † Mertensides
  • † Mertensides bullatus
• † Microconodon
  • † Microconodon tenuirostris
• † Nageiopsis
  • † Nageiopsis longifolia
• † Nelumbites
  • † Nelumbites extenuinervis – type locality for species
  • † Nelumbites minimus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Neocalamites
  • † Neocalamites delawarensis – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Neocalamites knowltonii
  • † Neocalamites virginiensis
• † Onychopsis
  • † Onychopsis latiloba
• † Ornithomimipus
  • † Ornithomimipus angustus

• 

  Fossil of the Permian-Late Cretaceous fern Osmundites

  † Osmundites
  • † Osmundites winterpockensis
• † Ovalipollis
  • † Ovalipollis ovalis
• † Pabiania – or unidentified related form
• † Patinasporites
  • † Patinasporites densus
• † Paxillitriletes
• † Pecopteris
  • † Pecopteris rarinervis
• † Phlebopteris
  • † Phlebopteris smithii – or unidentified comparable form
• † Pityopollenites
  • † Pityopollenites neomundanus
• † Platanocarpus
  • † Platanocarpus brookensis – type locality for species
• † Platanophyllum
  • † Platanophyllum crassinerve
• † Plesiornis
  • † Plesiornis pilulatus
• † Plicarizamites
  • † Plicarizamites lanceolatus
• † Podozamites
  • † Podozamites acutifolius
  • † Podozamites lanceolatus
  • † Podozamites tenuistriatus
• † Populophyllum
  • † Populophyllum crassinerve
• † Potomacanthus
  • † Potomacanthus lobatus
• † Primaraucaria
  • † Primaraucaria wielandii
• † Protodiploxypinus
  • † Protodiploxypinus doubingeri
• † Protohaploxypinus
• † Pseudofrenelopsis
  • † Pseudofrenelopsis nathorstiana – type locality for species
  • † Pseudofrenelopsis parceramosa
• † Pteridocaulis
  • † Pteridocaulis facialis
  • † Pteridocaulis rhombiformis
• † Pterophyllum
  • † Pterophyllum affine
  • † Pterophyllum braunianum
  • † Pterophyllum descussatum
  • † Pterophyllum giganteum
  • † Pterophyllum grandifolium
  • † Pterophyllum taxinum
  • † Pterophyllum tenuinervis
• † Ptycholepis
  • † Ptycholepis marshi
• † Redfieldius
• † Rothwellia – type locality for genus. ^[1]
  • † Rothwellia foveata – type locality for species ^[1]

• 

  Life restoration of the Late Triassic phytosaur Rutiodon

  † Rutiodon
  • † Rutiodon manhattanensis – or unidentified comparable form
• † Sagenopteris
  • † Sagenopteris rhoifolia
• † Sanmiguelia – tentative report
• † Sapindopsis
  • † Sapindopsis – or unidentified comparable form magnifolia/variabilis – informal
  • † Sapindopsis minutifolia – type locality for species
  • † Sapindopsis obtusifolia
• Sassafras
  • † Sassafras bilobata

• 

  Fossilized leaf of the Late Cretaceous ginkgo relative Sphenobaiera

  † Sphenobaiera
  • † Sphenobaiera striata
• † Sphenolepis
  • † Sphenolepis sternbergiana
• † Sphenopteris
  • † Sphenopteris lobata
  • † Sphenopteris sitholeyi
• † Sphenozamites
  • † Sphenozamites rogersianus
• † Stangerites
  • † Stangerites obliqua
  • † Stangerites planus

