Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica

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A sketch by Giacomo Grimaldi of the interior of St. Peter's during its reconstruction, showing the temporary placement of some of the tombs Grimaldi sketch.jpg
A sketch by Giacomo Grimaldi of the interior of St. Peter's during its reconstruction, showing the temporary placement of some of the tombs

In Old St. Peter's Basilica, the papal tombs were the final resting places of the popes, most of which dated from the 5th to 16th centuries. The majority of these tombs were destroyed during the 16th through 17th century demolition of the basilica, except for one which was destroyed during the Saracen Sack of the church in 846 CE. The remainder were transferred in part to new St. Peter's Basilica, which stands on the site of the original basilica.

Contents

History

Along with the repeated translations from the ancient catacombs of Rome and two fourteenth century fires in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the rebuilding of St. Peter's is responsible for the destruction of approximately half of all papal tombs. As a result, Donato Bramante, the chief architect of modern St. Peter's Basilica, has been remembered as "Mastro Ruinante" ("master wrecker").

Although the original basilica's construction was begun during the reign of emperor Constantine I and completed in the fourth century, Pope Leo I (440–461) was the first pope buried in the Constantian basilica. [1] Over the centuries, both the atrium, chapels, and the nave of the basilica were packed with papal tombs, which were juggled between different sections of the church as construction took place on each section of the basilica. All that remains of the original tombs are a few sarcophagi and sculptural fragments. [2] Allegedly, Pope Julius II, the pope who initiated the destruction of the Constantinian basilica, wished to clear space for a "monstrous" tomb of his own by Michelangelo. [3]

Very little is known about the placement and appearance of the original tombs: one of the most valuable accounts is that of church canon and historian Giacomo Grimaldi (a senator of Genoa and the father of Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni), who sketched the tombs as they were moved around the basilica on the way to their destruction; [4] Grimaldi's sketches record the shape and complexity of the early tombs, many of which were three-tiered. [2] A few destroyed papal tombs are also detailed in the writings of Alphonsus Ciacconius. [5]

