List of sequenced plastomes

Last updated
The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum. CtDNA.svg
The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum .
The 154 kb plastid genome map of a model flowering plant (Arabidopsis thaliana: Brassicaceae). Plastomap of Arabidopsis thaliana.svg
The 154 kb plastid genome map of a model flowering plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana : Brassicaceae).
The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri. Plastome map of Hydnora visseri.svg
The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri .

A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. [1]

Contents

The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.

A compilation of most complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository. [2]

Plants

Bryophytes s.l.

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceNotes
Aneura mirabilis 108,007 [3] [4] parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes
Anthoceros formosae 161,162122 [5] hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome
Marchantia polymorpha 121,024 [6] liverwort
Nothoceros aenigmaticus 153,208124 [7] hornwort
Pellia endiviifolia 120,546123 [8] liverwort
Physcomitrella patens 122,890118 [9] moss
Ptilidium pulcherrimum 119,007122 [10] liverwort
Tortula ruralis 122,630 [11] moss

Ferns and Lycophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceFamilyNotes
Adiantum capillus-veneris 150,568 [12] Pteridaceae
Alsophila spinulosa 156,661117 [13] Cyatheaceae
Angiopteris evecta 153,901 [14] Marattiaceae
Equisetum arvense 133,309 Equisetaceae
Huperzia lucidula 154,373 [15] Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes flaccida 145,303 Isoetaceae
Psilotum nudum 138,829117 [16] Psilotaceae
Selaginella uncinata 138,829 [17] Selaginellaceae
Sequenced fern and lycophyte plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceFamilyNotes
Equisetum hyemale Equisetaceae
Lygodium japonicum Lygodiaceae
Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae
Ophioglossum californicum Ophioglossaceae
Selaginella moellendorffii Selaginellaceae

Gymnosperms

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceFamilyNotes
Cryptomeria japonica 131,810114 [18] Cupressaceae
Cycas micronesica [19] Cycadaceae
Cycas taitungensis 163,403133 [20] Cycadaceae
Ephedra equisetina Ephedraceae
Ginkgo biloba 156,945134 [21] Ginkgoaceae
Gnetum parvifolium Gnetaceae
Picea engelmannii Se404-851123,542114 [22] Pinaceae
Picea glauca PG29123,266114 [23] Pinaceae
Picea glauca WS77111123,421114 [24] Pinaceae
Picea sitchensis Q903124,049114 [25] Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis 116,866 Pinaceae
Pinus thunbergii 119,707 [26] Pinaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus Podocarpaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis 119,726101 [27] Welwitschiaceae

Flowering plants

This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.