• 

  Ripe fruit capsule and seeds of a living Sterculia , or tropical chestnut

  Sterculia
  • † Sterculia elegans
• † Sulcatisporites
  • † Sulcatisporites kraeuseli
• † Taeniopteris
  • † Taeniopteris diminuta
• † Tetrapodosaurus
  • † Tetrapodosaurus borealis
• † Thodaya – type locality for genus. ^[1] Preoccupied.
  • † Thodaya sykesiae – type locality for species ^[1]
• † Thylakosporites
  • † Thylakosporites retiarius
• † Trassiflorites
  • † Trassiflorites grandiflora
• † Triadispora
  • † Triadispora modesta
  • † Triadispora verrucata
• † Uatchitodon – type locality for genus
  • † Uatchitodon kroehleri – type locality for species
• † Ulmiphyllum
  • † Ulmiphyllum crassinerve
• † Vallasporites
  • † Vallasporites ignacii
  • † Vallasporites perspicuus
• † Verrutriletes
  • † Verrutriletes carbunculus
• † Virginianthus – type locality for genus
  • † Virginianthus calycanthoides – type locality for species
• † Watsoniocladus – type locality for genus
  • † Watsoniocladus florinii – type locality for species
  • † Watsoniocladus obatae
  • † Watsoniocladus pseudoexpansum
  • † Watsoniocladus ramonensis
  • † Watsoniocladus valdensis
  • † Watsoniocladus virginiensis – type locality for species
• † Xenodiphyodon – type locality for genus
  • † Xenodiphyodon petraios – type locality for species
• † Zamiostrobus
  • † Zamiostrobus lissocardius
  • † Zamiostrobus triasiccus

• 

  Fossil of the Early Triassic-Eocene cycad-like frond Zamites

  † Zamites
  • † Zamites buchianus
  • † Zamites powellii

Cenozoic

Main article: List of the Cenozoic life of Virginia

Selected Cenozoic taxa of Virginia

• Abies
• † Abra
• Acanthocybium
• Accipiter

  • 

    Living adult (center) and chick (lower right) Accipiter striatus , or sharp-shinned hawks

    † Accipiter striatus
• Acipenser
• Acmaea
• Acteocina
• Acteon
• † Actinocyclus
• Actitis – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Actitis macularia
• † Adeorbis
• Aegolius
  • † Aegolius acadicus
• Aequipecten
• Aetobatus
• Aetomylaeus
• Agelaius
  • † Agelaius phoeniceus

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene baleen whale Aglaocetus

  † Aglaocetus
• † Aglyptorhynchus
• Albula
• Alca
  • † Alca torda – or unidentified comparable form
• Alces – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Alces alces

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene pig-nosed turtle Allaeochelys

  † Allaeochelys
• Alnus
• Alopias
• Aluterus
• † Ambystoma
• Amia
• Ammonia
  • † Ammonia tepida
• † Amonia
• † Ampelopsis
• Amyda – or unidentified comparable form
• Anachis
• Anadara
  • † Anadara ovalis

  • 

    Shell of an Anadara transversa , or transverse ark clam

    † Anadara transversa
• Anas
  • † Anas crecca
  • † Anas discors
  • † Anas platyrhynchos – or unidentified comparable form
• Anguilla
• † Anguispira
  • † Anguispira alternata
• Angulus
• Anomia
  • † Anomia simplex
• † Anomotodon

• 

  A living Anoxypristis cuspidata , or knifetooth sawfish

  Anoxypristis
• † Anthus – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Anthus spinoletta
• Aporrhais
• Arbacia
• † Archaeohippus
• † Archaeomanta
• Architectonica

• 

  Restoration of an Arctodus , or short-faced bear, with a human to scale

  † Arctodus
  • † Arctodus simus
• Argobuccinum
• Argopecten
  • † Argopecten gibbus
• Arius – tentative report
• Asio
  • † Asio flammeus – or unidentified comparable form
• Astarte
  • † Astarte castanea
• Astrangia
  • † Astrangia danae
• Astyris
  • † Astyris lunata
• Athleta
• Balaena
• Balaenoptera

• 

  Fossilized vertebrae of the Pliocene baleen whale Balaenotus

  † Balaenotus
• Balanophyllia
• Balanus
  • † Balanus improvisus
• Barbatia
• Barnea
• Bartramia
  • † Bartramia longicauda
• † Basilotritus
• Betula
• Bison
  • † Bison bison
• Bittiolum
  • † Bittiolum alternatum
• Blarina
  • † Blarina brevicauda
• † Bohaskaia – type locality for genus
  • † Bohaskaia monodontoides – type locality for species
• † Bolcyrus – or unidentified comparable form
• Bombycilla
  • † Bombycilla cedrorum
• Bonasa
  • † Bonasa umbellus
• † Bootherium

  • 

    Fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene-Holocene bovid Bootherium bombifrons , or Harlan's musk ox.