Not all popes were buried in Rome. See list of non-extant papal tombs

Papal tombs

Contents
400–500  · 500–600  · 600–700  · 700–800  · 800–900  · 900–1000  · 1000–1100  · 1100–1200  · 1200–1300  · 1300–1400  · 1400–1500  · 1500–1600
Partially extant, moved, or rebuilt tombs are shown with a darkened background.
A map, circa 1590, by Tiberio Alfarano of the interior of Old Saint Peter's, noting the locations of the original chapels and tombs. Alfarano map.jpg
A map, circa 1590, by Tiberio Alfarano of the interior of Old Saint Peter's, noting the locations of the original chapels and tombs.
Algardi's Fuga d'Attila, above the altar containing the translated remains of Pope Leo I, "the Great" Expulsao de atila.jpg
Algardi's Fuga d'Attila, above the altar containing the translated remains of Pope Leo I, "the Great"
The altar above the translated remains of Pope Gregory I, "the Great" Tomb of pope Gregorius I.jpg
The altar above the translated remains of Pope Gregory I, "the Great"
A drawing of the original tomb of Pope Leo III Archive plan for the original Tomb of Pope Leo III.jpg
A drawing of the original tomb of Pope Leo III
The atrium of Old St. Peter's Basilica, a popular site for tombs Atrium of Old Saint Peter.jpg
The atrium of Old St. Peter's Basilica, a popular site for tombs
Drawing of papal tombs, from De sacris aedificiis... by Giovanni Ciampini (1693) De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 56 Tab. XV.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs, from De sacris aedificiis... by Giovanni Ciampini (1693)
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 57 Tab. XVI.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 57 Tab. XVII.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 59 Tab. XIX.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 59 Tab. XVIII.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 65 Tab. XX.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 66 Tab. XXI.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
Drawing of papal tombs De sacris aedificiis a Costantino Magno constructis synopsis historica pag. 68 Tab. XXII.jpg
Drawing of papal tombs
An early Christian sarcophagus in which Pope Gregory V was buried after his tomb was discovered beneath the pavement during the demolition 59-Gregorio-V.jpg
An early Christian sarcophagus in which Pope Gregory V was buried after his tomb was discovered beneath the pavement during the demolition
The sarcophagus of Pope Adrian IV, which is extant in the Vatican Grottoes Tomb of Pope Adrian IV.jpg
The sarcophagus of Pope Adrian IV, which is extant in the Vatican Grottoes
Drawing of the tomb of Boniface VIII together with a shrine to Boniface IV Giacomo Grimaldi 004.jpg
Drawing of the tomb of Boniface VIII together with a shrine to Boniface IV
The extant sarcophagus of Boniface VIII Tomb of Boniface VIII.jpg
The extant sarcophagus of Boniface VIII
The nearly dumped sarcophagus of Urban VI Tomb of pope Urbanus VI.jpg
The nearly dumped sarcophagus of Urban VI
The remains of Pope Innocent VII were translated to a copy of the original sarcophagus. Tomb of Pope Innocent VII.jpg
The remains of Pope Innocent VII were translated to a copy of the original sarcophagus.
The sarcophagus of Pope Nicholas V Tomb of Pope Nicholas V.jpg
The sarcophagus of Pope Nicholas V
The sarcophagus of Pope Paul II Tomb of pope Paulus II.jpg
The sarcophagus of Pope Paul II
The tomb of Pope Innocent VIII was the first to depict a live pontiff. Monument to Innocentius VIII in Saint Peter's Basilica.jpg
The tomb of Pope Innocent VIII was the first to depict a live pontiff.
The tomb of Pope Pius III was translated to Sant'Andrea della Valle. Tomb of pope Pius III.jpg
The tomb of Pope Pius III was translated to Sant'Andrea della Valle.
The tomb of Pope Paul III Tomb of Pope Paul III.jpg
The tomb of Pope Paul III
Pope Julius III was reinterred in an ancient sarcophagus. Tomb of Pope Julius III requiem.jpg
Pope Julius III was reinterred in an ancient sarcophagus.
Pope Marcellus II reused a fourth-century sarcophagus. Tomb of Marcellus II.jpg
Pope Marcellus II reused a fourth-century sarcophagus.
The tomb of Pope Innocent IX was the last installed in Old St. Peter's. Tomb of pope Innocent IX.jpg
The tomb of Pope Innocent IX was the last installed in Old St. Peter's.
PontificatePortraitCommon English nameNotes
440–461 Greatleoone.jpg Leo I
Saint Leo
Leo the Great		Tomb located in portico. [6] First pope buried on the porch of Old Saint Peter's Basilica; translated multiple times, combined with Leos II, III, and IV circa 855; removed in the seventeenth century and placed under his own altar, below Algardi's relief, Fuga d'Attila (pictured) in the Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti. [1]