Sequenced plastomes with complete genome size, number of unique genes, reference and publication year.
Species Size (bp) Genes ReferenceYearFamilyNotes
Acorus americanus 153,819 [19] 2007 Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera 135,584110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii 155,384113 [29] 2017 Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea155,510112 [30] 2013 Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda 162,686 [31] 2003 Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens 153,356 [19] 2007 Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana 154,478 [32] 1999 Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna 156,687 [33] 2002 Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon 135,199110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Buxus microphylla 159,010113 [34] 2007 Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus153,337115 [35] 2003 Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis160,104114 [36] 2017 Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus 157,772113 [34] 2007 Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'155,189 [37] 2006 Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera 154,731130 [38] 2013 Arecaceae
Coffea arabica 155,189 [39] 2007 Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi 140,745 [40] 2009 Poaceae
Conopholis americana 45,67342 [41] 2013 Orobanchaceae Non-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus 155,293 [42] 2007 Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata125,373 [43] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii86,74486 [44] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa 121,52198 [44] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum 178,131 [45] 2015 Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis 19,40023 [46] 2016 Cytinaceae Holoparasitic
Daucus carota 155,911 [47] 2006 Apiaceae
Dioscorea elephantipes 152,609112 [34] 2007 Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis 160,604113 [48] 2006 Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana 70,02842 [49] 1992 Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum 30,65027 [50] 2015 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum19,04729 [50] 2015 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium116,935107 [51] 2016 Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum168,94696 [51] 2016 Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum 130,812106 [52] 2011 Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus160,286 [53] 2005 Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale159,599 [54] 2008 Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum155,794105 [52] 2011 Geraniaceae
Glycine max 152,218 [55] 2005 Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense 160,317114 [56] 2006 Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum 160,301 [57] 2006 Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus 151,104 [58] 2007 Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare136,482110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Hydnora visseri 27,23324 [59] 2016 Aristolochiaceae Non-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum148,552113 [34] 2007 Schisandraceae (sensu APG III)
Ipomoea purpurea 162,046 [43] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum 165,121 [60] 2007 Oleaceae
Juglans regia 160,367129 [61] 2017 Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa 152,765 [58] 2007 Asteraceae
Lemna minor 165,955 [62] 2008 Araliaceae
Licania alba162,467112 [63] 2014 Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum 152,793114 [30] 2013 Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera 159,866 [48] [64] 2006 Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne 135,282110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Lonicera japonica 155,078 [1] 2010 Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus 150,519 [65] 2000 Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta 161,453 [66] 2008 Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys 35,33645 [67] 2016 Ericaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa 128,787106 [52] 2011 Geraniaceae
Morus indica156,599 [68] 2006 Moraceae
Musa balbisiana 169,503113 [69] 2016 Musaceae
Nandina domestica 156,599 [70] 2006 Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis 92,06056 [71] 2011 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera 163,330 [1] 2010 Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum 155,943113 [72] 1986 Solanaceae
Nuphar advena 160,866117 [73] 2007 Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba 159,930 [74] 2004 Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1165,055113 [75] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado164,807113 [75] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard165,728113 [75] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain r/r-lamarckiana Sweden165,225113 [75] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard163,365113 [75] 2008 Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11134,496 [76] 2005 Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare134,551110 [77] [28] 1989 Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S134,551 [76] 2005 Poaceae
Osyris alba 147,253101 [78] 2015 Santalaceae Hemiparasitic
Panax ginseng 156,318 [79] 2004 Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum 217,942 [80] 2006 Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris103,83558 [81] 2014 Petrosaviaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana148,964 [82] 2006 Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa'150,285 [83] 2007 Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica11,3485 [84] 2016 Apodanthaceae Endo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii15,1675 [84] 2016 Apodanthaceae Endo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum 160,624113 [48] 2006 Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis 161,791 [70] 2006 Platanaceae
Populus alba 156,505 [85] 2006 Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus155,158117 [73] 2007 Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri 59,19033 [86] 2011 Orchidaceae Subterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum 141,182110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora21,48528 [87] 2015 Triuridaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum 155,298 [88] 2006 Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor 140,754110 [28] 2010 Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea 150,725 [89] 2001 Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum 162,321 [90] 2008 Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum 144,763111 [91] 2008 Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring134,545110 [92] [93] [28] 2000 Poaceae
Typha latifolia 165,572113 [28] 2010 Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon 176,045147 [94] 2013 Ericaceae
Viscum album 128,92196 [78] 2015 Viscaceae Hemiparasitic
Viscum minimum131,01699 [78] 2015 Viscaceae Hemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera 160,928 [95] 2006 Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera 156,158 [21] 2005 Asparagaceae (sensu APG III)
Zea mays 140,384110 [96] [28] 2010 Poaceae
Sequenced plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.
Species Size (bp) Genes ReferenceYearFamilyNotes
Acorus calamus 153,821 Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifolium Brassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorum Brassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus [1] 2010 Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsuta Brassicaceae
Aucuba japonica [1] 2010 Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii 139,350 Poaceae
Barbarea verna Brassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina [1] 2010 Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapa Brassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea [1] 2010 Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae
Carica papaya Caricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum [97] 2007 Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida [1] 2010 Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichii Brassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusiflora Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus 139,365 Poaceae
Dillenia indica [1] 2010 Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosa Brassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata [1] 2010 Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera [19] 2007 Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus [1] 2010 Celastraceae
Festuca arundinacea Poaceae
Ficus sp. [1] 2010 Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae
Gunnera manicata [1] 2010 Gunneraceae
Hedyosmum unpublished Chloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea [1] 2010 Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta [1] 2010 Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua (syn. Altingia styraciflua) [1] 2010 Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae
Lotus corniculatus Fabaceae
Medicago truncatulata 124,033 Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia 159,924 Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia [1] 2010 Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumila Brassicaceae
Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae
Nerium oleander 154,903 Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris 155,941 Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis 155,745 Solanaceae
Oryza nivara 134,494 Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia [1] 2010 Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora [19] 2007 Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum [1] 2010 Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata [1] 2010 Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa [98] 2006 Salicaceae
Quercus nigra [1] 2010 Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii [1] 2010 Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula [19] 2007 Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum 155,371 Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum 155,460 Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica [1] 2010 Staphyleaceae
Trithuria (syn. Hydatella )unpublished Hydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides [1] 2010 Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana 2010 Ximeniaceae [99]