    † Bootherium bombifrons
• Boreotrophon
• Bos
  • † Bos taurus
• Bostrycapulus
  • † Bostrycapulus aculeatus
• Botaurus
  • † Botaurus lentiginosus
• Brachidontes
• Branta
  • † Branta bernicla
• † Brevoortia
• † Brychaetus
• Bubo

  • 

    A living Bubo virginianus , or great horned owl

    † Bubo virginianus
• Buccella
• Buccinum
  • † Buccinum undatum
• Bucephala
  • † Bucephala albeola
• Bufo
  • † Bufo woodhousei
• † Burnhamia
• Busycon
  • † Busycon carica
  • † Busycon contrarium
• Busycotypus
  • † Busycotypus canaliculatus
• Buteo

  • 

    A living Buteo jamaicensis , or red-tailed hawk

    † Buteo jamaicensis
  • † Buteo lineatus
  • † Buteo platypterus
• Cadulus
• Caecum
  • † Caecum cooperi
• Caestocorbula
• † Calippus
• Calliostoma
• † Callippus
• Callista
• Calonectris
• Cambarus
  • † Cambarus bartonii – or unidentified comparable form
• † Canarium
• Cancellaria
• Cancer
  • † Cancer irroratus
• Canis

  • 

    Modern mounted skeleton of Canis lupus , the grey wolf, to scale with a fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene wolf Canis dirus , or dire wolf

    † Canis dirus
  • † Canis latrans
  • † Canis lupus – or unidentified comparable form
• Cantharus
• Canthon
• Capella
  • † Capella gallinago
• Carcharhinus
• Carcharias
• Carcharodon
  • † Carcharodon hastalis
• Carditamera
• † Carolinochelys
  • † Carolinochelys wilsoni
• Carphophis
  • † Carphophis amoenus
• Carya
• Castor
  • † Castor canadensis

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Pleistocene giant beaver Castoroides

  † Castoroides
  • † Castoroides ohioensis
• Catharus
• † Catinella
• Catoptrophorus
  • † Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
• † Catostomus
• Celtis
  • † Celtis occidentalis
• Cerithiopsis
  • † Cerithiopsis greenii
• Certhia
  • † Certhia familiaris
• † Cervalces – tentative report
  • † Cervalces scotti
• Cervus
  • † Cervus elaphus
• Cetorhinus

• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene-Pliocene whale Cetotherium

  † Cetotherium
• Chaetura
  • † Chaetura pelagica
• Chama
  • † Chama congregata
• Charadrius
  • † Charadrius vociferus
• Chelydra
  • † Chelydra serpentina
• † Chesapecten

  • 

    Shells of the Pliocene scallop Chesapecten jeffersonius

    † Chesapecten jeffersonius
• Chione
  • † Chione cancellata
• Chlamys
• † Chordeiles
  • † Chordeiles minor
• Cibicides
• Cingula
• Circulus
• Cirsotrema
• Cistothorus
  • † Cistothorus platensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Clavus – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
• Clethrionomys
  • † Clethrionomys gapperi

• 

  A living Cliona sponge

  Cliona
• Coccyzus
• Colaptes
  • † Colaptes auratus
• Colinus
  • † Colinus virginianus
• Coluber
  • † Coluber constrictor
• † Columella
• Colus
  • † Colus pygmaeus
• Condylura
  • † Condylura cristata
• Contopus
  • † Contopus virens
• Conus

• 

  Shell of a Corbula basket clam

  Corbula
• Corvus
  • † Corvus brachyrhynchos
• Cotonopsis
  • † Cotonopsis lafresnayi
• † Coupatezia
  • † Crassinella lunulata
• Crassostrea
  • † Crassostrea virginica
• Crepidula
  • † Crepidula convexa
  • † Crepidula fornicata
  • † Crepidula plana