468–483 Simplicius.jpg Simplicius
Saint Simplicius		Tomb located in portico, near tomb of Leo I. Destroyed during the demolition. [7]
492–496 Papa Gelasio I.jpg Gelasius I
Saint Gelasius		Tomb located in portico [8]
496–498 Anastasius II.jpg Anastasius II Tomb located in atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [8]
498–514 Pope Symmachus - Apse mosaic - Sant'Agnese fuori le mura - Rome 2016.jpg Symmachus
Saint Symmachus		Tomb located in portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [8]
514–523 Hormisdas.png Hormisdas
Saint Hormisdas		Destroyed during the demolition [8]
523–526 Papa Ioannes I.jpg John I
Saint John		Located in the nave. Destroyed during the demolition. [9]
526–530 Mosaic of Felix IV (III) in Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome, Italy (527-530).jpg Felix IV
Saint Felix		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [9]
530–532 Boniface II.jpg Boniface II Located in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [9]
533–535 Johannes II.jpg John II Destroyed during the demolition [10]
535–536 Agapitus I.jpg Agapetus I
Agapitus
Saint Agapetus		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [10]
556–561 Pope Pelagius I.jpg Pelagius I Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [11]
561–574 Papa Joao III.jpg John III Destroyed during the demolition [12]
575–579 Benedict I.jpg Benedict I Located in the vestibule of the sacristy. Destroyed during the demolition. [12]
579–590 PopePelagiusII.jpg Pelagius II Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [12]
590–604 Gregorythegreat.jpg Gregory I , O.S.B.
Saint Gregory
Gregory the Great		Located in the portico. Originally buried in the portico of Old St. Peter's, partly transferred to Soissous; during the demolition of St. Peter's, transferred to Sant'Andrea della Valle then Cappella Clementina, near the entrance of the modern St. Peter's. [13]
604–606 Sabinian.jpg Sabinian
Saint Sabinian		Original monument in the atrium of Old Saint Peter's destroyed during the demolition; [14] small fragment of the original epitaph remains in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica [15]
607-607 Boniface III.jpg Boniface III Destroyed during the demolition [14]
608–615 Boniface IV.jpg Boniface IV , O.S.B.
Saint Boniface		Originally buried in the portico of Old Saint Peter's; translated to the interior; one arm translated to Santa Maria in Cosmedin; other relics translated to the Chapel of St. Sylvester beside the Church of the Quattro Coronati; remainder translated to another chapel of St. Peter's; [16] oratory which once contained the tomb is extant, as well as a sketch of the tomb by Ciampini [15]
615–618 Papa Adeodato I.jpg Adeodatus I [17]
619–625 Papa Bonifacio V.jpg Boniface V Destroyed during the demolition [17]
625–638 Pope Honorius I - Apse mosaic - Sant'Agnese fuori le mura - Rome 2016.jpg Honorius I Destroyed during the demolition [18]
638–640 Severinopapa.jpg Severinus Located in the porch. Destroyed during the demolition. [19]
640–642 Murner History Cod Karlsruhe 3117 (crop).jpg John IV Destroyed during the demolition [19]
642–649 Theodorus I.jpg Theodore I Located in the atrium. [19] Destroyed during the demolition. [19]
654–657 PopeeugeneI.jpg Eugene I
Saint Eugene		Destroyed during the demolition [20]
657–672 Pope Vitalian.jpg Vitalian
Saint Vitalian		Destroyed during the demolition [20]
672–676 Adeodatus II.jpg Adeodatus II , O.S.B. Destroyed during the demolition [20]
676–678 Popedonus.jpg Donus Destroyed during the demolition [20]
678–681 Agatho.png Agatho
Saint Agatho		Destroyed during the demolition [20]
681–683 LeoII.jpg Leo II
Saint Leo		Originally buried in Old Saint Peter's; translated under the altar of the Chapel of the Madonna della Colonna; combined with Leo I in the early seventeenth century; for centuries believed to be under the altar of the Church of San Stefano in Ferrara; combined remains of Leo's I, II, and IV in Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti when found during the demolition [21]
684–685 BenedictII.jpg Benedict II
Saint Benedict		Destroyed during the demolition [22]
685–686 Johannes V.jpg John V Located in the atrium. Destroyed in a Saracen raid in 846. [23]
686–687 Konon.jpg Conon Located in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition. [24]
687–701 Sergius I.jpg Sergius I
Saint Sergius		First pope buried in Saint Peter's proper (not a portico); tomb destroyed during the demolition [24]
701–705 John VI.jpg John VI Destroyed during the demolition [25]