Green algae

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Bryopsis plumosa 106,859115 [100]
Chaetosphaeridium globosum 131,183124 [101]
Chara vulgaris
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 203,39599
Chlorella vulgaris 150,613209 [102]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus 201,76370 [103]
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/18269,044102 [104]
Emiliania huxleyi 105,309150
Helicosporidium 37,45454 [105]
Leptosira terrestris 195,081117 [106]
Mesostigma viride 42,424
Monomastix 114,52894 [107]
Nephroselmis olivacea 200,799127 [108]
Oedogonium cardiacum 196,547103 [109]
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis 151,933105 [110]
Ostreococcus tauri 71,66686 [111]
Pseudendoclonium akinetum 195,867105 [112]
Pycnococcus provasolii80,21198 [107]
Pyramimonas parkeae101,605110 [107]
Scenedesmus obliquus 161,45296 [113]
Staurastrum punctulatum [114]
Stigeoclonium helveticum 223,90297 [115]
Tydemania expeditionis 105,200125 [100]
Ulva sp.UNA0007182899,983102 [116]
Volvox carteri420,65091 [117]
Zygnema circumcarinatum

Red algae

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceYearTaxonNotes
Ahnfeltia plicata 190,451205 (coding) [118] 2016 Ahnfeltiales
Apophlaea sinclairii 182,437189 (coding) [118] 2016 Hildenbrandiales
Asparagopsis taxiformis 177,091203 (coding) [118] 2016
Bangiopsis subsimplex 204,784194 (coding) [118] 2016
Calliarthron tuberculosum178,981238 [119] 2013
Ceramium japonicum 171,634199 (coding) [118] 2016
Chondrus crispus 180,086240 [119] 2013 Gigartinales
Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D149,987243 [120] 2003
Cyanidium caldarium RK1164,921230 [121] 2000
Erythrotrichia carnea 210,691191 (coding) [118] 2016
Galdieria sulphuraria 074W167,741233 [122] 2015
Gelidium elegans174,748234 [123] 2016
Gelidium sinicolaUC276620177,095232 [124] 2019May be synonymous with G. coulteri
Gelidium vagum179,853234 [123] 2016
Gracilaria changii183,855231 [125] 2018 Gracilariales
Gracilaria chorda182,459201 (coding) [118] 2016 Gracilariales
Gracilaria salicornia179,757235 [126] 2014 Gracilariales
Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui183,883238 [127] 2004 Gracilariales
Gracilaria vermiculophylla180,254239unpublished Gracilariales
Grateloupia filicina 195,990265unpublished
Grateloupia taiwanensis 191,270266 [128] 2013
Hildenbrandia rivularis 189,725184 (coding) [118] 2016
Hildenbrandia rubra 180,141190 (coding) [118] 2016
Kumanoa americana 184,025234 [129] 2018
Palmaria palmata 192,960245 [129] 2018
Plocamium cartilagineum 171,392197 (coding) [118] 2016
Porphyra pulchra194,175251 [123] 2016 Bangiales
Porphyra purpurea 191,028253 [130] 1993 Bangiales
Porphyra umbilicalis 190,173250 [131] 2017 Bangiales
Porphyridium purpureum NIES 2140217,694260 [132] 2014
Porphyridium sordidum 259,429227 [118] 2016
Pyropia fucicola 187,282 [133] 2015Partial genome
Pyropia haitanensis PH 38195,597254 [134] 2013
Pyropia kanakaensis 189,931 [133] 2015Partial genome
Pyropia perforata189,789247 [133] 2015
Pyropia yezoensis 191,952264 [134] 2013
Rhodochaete parvula 221,665195 (coding) [118] 2016
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata 194,153201 (coding) [118] 2016
Riquetophycus sp.180,384202 (coding) [118] 2016
Schimmelmannia schousboei 181,030202 (coding) [118] 2016
Schizymenia dubyi 183,959204 (coding) [118] 2016
Sebdenia flabellata 192,140205 (coding) [118] 2016
Sporolithon durum 191,464239 [123] 2016
Thorea hispida175,193228 [129] 2018
Vertebrata lanosa 167,158192 [135] 2015Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia

Glaucophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Cyanophora paradoxa [136]

Meta-algae and apicomplexans

Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.

Photosynthetic chromalveolates

Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes ReferenceNotes
Chromera velia
Chroomonas mesostigmaticaCCMP1168139,403189 [137]
Chroomonas placoideaCCAP978/8139,432186 [137] Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes
Cryptomonas curvataCNUKR128,285182 [137]
Cryptomonas parameciumCCAP977/2a77,717115 [138]
Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 373105,309154 [139]
Guillardia theta 121,524167 [140]
Heterosigma akashiwo NIES 293159,370198 [141]
Odontella sinensis 119,704175 [142]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum 117,369170 [143]
Rhodomonas salina CCMP1319135,854183 [144]
Storeatula sp.CCMP1868140,953187 [137]
Teleaulax amphioxeia HACCP-CR01129,772179 [145]
Thalassiosira pseudonana 128,814180 [143]

Chlorarachniophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Bigelowiella natans 69,16698 [146]
Gymnochlora stellataCCMP205367,45197 [147]
Lotharella oceanicaCCMP62270,99794 [148]
Lotharella vacuolataCCMP24071,55795 [147]
Partenskyella glossopodiaRCC36572,62099 [147]

Euglenophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Astasia longa 73.2kb84
Euglena gracilis 143.2kb128 [149]

Apicomplexans

Sequenced Plastomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Chromera velia
Eimeria tenella Penn State34.8kb65 [150]
Plasmodium falciparum 34.7kb68
Theileria parva Mugaga39.6kb71
Toxoplasma gondii RH35.0kb65

Nucleomorph genomes

In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte) or red alga (rhodophyte). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph.