• 

  Fossil of the Early Cretaceous-Eocene shark Cretolamna

  † Cretolamna
  • † Cretolamna appendiculata
• Crocodylus
• Crotalus
  • † Crotalus adamanteus – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Crotalus horridus
• Crucibulum
  • † Crucibulum striatum
• Cryptobranchus

  • 

    A living Cryptobranchus alleganiensis , or hellbender salamander

    † Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
• † Cryptogramma
  • † Cryptosula pallasiana
• Cryptotis
  • † Cryptotis parva
• Cucullaea
• Cumingia
• Cupuladria
• Cyanocitta
  • † Cyanocitta cristata
• Cyclocardia
  • † Cyclocardia borealis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene bony fish Cyclopoma

  † Cyclopoma
• Cylichna
• † Cylindracanthus
• Cymatosyrinx
• † Cynelos
• Cynoscion
  • † Cyrtopleura costata
• Dasyatis
• Dasypus

  • 

    Fossilized cranium seen from above and below of the Pleistocene Dasypus bellus , or beautiful armadillo

    † Dasypus bellus – or unidentified comparable form
• Dendrocopos
• † Dendroica – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Dendroica coronata
• Dentalium
• Dentimargo
  • † Dentimargo aureocinctus
• Desmognathus
• Diadophis
• Dicaelus
• Dinocardium
  • † Dinocardium robustum
• Diodora
• † Diorocetus

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Paleocene-Miocene crocodilian Diplocynodon

  † Diplocynodon
  • † Diplodonta punctata
• Discinisca
• † Discoaster
• Discus
  • † Discus catskillensis
• † Dolicholatirus
• † Dolichonyx – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Dolichonyx oryzivorus
• Donax

  • 

    Shells of Donax variabilis , or coquina

    † Donax variabilis
• Dosinia
  • † Dosinia discus
• Dryocopus
  • † Dryocopus pileatus
• Echinocardium
• Echinorhinus
• † Ecphora
  • † Ecphora gardnerae
• † Ectopistes
  • † Ectopistes migratorius
• † Egertonia
• Elaphe
  • † Elaphe guttata – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Elaphe obsoleta – or unidentified comparable form
• Electra
• Elphidium
• † Empidonax
• Ensis
  • † Ensis directus

• 

  Life restoration of two of the Miocene baleen whale Eobalaenoptera pursued by the giant shark Carcharocles megalodon

  † Eobalaenoptera – type locality for genus
  • † Eobalaenoptera harrisoni – type locality for species
• † Eosphargis
• † Eosuchus
  • † Eosuchus lerichei
• Epitonium
  • † Epitonium humphreysii
• Eptesicus
  • † Eptesicus fuscus
• Equus
  • † Equus fraternus
• Eremophila
  • † Eremophila alpestris
• Erethizon

  • 

    A living Erethizon dorsatum , or North American porcupine

    † Erethizon dorsatum
• Erolia
• Eschrichtius
  • † Eschrichtius robustus
• Esox
  • † Esox americanus – or unidentified comparable form
• Eulima
• Eumeces
  • † Eumeces laticeps – or unidentified comparable form
• Eupleura
  • † Eupleura caudata

• 

  Life restoration of the Miocene whale Eurhinodelphis (above)

  † Eurhinodelphis
  • † Eurhinodelphis longirostris
• Euspira
  • † Euspira heros
• Eutamias
  • † Eutamias minimus
• Euvola
• Falco
  • † Falco sparverius
• Felis
  • † Felis domesticus
• Ficus
• Flabellum
• Fossarus
• Fusinus
• Gadus

• 

  A living Galeocerdo cuvier , or tiger shark

  Galeocerdo
  • † Galeocerdo aduncus
  • † Galeocerdo contortus
• Galeodea
• Galeorhinus
• Galerita
  • † Galerita bicolor – or unidentified comparable form
• Gallinula
  • † Gallinula chloropus
• Gari
• Gastrochaena
• Gastrocopta
  • † Gastrocopta armifera
  • † Gastrocopta contracta
• Gavia