705–707 Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 705 002.jpg John VII Located in the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Destroyed during the demolition; surviving mosaic of John VII in the Vatican grottoes believed to be part of his original tomb [25]
708-708 Sisinnius.jpg Sisinnius Located in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition. [26]
708–715 Constantine Located in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition. [26]
715–731 StgregoryII.jpg Gregory II
Saint Gregory		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [26]
731–741 178-7866 IMG - Gregorius III AV.png Gregory III Located in the Oratory of Our Lady. Destroyed during the demolition. [26]
741–752 Pope Zachary.jpg Zachary
Saint Zachary		Destroyed during the demolition [26]
Never took office as Pope Pope-elect Stephen Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [26]
752–757 La donacion de Pipino el Breve al Papa Esteban II.jpg Stephen II Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [27]
757–767 Paul I.jpg Paul I
Saint Paul		Located in the Oratory of Our Lady. Temporarily buried in San Paolo fuori le Mura; moved to the Oratory of Our Lady in Old Saint Peter's; destroyed during the demolition. [27]
767–772 StephenIII.jpg Stephen III Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition [27]
772–795 Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I.jpg Adrian I Original monument in the Oratory of Cathedra Petri destroyed during the demolition; [28] inscription, composed by Charlemagne, remains in the portico of modern St. Peter's [29] [30]
795–816 Pope Leo III portrait - Triclinium Leoninum.jpg Leo III
Saint Leo		Located in the Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti. Originally buried in Old Saint Peter's (above); combined with Leo II and IV by Pope Paschal II; combined sarcophagus destroyed during the demolition; combined with Leo I in 1601 and placed in a sarcophagus under the altar of our Savior della Colonna in new Saint Peter's (below) [31]
816–817 Stephen III (IV).jpg Stephen IV Destroyed during the demolition [31]
824–827 Eugene II.jpg Eugene II Destroyed during the demolition [32]
827–827 Valentine.jpg Valentine Destroyed during the demolition [32]
827–844 Gregory-IV Raban-Maur.jpg Gregory IV Destroyed during the demolition [32]
844–847 Sergius II Located in the Altar of the chapel of Saints Sixtus and Fabian. Destroyed during the demolition. [32]
847–855 Pope St. Leo IV.jpg Leo IV , O.S.B.
Saint Leo		Located under the altar of Our Savior della Colonna. Combined with Leos I, II, and III. [32]
855–858 Benedict III Located in the Narthex. Destroyed during the demolition. [33]
858–867 Pope Nicholas I.jpg Nicholas I
Saint Nicholas
Nicholas the Great		Originally buried in the atrium of Old Saint Peter's; epitaph partially preserved during the demolition, extant in the Vatican grottoes [33]
867–872 Adrian II.jpg Adrian II Originally buried in Old Saint Peter's; epitaph partially preserved during the demolition, still visible in the Vatican grottoes [33]
872–882 John VIII Located in the portico or nave. Destroyed during the demolition. [34]
882–884 Marinus I.jpg Marinus I Located in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [34]
885–891 Stephen V.jpg Stephen V Located in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [35]
891–896 PopeFormosusBW.jpg Formosus Originally buried in old Saint Peter's; exhumed, defrocked, defingered, and thrown in the Tiber River (see: Cadaver Synod); reinterred in Old Saint Peter's; destroyed during the demolition [36]
896-896 Boniface VI.jpg Boniface VI Located in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [36]
896–897 Stephen VI.jpg Stephen VI Located in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition. [36]
897–897 Romanus Destroyed during the demolition [37]
897 Theodore II Destroyed during the demolition [37]
898–900 John IX.jpg John IX , O.S.B. Located in the portico, left nave, or just outside. Destroyed during the demolition. [37]
900–903 Benedict IV Located near the gate of Guido. Destroyed during the demolition. [38]
904–911 SergiusIII.jpg Sergius III Destroyed during the demolition [38]
911–913 Anastasius III Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition. [39]
913–914 Lando Destroyed during the demolition [39]
928–928 Leo VI Destroyed during the demolition [40]
928–931 Stephen VII.jpg Stephen VII Destroyed during the demolition [40]
931–935 Ioannes XI.jpg John XI Destroyed during the demolition [40]
936–939 Leone-VII.jpg Leo VII , O.S.B. Destroyed during the demolition [40]
939–942 Stephen VIII.png Stephen VIII Destroyed during the demolition [40]