Sequenced Nucleomorph Genomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Amorphochlora amoebiformis 373,958340 [151]
Bigelowiella natans CCMP 621442,036426 (344 protein coding) [152] [153]
Chroomonas mesostigmatica CCMP1168702,852581 (505 protein coding) [154]
Cryptomonas paramecium 487,066519 (466 protein coding) [155]
Guillardia theta 672,788743 (632 protein coding) [156]
Hemiselmis andersenii 571,872525 (471 protein coding) [157]
Lotharella oceanica 612,592654 (608 protein coding) [158]
Lotharella vacuolata 431,876359 [151]

Cyanelle genomes

The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)

Sequenced Cyanelle Genomes
Species VarietySize (bp) Genes Reference
Paulinella chromatophora 1.02Mb867 [159]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE (March 2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4623–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4623M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907801107 . PMC   2842043 . PMID   20176954.
  2. ↑ "Index of /refseq/release/plastid". ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  3. ↑ Wickett NJ, Zhang Y, Hansen SK, Roper JM, Kuehl JV, Plock SA, Wolf PG, DePamphilis CW, Boore JL, Goffinet B (February 2008). "Functional gene losses occur with minimal size reduction in the plastid genome of the parasitic liverwort Aneura mirabilis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (2): 393–401. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm267 . PMID   18056074.
  4. ↑ Plastid genome evolution of the non-photosynthetic liverwort Aneura mirabilis (Malmb.) Wickett & Goffinet (Aneuraceae)
  5. ↑ Kugita M, Kaneko A, Yamamoto Y, Takeya Y, Matsumoto T, Yoshinaga K (January 2003). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the hornwort (Anthoceros formosae) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (2): 716–21. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg155. PMC   140519 . PMID   12527781.
  6. ↑ K Ohyama, Fukuzawa, H., Kohchi, T., Shirai, H., Sano, T., Chang Z, Aota SI, Inokuchi H, Ozeki H (2003). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA". Nature. 322 (6079): 716–721. Bibcode:1986Natur.322..572O. doi:10.1038/322572a0. S2CID   4311952.
  7. ↑ Villarreal JC, Forrest LL, Wickett N, Goffinet B (March 2013). "The plastid genome of the hornwort Nothoceros aenigmaticus (Dendrocerotaceae): phylogenetic signal in inverted repeat expansion, pseudogenization, and intron gain". American Journal of Botany. 100 (3): 467–77. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200429. PMID   23416362.
  8. ↑ Grosche C, Funk HT, Maier UG, Zauner S (2012). "The chloroplast genome of Pellia endiviifolia: gene content, RNA-editing pattern, and the origin of chloroplast editing". Genome Biology and Evolution. 4 (12): 1349–57. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs114. PMC   3542565 . PMID   23221608.
  9. ↑ Sugiura C, Kobayashi Y, Aoki S, Sugita C, Sugita M (September 2003). "Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from the chloroplast to the nucleus". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (18): 5324–31. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg726. PMC   203311 . PMID   12954768.
  10. ↑ Laura L. Forrest; Norman J. Wickett, Cymon J. Cox & Bernard Goffinet (2011). "Deep sequencing of Ptilidium (Ptilidiaceae) suggests evolutionary stasis in liverwort plastid genome structure" (PDF). Plant Ecology and Evolution. 144 (1): 29–43. doi:10.5091/plecevo.2011.535. hdl: 10400.1/5518 .
  11. ↑ Oliver MJ, Murdock AG, Mishler BD, Kuehl JV, Boore JL, Mandoli DF, Everett KD, Wolf PG, Duffy AM, Karol KG (February 2010). "Chloroplast genome sequence of the moss Tortula ruralis: gene content, polymorphism, and structural arrangement relative to other green plant chloroplast genomes". BMC Genomics. 11: 143. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-143 . PMC   2841679 . PMID   20187961.
  12. ↑ Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Sinclair RB, Hasebe M (April 2003). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from a leptosporangiate fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris L". DNA Research. 10 (2): 59–65. doi: 10.1093/dnares/10.2.59 . PMID   12755170.
  13. ↑ Gao L, Yi X, Yang YX, Su YJ, Wang T (June 2009). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa: insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 130. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..130G. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-130 . PMC   2706227 . PMID   19519899.
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