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene crocodile relative Gavialosuchus

  † Gavialosuchus
• Gemma
  • † Gemma purpurea
• Genota – or unidentified comparable form
• Geomys
• Geukensia
  • † Geukensia demissa
• Gibbula – tentative report
• Ginglymostoma
• Glaucomys

  • 

    A living Glaucomys sabrinus , or northern flying squirrel

    † Glaucomys sabrinus
• Globigerina
• Globulina
• Glossus
• Glycymeris
  • † Glycymeris americana
• Granulina
• Grus
  • † Grus americana
• † Hadrodelphis – or unidentified comparable form
• Halichoerus

  • 

    A living Halichoerus grypus , or grey seal

    † Halichoerus grypus
• Hastula
• Helicodiscus
  • † Helicodiscus parallelus
• Hemipristis
  • † Hemipristis serra
• Heterodontus
• Hexanchus
• Hiatella
  • † Hiatella arctica
• Hipponix

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Eocene tapir-like mammal Homogalax

  † Homogalax – or unidentified related form
• Hydrobia
  • † Hydrobia truncata
• Hydroides
• Hyla
  • † Hyla crucifer – or unidentified comparable form
• Hylocichla
• † Hyopsodus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Hyposaurus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Icterus – or unidentified comparable form

  • 

    A living Icterus spurius , or orchard oriole

    † Icterus spurius
• Ilyanassa
  • † Ilyanassa obsoleta
  • † Ilyanassa trivittata
• Ischadium
  • † Ischadium recurvum
• Isistius
• Isognomon
• Istiophorus
• Isurus
• Junco
  • † Junco hyemalis

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene dolphin Kentriodon

  † Kentriodon
• Kuphus
• Kurtziella
  • † Kurtziella cerina
• Lagena
• † Lagopus
  • † Lagopus mutus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lamna
• Lampropeltis
• Larus

  • 

    A living Larus hyperboreus , or glaucous gull

    † Larus hyperboreus
• Lasiurus
  • † Lasiurus borealis
• Latirus
• Lepisosteus
• † Leptophoca
  • † Leptophoca lenis
• † Leptoxis
  • † Leptoxis carinata
• Lepus

  • 

    A living Lepus americanus , or snowshoe hare

    † Lepus americanus
• Libinia
  • † Libinia dubia
  • † Libinia emarginata
• † Limosa – or unidentified comparable form
• Linga
  • † Lingulodinium machaerophorum
• Litiopa
• Littoraria
  • † Littoraria irrorata
• Lontra
  • † Lontra canadensis

• 

  Mounted skeleton of a Lophius americanus , or American anglerfish

  Lophius
• Lophodytes
  • † Lophodytes cucullatus
• Lopholatilus
• Loxia
• Lucina
• Lunatia
• Lymnaea
• Lynx

  • 

    A living Lynx rufus , or bobcat

    † Lynx rufus – or unidentified comparable form
• Lyonsia
• Macoma
  • † Macoma balthica
  • † Macoma tenta
• Macrocallista
• Makaira
  • † Makaira nigricans – or unidentified comparable form
• † Mammut
  • † Mammut americanum
• † Mammuthus
  • † Mammuthus columbi

  • 

    Life restorations of a Mammut americanum , or American mastodon (right), and a Mammuthus primigenius , or wooly mammoth (left)

    † Mammuthus primigenius
• † Margaritaria
• Marginella
• Marmota
  • † Marmota monax
• Masticophis
  • † Masticophis flagellum
• Megaceryle
  • † Megaceryle alcyon

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene ground sloth Megalonyx

  † Megalonyx
  • † Megalonyx jeffersonii
• Megalops
• Megaptera
• Melanerpes
  • † Melanerpes carolinus
  • † Melanerpes erythrocephalus
• Meleagris
  • † Meleagris gallopavo
• Melospiza
  • † Melospiza melodia