942–946 Marinus II.jpg Marinus II Destroyed during the demolition [40]
964–965 Leo VIII Destroyed during the demolition [41]
973–974 Benedict VI Destroyed during the demolition [42]
983–984 John XIV Destroyed during the demolition [42]
985–996 John XV Located in the Oratory of St. Mary. Destroyed during the demolition. [43]
996–999 Otto III wird von Papst Gregor V. zum Kaiser gesalbt.jpg Gregory V Tomb discovered on August 14, 1607, under the pavement of St. Peter's; exhumed and reburied on January 15, 1609, in a fourth/fifth century sarcophagus [44]
1012–1024 B Benedikt VIII.jpg Benedict VIII Destroyed during the demolition [45]
1024–1032 B Johannes XIX.jpg John XIX Destroyed during the demolition [45]
1045–1046 B Gregor VI.jpg Gregory VI Destroyed during the demolition [46]
1049–1054 Leon IX.jpg Leo IX
Saint Leo		Originally buried in the east wall of Old Saint Peter's, close to the altar of Gregory I; coffin opened on January 11, 1606, during the demolition and parts were taken as relics; remainder reburied under the altar of Saints Marziale and Valeria, [47] now dedicated to the stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi [48]
1088–1099 BlUrban II.png Urban II , O.S.B.
Blessed Urban		First tomb destroyed during the demolition [49]
1145–1153 B Eugen III.jpg Eugene III , O.Cist.
Blessed Eugene		Destroyed during the demolition
1154–1159 Pope Hadrian IV.jpg Adrian IV , O.S.A. Reused an Early Christian sarcophagus [50]
1227–1241 Gregory IX bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg Gregory IX Destroyed during the demolition [51]
1241–1241 B Colestin IV.jpg Celestine IV Destroyed during the demolition [52]
1277–1280 PopeNicholasIIICameo.jpg Nicholas III Original destroyed during the demolition; combined with two Rainaldo Orsinis in 1620 [53]
1294–1303 Bonifatius VIII Grabstatue.JPG Boniface VIII Original tomb chapel, into which Boniface VIII had moved the relics of Boniface IV, destroyed during the demolition [54] [55]
1378–1389 Urbanus VI.jpg Urban VI Saved during the deconstruction of Old Saint Peter's; nearly dumped by workmen for use as a water trough [56] [57]
1389–1404 IX.Bonifac.jpg Boniface IX Located in the Chapel of Saints Peter and Paul. Tomb by Giovanni Tomacelli among the first destroyed during the demolition. [58]
1404–1406 Innocent VII.jpg Innocent VII Originally buried in the Chapel of Saints Peter and Paul, moved to the Chapel of St. Thomas in 1455, moved into a mid-fifteenth century copy of the original sarcophagus on September 12, 1606 [59]
1447–1455 Paus Nicolaas V door Peter Paul Rubens.jpg Nicholas V Moved from the left outer aisle of Old Saint Peter's to the right outer aisle. Still monument by Mino da Fiesole, but not sarcophagus, destroyed during the demolition. [60]
1464–1471 Paul II.JPG Paul II Effigy by Giovanni Dalmata; figures and bas-reliefs by Mino da Fiesole. Monument moved in 1544 and torn down in seventeenth century; sarcophagus survived demolition. [61]
1471–1484 Sixtus IV.png Sixtus IV , O.F.M. Sculpted by Antonio del Pollaiuolo. Originally located in the choir chapel of Old Saint Peter's; moved in 1610 to the sacristy; moved in 1625 to the Chapel del Coro in new Saint Peter's; combined with Julius II in 1926; moved again in 1940s. [62]
1484–1492 Innocent VIII.JPG Innocent VIII Sculpted by Antonio del Pollaiuolo. First papal tomb to depict a live pope rather than a deathbed effigy; originally placed in the Oratory of Our Lady in Old St. Peter's.
1503–1503 PiusIII.jpg Pius III Sculpted by Sebastiano Ferrucci. Originally built in Old Saint Peter's; last papal mausoleum erected in Old St. Peter's; moved to Sant'Andrea della Valle during the reign of Paul V. [63]
1523–1534 El papa Clemente VII, por Sebastiano del Piombo.jpg Clement VII Originally buried in a brick tomb in Old Saint Peter's; current tomb is across from that of Leo X, another Medici pope in Santa Maria sopra Minerva [64]
1534–1549 Portrait of Pope Paul III Farnese (by Titian) - National Museum of Capodimonte.jpg Paul III Sculpted by Guglielmo della Porta. Moved in 1599. [65]
1550–1555 Julius III.jpg Julius III Originally buried in St. Peter's Basilica sans monument in a red stone sarcophagus in the chapel of San Andrea; reinterred in an ancient sarcophagus in 1608, which was reopened two years later during the demolition; [66] sometimes cited as buried in the Del Monte chapel of San Pietro in Montorio along with his adopted cardinal-nephew, Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte [67]
1555–1555 Pope Marcellus II.jpg Marcellus II No monument; fourth century sarcophagus, bearing a traditio legis [68]
