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The study of electromagnetism in higher education, as a fundamental part of both physics and electrical engineering, [1] is typically accompanied by textbooks devoted to the subject. The American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers recommend a full year of graduate study in electromagnetism for all physics graduate students. [2] A joint task force by those organizations in 2006 found that in 76 of the 80 US physics departments surveyed, a course using John Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics was required for all first year graduate students. [2] For undergraduates, there are several widely used textbooks, including David Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics and Electricity and Magnetism by Edward Purcell and David Morin. [3] Also at an undergraduate level, Richard Feynman's classic Lectures on Physics is available online to read for free. [4]
There are several widely used undergraduate textbooks in electromagnetism, including David Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics as well as Electricity and Magnetism by Edward Purcell and David Morin. [3] Richard Feynman's Lectures on Physics also include a volume on electromagnetism that is available to read online for free, through the California Institute of Technology. In addition, there are popular physics textbooks that include electricity and magnetism among the material they cover, such as David Halliday and Robert Resnick's Fundamentals of Physics .
A 2006 report by a joint taskforce between the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers found that 76 of the 80 physics departments surveyed require a first-year graduate course in John Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics . [2] [39] This made Jackson's book the most popular textbook in any field of graduate-level physics, with Herbert Goldstein's Classical Mechanics as the second most popular with adoption at 48 universities. [2] James Russ professor of physics at Carnegie Mellon University claims Jackson's textbook has been "[t]he classic electrodynamics text for the past four decades" and that it is "the book from which most current-generation physicists took their first course." [40] Except Jackson's textbook there are other classic textbooks like Classical Electricity and Magnetism by Pief Panofsky and Melba Phillips, and Electrodynamics of Continuous Media by Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz, and Lev Pitaevskii. Julian Schwinger's 1970s lecture notes is another important book that first published in 1998 after Schwinger's death. Due to the domination of Jackson's textbook in graduate physics education, even physicist like Schwinger became frustrated competing with Jackson and because of this, the publication of Schwinger's book was postponed until after his death so that it was finally completed and published by his former students. [41]
In addition to the mentioned classic books, in recent years there have been a few well-received electromagnetic textbooks published for graduate studies in physics, with one of the most notable being Modern Electrodynamics by Andrew Zangwill published in 2013 which have been praised by many physicists like John Joannopoulos, Michael Berry, Rob Phillips, Alain Aspect, Roberto Merlin, Shirley Chiang, Roy Schwitters [42] but also well-received in electrical engineering community too. [43] Another notable textbook is Classical Electromagnetism in a Nutshell by Anupam Garg published in 2012 which have been also praised by physicists like Anthony Zee, Ramamurti Shankar, Jainendra Jain, John Belcher. [44]
Here is the list of some important textbooks that discuss generic physical areas of electromagnetism.
Here is the list of some important graduate textbooks that discuss particular physical areas of electromagnetism.
There is a controversy in physics community about using different units in electromagnetism that have been discussed. [142] [143] [144]
According to a 2011 review of analytical and computational textbooks in electromagnetism by David Davidson, Julius Stratton's Electromagnetic Theory remains the classic text in electromagnetism and is still regularly cited. [Note 17] Davidson goes on to point out that Constantine Balanis' Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics and Roger Harrington's Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields are standard references at the post-graduate level. [145] Also for advanced undergraduate level, the textbook Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics by Simon Ramo, John Whinnery, and Theodore Van Duzer is considered as standard reference. [146] [147]
Traditional differences between a physicist's point of view and an electrical engineer's point of view in studying electromagnetism have been noted. According to a 2023 lecture titled What Physicists Don't Know About Electromagnetism given by the theoretical physicist Hans Schantz [148] and based on the comparison of textbooks Electromagnetic Theory by Julius Stratton and Classical Electrodynamics by John Jackson, Schantz argues "today's physicists who are educated using curriculum out of Jackson are less informed about practical electromagnetics than their counterparts of 80 years ago," and says it's because physicists are now shifted from classical electrodynamics to quantum electrodynamics. Schantz also continues that concepts like impedance, Smith chart, antenna, and electromagnetic energy flow, are not appreciated by physicists. [149] Mathematician Sergei Schelkunoff who made many contributions to engineering electromagnetism also noted differences between physicist's and electrical engineer's view in electromagnetism. According to Schelkunoff:
The classical physicist, being concerned largely with isolated transmission systems, has emphasized only one wave concept, that of the velocity of propagation or more generally of the propagation constant. But the communication engineer who is interested in "chains" of such systems from the very start is forced to adopt a more general attitude and introduce the second important wave concept, that of the impedance. The physicist concentrates his attention on one particular wave: a wave of force, or a wave of velocity or a wave of displacement. His original differential equations may be of the first order and may involve both force and velocity; but by tradition he eliminates one of these variables, obtains a second order differential equation in the other and calls it the "wave equation." Thus he loses sight of the interdependence of force and velocity waves and he does not stress the difference which may exist between waves in different media even though the velocity of wave propagation is the same. The engineer, on the other hand, thinks in terms of the original "pair of wave equations" and keeps constantly in mind this interdependence between force and velocity waves. [150]
The usefulness of electrical engineering's approach to electromagnetic problems also noted by other physicists like Robert Dicke [151] and more specially Julian Schwinger. [152] [153] Schwinger's emphasis on using electrical engineering's point of view was even more general than just in electromagnetic phenomena so that he argued for the use of engineering worldview even in pure branches of physics like high-energy physics. [153] Schwinger also said about his transformation from a person who saw electrical engineering problems as a pure physicist to a person who saw pure physical problems as an electrical engineer: "I first approached radar problems as a nuclear physicist; soon I began to think of nuclear physics in the language of electrical engineering." [154]
Many of important and classic graduate electromagnetic textbooks related to electrical engineering listed here are published or reissued by IEEE under the name of The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory. [155] [Note 18]
There are also many outstanding and notable textbooks published in optics which is a branch of electromagnetism dealing with interactions of light or visible spectrum electromagnetism with matter. Here is the list of some important textbooks in different areas of classical optics. These textbooks are suitable for both physics and electrical engineering studies depending on the context.
Another branch of electromagnetism that has been developed separately is magnetism, which is about studying magnetic properties of different materials and their interactions with electromagnetic fields. There are also many classic textbooks published in magnetism which some of them are listed here and they could be used in both physics and electrical engineering studies depending on the context.
Magnetohydrodynamics is an interdisciplinary branch of physics which deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with conductive fluids using continuum model. Magnetohydrodynamics combines classical electromagnetism with fluid mechanics by combination of Maxwell equations with Navier-Stokes equations. This relatively new branch of physics was first developed by Hannes Alfvén in a 1942 paper published in Nature titled Existence of Electromagnetic-Hydrodynamic Waves. [462] In 1950 Alfvén published a textbook titled Cosmical Electrodynamics which considered as the seminal work in the field of magnetohydrodynamics. [463] There are also two closely related fields to the traditional field of magnetohydrodynamics which are called electrohydrodynamics and ferrohydrodynamics. Electrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with weakly conductive fluids [464] and ferrohydrodynamics deals with interaction of electromagnetic fields with magnetic fluids. Today magnetohydrodynamics and its related fields have many applications in plasma physics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, astrophysics, geophysics and many other scientific branches. Here is the list of some important textbooks in different areas of electro-magneto-ferro-hydrodynamics.
There are many important books in electromagnetism which are generally considered as historical classics and some of them are listed here.
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy.
Julius Adams Stratton was an American electrical engineer, physicist, and university administrator known for his contributions in applied electromagnetism. He attended the University of Washington for one year, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, then transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1923 and a master's degree in 1926 both in electrical engineering. He then followed graduate studies in Europe and the Technische Hochschule of Zürich, Switzerland, awarded him the degree of Doctor of Science in 1928.
A metamaterial is any material engineered to have a property that is rarely observed in naturally occurring materials. They are made from assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials such as metals and plastics. These materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their properties not from the properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed structures. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials.
Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) or Yee's method is a numerical analysis technique used for modeling computational electrodynamics. Since it is a time-domain method, FDTD solutions can cover a wide frequency range with a single simulation run, and treat nonlinear material properties in a natural way.
In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. This usage tends not to include effects such as quantum noise in optical communication, which is studied in the sub-branch of coherence theory.
Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment using computers.
Leopold B. Felsen was an electrical engineer and physicist known for studies of electromagnetism and wave-based disciplines. He had to flee Germany at 16 due to the Nazis. He has fundamental contributions to applied electromagnetic field analysis.
Nathan Marcuvitz was an American electrical engineer, physicist, and educator who worked in the fields of microwave and electromagnetic field theory. He was head of the experimental group of the Radiation Laboratory (MIT). He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He had a PhD in electrical engineering from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.
The history of metamaterials begins with artificial dielectrics in microwave engineering as it developed just after World War II. Yet, there are seminal explorations of artificial materials for manipulating electromagnetic waves at the end of the 19th century. Hence, the history of metamaterials is essentially a history of developing certain types of manufactured materials, which interact at radio frequency, microwave, and later optical frequencies.
Andrea Alù is an Italian American scientist and engineer, currently Einstein Professor of Physics at The City University of New York Graduate Center. He is known for his contributions to the fields of optics, photonics, plasmonics, and acoustics, most notably in the context of metamaterials and metasurfaces. He has co-authored over 650 journal papers and 35 book chapters, and he holds 11 U.S. patents.
Robert Emmanuel Collin was a Canadian American electrical engineer, university professor, and life fellow of the IEEE, known for his fundamental contributions in applied electromagnetism.
Classical Electrodynamics is a textbook written by theoretical particle and nuclear physicist John David Jackson. The book originated as lecture notes that Jackson prepared for teaching graduate-level electromagnetism first at McGill University and then at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Intended for graduate students, and often known as Jackson for short, it has been a standard reference on its subject since its first publication in 1962.
Sergei Anatolyevich Tretyakov is a Russian-Finnish scientist, focused in electromagnetic field theory, complex media electromagnetics and microwave engineering. He is currently a professor at Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Finland. His main research area in recent years is metamaterials and metasurfaces from fundamentals to applications. He was the president of the European Virtual Institute for Artificial Electromagnetic Materials and Metamaterials and general chair of the Metamaterials Congresses from 2007 to 2013. He is a fellow/member of many scientific associations such as IEEE, URSI, the Electromagnetics Academy, and OSA. He is also an Honorary Doctor of Francisk Skorina Gomel State University.
Introduction to Electrodynamics is a textbook by physicist David J. Griffiths. Generally regarded as a standard undergraduate text on the subject, it began as lecture notes that have been perfected over time. Its most recent edition, the fifth, was published in 2024 by Cambridge University. This book uses SI units exclusively. A table for converting between SI and Gaussian units is given in Appendix C.
Weng Cho Chew is a Malaysian-American electrical engineer and applied physicist known for contributions to wave physics, especially computational electromagnetics. He is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University.
Roger Fuller Harrington is an American electrical engineer and professor emeritus at Syracuse University. He is best known for his contributions to computational electromagnetics with his development of method of moments (MoM). Harrington's 1968 book, Field Computation by Moment Methods, is regarded as a pivotal textbook on the subject.
Lectures on Theoretical Physics is a six-volume series of physics textbooks translated from Arnold Sommerfeld's classic German texts Vorlesungen über Theoretische Physik. The series includes the volumes Mechanics, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Electrodynamics, Optics, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, and Partial Differential Equations in Physics. Focusing on one subject each semester, the lectures formed a three-year cycle of courses that Sommerfeld repeatedly taught at the University of Munich for over thirty years. Sommerfeld's lectures were famous and he was held to be one of the greatest physics lecturers of his time.
Sergei Mikhailovich Rytov was a Soviet physicist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Rytov contributed to the fields of statistical radiophysics, and fluctuational electrodynamics. The Rytov number for laser propagation in the atmosphere and the Rytov approximation for wave propagation in inhomogeneous media bear his name.
Arthur Aaron Oliner was an American physicist and electrical engineer, who was professor emeritus at department of electrical and computer engineering at New York University-Polytechnic. Best known for his contributions to engineering electromagnetics and antenna theory, he is regarded as a pioneer of leaky wave theory and leaky wave antennas.
Akira Ishimaru is a Japanese-American electrical engineer and professor emeritus at Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Washington. He is best known for his contributions to the theory of wave scattering in random media.
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