• 

  Living Membranipora bryozoan

  Membranipora
• Mephitis
  • † Mephitis mephitis
• Mercenaria
  • † Mercenaria mercenaria
• Mergus
• † Merychippus
• † Mesocetus
• Mesoplodon

• 

  Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene manatee relative Metaxytherium

  † Metaxytherium
• † Metopocetus – type locality for genus
• Microtus
  • † Microtus chrotorrhinus
  • † Microtus ochrogaster
  • † Microtus pennsylvanicus
  • † Microtus pinetorum
  • † Microtus xanthognathus
• Mitrella
• Modiolus
• Mola
• Molothrus
  • † Molothrus ater
• † Monotherium
  • † Monotherium wymani
• Morus

  • 

    A living Morus bassanus , or northern gannet

    † Morus bassanus
• † Moxostoma
• Mulinia
  • † Mulinia lateralis
• Musculus
  • † Musculus lateralis
• Mustela
  • † Mustela nivalis
  • † Mustela richardsonii
• † Mya
  • † Mya arenaria
• Myliobatis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Holocene peccary Mylohyus

  † Mylohyus
  • † Mylohyus fossilis
• Myotis
  • † Myotis grisescens
  • † Myotis keenii
  • † Myotis lucifugus
• Myriophyllum
• Mytilus
  • † Mytilus edulis
• Napaeozapus
  • † Napaeozapus insignis
• Nassarius
• Naticarius
• Natrix
• Nebrius
• Negaprion
• Neofiber
  • † Neopanope texana
• Neogale
  • † Neogale frenata
  • † Neogale vison
• Neotoma

  • 

    Close-up of a Neotoma floridana , or eastern woodrat

    † Neotoma floridana
• Nerodia
  • † Nerodia sipedon
• Neverita
• †Nipa – or unidentified comparable form
• Niso
• † Nocomis
  • † Nocomis raneyi – or unidentified comparable form
• Notophthalmus
  • † Notophthalmus viridescens – or unidentified comparable form

• 

  Illustration of a living Notorynchus cow shark

  Notorhynchus
• Notorynchus
• † Noturus
• Nucula
  • † Nucula proxima
  • † Nuculana acuta
• † Nyssa
• Ochotona
• Ocypode
• Odobenus
  • † Odobenus rosmarus
• Odocoileus
  • † Odocoileus virginianus
• Odontaspis

• 

  Illustration of a fossilized partial skull of the Paleocene-Eocene pseudo-toothed bird Odontopteryx

  † Odontopteryx – tentative report
• Odostomia
• Oliva
  • † Oliva sayana
• Olivella
  • † Olivella mutica
• Ondatra
  • † Ondatra zibethicus
• Onthophagus
• † Ontocetus – type locality for genus
  • † Ontocetus emmonsi – type locality for species
• Opheodrys
• † Opsanus
• † Orycterocetus
• † Osteopygis
• † Ostracion
• Ostrea
  • † Ostrea compressirostra
• † Otodus

  • 

    Diagram illustrating the largest (grey) and most conservative (red) size estimates of the Miocene-Pliocene shark Carcharocles megalodon (sometimes Carcharodon or Otodusmegalodon) with a whale shark (violet), great white shark (green), and anachronistic human (black) to scale

    † Otodus megalodon
• Otus
  • † Otus asio
• † Oxyrhina
• † Oxyura
  • † Oxyura jamaicensis
• † Pachecoa
• † Palaeophis
• † Palaeorhincodon
• † Palaeosinopa – or unidentified comparable form
• Pandora
• Panopea
• Panopeus
  • † Panopeus herbstii
• Panthera

  • 

    A living Panthera leo , or lion

    † Panthera leo
• † Paralbula
• Parascalops
  • † Parascalops breweri
• † Parietobalaena
  • † Parietobalaena palmeri
• Parus
  • † Parus bicolor
• Parvanachis
  • † Parvanachis obesa
• Passerella
  • † Passerella iliaca
• Pecten
• †Pedalion
• Pedioecetes
  • † Pedioecetes phasianellus
• Pekania
  • † Pekania pennanti – or unidentified comparable form