1572–1585 Gregory XIII.jpg Gregory XIII Original monument destroyed; new monument built in eighteenth century [69]
1590–1591 Gregory XIV.PNG Gregory XIV Sculpted by Prospero Antichi. [70]
1591–1591 Innocent9.jpg Innocent IX No monument [70]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 40.
  2. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 272.
  3. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 274.
  4. ↑ Grimaldi, Giacomo. Ed. R. Niggl. 1972. Descrizione della Basilica Antica di S. Pietro in Vaticano: Codice Barberini Latino 2733. Vatican City.
  5. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 12.
  6. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 40–41.
  7. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 41.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Reardon, 2004, p. 42.
  9. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 43.
  10. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 44.
  11. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 45.
  12. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 46.
  13. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 46–48.
  14. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 48.
  15. 1 2 Mann, 2003, p. 22.
  16. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 49–51.
  17. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 51.
  18. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 52.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Reardon, 2004, p. 53.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Reardon, 2004, p. 54.
  21. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 54–55.
  22. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 55.
  23. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 55–56.
  24. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 56.
  25. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 57.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reardon, 2004, p. 58.
  27. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 59.
  28. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 60.
  29. ↑ Gardner, 1992, ill. 16.
  30. ↑ Mann, 2003, p. 24.
  31. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 61.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 Reardon, 2004, p. 62.
  33. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 64.
  34. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 65.
  35. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 66.
  36. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 67.
  37. 1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 68.
  38. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 69.
  39. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 70.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reardon, 2004, p. 71.
  41. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 72.
  42. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 74.
  43. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 75.
  44. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 76.
  45. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 81.
  46. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 82.
  47. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 84.
  48. ↑ Mann, 2003, p. 27.
  49. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 88.
  50. ↑ Gardner, 1992, ill. 11.
  51. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 100.
  52. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 101.
  53. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 111.
  54. ↑ Gardner, 1992, ill. 106–108, 111–112.
  55. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 120–121.
  56. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 137.
  57. ↑ Gardner, 1992, ill. 147.
  58. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 140.
  59. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 141–142.
  60. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 153.
  61. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 163.
  62. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 167.
  63. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 177.
  64. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 182.
  65. ↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 185–186.
  66. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 186.
  67. ↑ Aldrich, Robert, and Wotherspoon, Garry. (2000). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-25369-7. p. 278.
  68. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 187–188.
  69. ↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 195.
  70. 1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 199.

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The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope. The only "archbasilica" in the world, it lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately four kilometres northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of the Holy See, the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy, pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Dedicated to the Christ, in honor of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist, the place name, Laterano (Lateran) comes from an ancient Roman family (gens), whose palace (domus) grounds occupied the site; the adjacent Lateran Palace was the primary residence of the pope until the Middle Ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</span> Catholic basilica and landmark in Rome

The Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls is one of Rome's four major papal basilicas, along with the basilicas of Saint John in the Lateran, Saint Peter's, and Saint Mary Major, as well as one of the city’s Seven Pilgrim Churches. The basilica is the conventual church of the adjacent Benedictine abbey. It lies within Italian territory, but the Holy See owns the basilica and it is part of the Vatican's extraterritoriality.

Vatican Hill is a hill in Rome, located on the right bank of Tiber river, opposite to the traditional seven hills of Rome. The hill also gave the name to Vatican City. It is the location of St. Peter's Basilica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apostolic Palace</span> Official residence of the Pope located in Vatican City

The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, the Palace of the Vatican and the Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V, in honor of Pope Sixtus V, who built most of the present form of the palace.

Pope John XIV, born Peter Canepanova, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from December 983 until his death. Upon the death of Pope Benedict VII in July 983, Emperor Otto II nominated Canepanova to the papal throne after the abbot Maiolus of Cluny refused the office. The decision to install the then bishop of Pavia was made without consultation with the clergy and the Roman people, nor was it confirmed by formal election.

Pope Sisinnius was the bishop of Rome from 15 January 708 to his death on 4 February. Besides being Syrian and his father being named John, little is known of Sisinnius' early life or career. At the time of his election to the papal throne, Sisinnius suffered from severe gout, leaving him weak. During the course of his twenty-day papacy, Sisinnius consecrated a bishop for Corsica and ordered the reinforcement of the walls surrounding the papal capital of Rome. On his death, Sisinnius was buried in Old St. Peter's Basilica. He was succeeded by Pope Constantine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria Maggiore</span> Catholic basilica and landmark in Rome

The Basilica of Saint Mary Major, or church of Santa Maria Maggiore, is one of the four major papal basilicas as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and the largest Marian church in Rome, Italy. Santa Maria Maggiore is the first Marian sanctuary in the Western world and the mother of all sanctuaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circus of Nero</span> Ancient Roman circus in Rome

The so-called Circus of Nero or Circus of Caligula was a circus in ancient Rome, located mostly in the present-day Vatican City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Lorenzo fuori le mura</span> Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy

The Basilica Papale di San Lorenzo fuori le mura is a Roman Catholic papal minor basilica and parish church, located in Rome, Italy. The Basilica is one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and one of the five papal basilicas, each of which was assigned to the care of a Latin Church patriarchate. The basilica was assigned to the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The basilica is the shrine of the tomb of its namesake, Lawrence, one of the first seven deacons of Rome who was martyred in 258. Many other saints and Pope Pius IX are also buried at the Basilica, which is the centre of a large and ancient burial complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Peter's tomb</span> Memorial site in Vatican City

Saint Peter's tomb is a site under St. Peter's Basilica that includes several graves and a structure said by Vatican authorities to have been built to memorialize the location of Saint Peter's grave. St. Peter's tomb is alleged near the west end of a complex of mausoleums, the Vatican Necropolis, that date between about AD 130 and AD 300. The complex was partially torn down and filled with earth to provide a foundation for the building of the first St. Peter's Basilica during the reign of Constantine I in about AD 330. Though many bones have been found at the site of the 2nd-century shrine, as the result of two campaigns of archaeological excavation, Pope Pius XII stated in December 1950 that none could be confirmed to be Saint Peter's with absolute certainty. Following the discovery of bones that had been transferred from a second tomb under the monument, on June 26, 1968, Pope Paul VI said that the relics of Saint Peter had been identified in a manner considered convincing. Circumstantial evidence was provided to support the claim.

A papal gentleman, also called a Gentleman of His Holiness, is a lay attendant of the pope and his papal household in Vatican City. Papal gentlemen serve in the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in ceremonial positions, such as escorting dignitaries during state visits and other important occasions. It is a local name for the old court position of valet de chambre. To be appointed is an honor. The appointee is an unpaid volunteer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old St. Peter's Basilica</span> Church in Rome, Papal States

Old St. Peter's Basilica was the church buildings that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Roman Emperor Constantine I. The name "old St. Peter's Basilica" has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1303 papal conclave</span> Election of Pope Benedict XI

In the 1303 papal conclave, Benedict XI was elected to succeed Boniface VIII as pope.

Giacomo Grimaldi was an Italian historian and Vatican archivist, who lived in the early 17th century.

References

41°54′08″N12°27′12″E / 41.9022°N 12.4533°E / 41.9022; 12.4533

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