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Pleistocene false-toothed bird Pelagornis

  † Pelagornis
• † Pelocetus
• † Perimyotis
  • † Perimyotis subflavus
• Perisoreus
  • † Perisoreus canadensis
• Peristernia
• Peromyscus
  • † Peromyscus leucopus
  • † Peromyscus maniculatus
• Petaloconchus
• Petricola
  • † Petricola pholadiformis
• Petrochelidon
  • † Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
• Phalacrocorax

  • 

    A living Phalacrocorax auritus , or double-crested cormorant

    † Phalacrocorax auritus
• Phenacomys
  • † Phenacomys intermedius
  • † Phenacomys ungava – or unidentified comparable form
• † Phocageneus – type locality for genus
• Pholadomya
• Pholas
• Phyllodus
• Physa
  • † Physa heterostropha
• † Physogaleus
  • † Physogaleus contortus
• † Phytolacca
  • † Phytolacca decandra
• Pica

  • 

    A living Pica pica Eurasian magpie

    † Pica pica
• Picea
• † Pinguinus
  • † Pinguinus impennis
• Pinicola – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Pinicola enucleator
• Pinus
• Pipistrellus
  • † Pipistrellus subflavus
• Piranga
• Pisania
• Pisidium
• Pitar
  • † Pitar morrhuanus
• Placopecten

• 

  Restoration of a herd of alarmed Miocene-Pleistocene peccaries of the genus Platygonus . Charles R. Knight (1922).

  † Platygonus
  • † Platygonus compressus
• Plecotus
  • † Plecotus townsendii – or unidentified comparable form
• Pleuromeris
  • † Pleuromeris tridentata
• Plicatula
  • † Plicatula gibbosa
• Pluvialis
  • † Pluvialis dominica
• Podiceps
  • † Podiceps auritus
• Podilymbus

  • 

    A living Podilymbus podiceps , or pied-billed grebe

    † Podilymbus podiceps
• Pogonias
• Polinices
• Polydora
• Polygonum
• † Pomatiopsis
  • † Pomatiopsis lapidaria
• † Pooecetes
  • † Pooecetes gramineus
• Porzana
  • † Porzana carolina
• † Potamogeton
• † Prionodon
• Prionotus
• Pristis
• † Procamelus – or unidentified comparable form
• † Procolpochelys
• Procyon
  • † Procyon lotor
• † Prolates
• † Protautoga
• Prunum
  • † Prunum roscidum
• Psammechinus
• † Psephophorus
• Pseudochama
• Pseudoliva
• Pseudotorinia
• Pteria
  • † Pteria colymbus
• Pteromeris
• Pteromylaeus
• † Ptychosalpinx
• † Puppigerus
• Pycnodonte

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Late Cretaceous-Eocene bony fish Pycnodus

  Pycnodus
• Quercus
• Quinqueloculina
• Raja
• Rallus
  • † Rallus limicola
• † Rana
  • †Rana catesbiana – lapsus calami of Rana catesbeiana
  • † Rana clamitans – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Rana palustris
  • † Rana pipiens
  • † Rana sylvatica – or unidentified comparable form
• Rangia
• Rangifer

  • 

    A living Rangifer tarandus , or reindeer

    † Rangifer tarandus
• Ranzania
• † Retinella
• Retusa
  • † Retusa obtusa
• Rhinobatos
• Rhinoptera
• Rosalina
• Rostellaria
• † Sarda
• Sayornis
  • † Sayornis phoebe
• † Scala
• Scalopus
  • † Scalopus aquaticus
• Scaphella
• Scaphiopus
  • † Scaphiopus holbrooki
• Sceloporus
  • † Sceloporus undulatus
• † Sceptrum

• 

  Fossilized skull of the Miocene toothed whale Schizodelphis

  † Schizodelphis
• Schizoporella
• Sciaenops
  • † Sciaenops ocellatus
• † Sciaenurus – or unidentified comparable form
• Sciurus
  • † Sciurus carolinensis
• Scolopax

  • 

    A living Scolopax minor , or American woodcock

    † Scolopax minor
• Scomberomorus
• † Scombrinus
• Scyliorhinus
• Seila
  • † Seila adamsii
• † Seiurus
• Semele
• † Semotilus
  • † Semotilus corporalis – or unidentified comparable form
• Serpulorbis

• 

  Fossilized teeth of the Cretaceous-Eocene shark Serratolamna

  † Serratolamna
  • † Serratolamna lerichei
• † Sialia – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Sialia sialis
• Sinum
• Sitta
  • † Sitta canadensis
• † Solarium
• Solemya
  • † Solemya velum
• Solen
• Solenosteira
  • † Solenosteira cancellaria
• Sorex
  • † Sorex arcticus
  • † Sorex cinereus
  • † Sorex dispar
  • † Sorex fumeus
  • † Sorex hoyi

  • 

    A living Sorex palustris , or American water shrew

    † Sorex palustris
• † Spatangus
• Spermophilus
  • † Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
• Sphaerium
• Sphyraena
• † Sphyrapicus
  • † Sphyrapicus varius
• Sphyrna
• Spilogale
  • † Spilogale putorius
• Spisula

• 

  Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene shark-toothed dolphin Squalodon

  † Squalodon
  • † Squalodon calvertensis
• Squalus
• Squatina
• † Stenotrema
  • † Stenotrema hirsutum
• Stewartia
• Storeria
• † Striatolamia
• Strioterebrum

• 

  Shell of a Strobilops land snail

  Strobilops
• Strombiformis
• Sturnella – or unidentified comparable form
• Sveltia – or unidentified comparable form
• † Syllomus
• Sylvilagus
  • † Sylvilagus transitionalis
• Symplocos
• Synaptomys
  • † Synaptomys cooperi
• Tagelus
• Tamias
  • † Tamias striatus
• Tamiasciurus
  • † Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

• 

  A living Tapirus , or tapir

  Tapirus
  • † Tapirus veroensis
• Tautoga
  • † Tautoga onitis
• Tectonatica
  • † Tectonatica pusilla
• Teinostoma
• Tellina
• Terebra
• Teredo
• Terrapene
  • † Terrapene carolina
• Textularia
• Thamnophis
  • † Thamnophis sirtalis

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Oligocene-Miocene gavial relative Thecachampsa

  † Thecachampsa
  • † Thecachampsa antiqua
• † Thoracosaurus
• Thracia
• † Thuja
  • † Thuja occidentalis
• Thunnus
• Tilia
• Toxostoma
  • † Toxostoma rufum
• Triakis
• Trigonostoma
• Tringa – or unidentified comparable form
  • † Tringa solitaria
• † Triodopsis

  • 

    A living Triodopsis tridentata land snail, or northern threetooth

    † Triodopsis tridentata
• Triphora
• Trochita
  • † Trochita trochiformis
• Trox
• † Tsuga
  • † Tsuga canadensis – or unidentified comparable form
• Tucetona
• Turbonilla
  • † Turbonilla interrupta
• Turdus

  • 

    A living Turdus migratorius , or American robin

    † Turdus migratorius
• Turritella
• Uria
  • † Uria aalge
• Urosalpinx
  • † Urosalpinx cinerea
• Ursus
  • † Ursus americanus
• Vallonia
  • † Vallonia costata
• Valvata
• Venericardia
• Vermetus
• Vertigo
• Vitis
• Vitrinella
• † Voltaconger
• Voluta
• Volutifusus
• Vulpes
• Xenophora

• 

  Fossilized skeleton of the Miocene whale Xiphiacetus

  † Xiphiacetus
• Yoldia
  • † Yoldia limatula
• Zapus
  • † Zapus hudsonius
• Zonotrichia
  • † Zonotrichia albicollis

References

1. Else Marie Friis; Peter R. Crane; Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen (2019). "Chlamydospermous seeds document the diversity and abundance of extinct gnetalean relatives in Early Cretaceous vegetation". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (7): 643–666. doi:10.1086/704356.

• Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database" . Retrieved 17 December 2021.