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The Peace Movement of Ethiopia was an African-American organization based in Chicago, Illinois. It was active in the 1930s and 1940s, and promoted the repatriation of African Americans to the African continent, especially Liberia. They were affiliated with the Black Dragon Society. [1] [2]
The organization was founded in December 1932 in Chicago, Illinois. [3] [4] They met at 4653 South State Street. [3] In the 1930s and 1940s, it had more than 300,000 members. [4]
Its founder and president was Mittie Maud Gordon. [4] [5] [6] She was a former member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, and a supporter of Marcus Garvey. [4] [6] [7]
The organization advocated the repatriation of African-Americans to Africa. [8] As early as 1933, they petitioned President Franklin D. Roosevelt to repatriate them, arguing that the cost would be lesser than the "charity" they received in the United States to survive. [7] A year later, in 1934, they started working with Methodist preacher Earnest Sevier Cox, the author of White America, who was also a proponent of repatriation, and Senator Theodore Bilbo. [8] [9] In 1938, two members of the organization, David Logan and Joseph Rockmore, went to Liberia for a month. [9] There, they met Thomas J. Faulkner of the People's Party, who had run for President (and lost) in 1927. [9] They also contacted Edwin Barclay, who served as the 18th President of Liberia from 1930 until 1944. [9] However, he responded that he did not think the United States government would pay for their journey. [9] In order to make it harder for them to emigrate, he added that they must be worth at least US$1,000 upon arriving in Liberia. [9]
The organization supported Senator Bilbo's Greater Liberia Bill of 1939. [5] The organization's President Gordon called him their "Great White Father" for his sponsor of the bill. [10] After Senator's death in 1947, with the Universal African National Movement, another pro-repatriation African-American organization based in New York City, they asked Senators Strom Thurmond, John C. Stennis of Mississippi and Richard Russell, Jr. of Georgia to propose pro-colonization bills. [5] They declined, retorting that some of their constituents, who were still plantation owners, needed the workforce, and the bill would contradict their belief in states's rights, as it would require federal funding for the journey. [5]
The Peace Movement of Ethiopia was considered by the FBI to be an "unwitting front" for the Black Dragon Society. Most of the PME's funds came from the Japanese consuls general in New York and San Francisco. By 1938, The PME was supposedly being run by Satokata Takahashi. [11]
In 1942, Gordon, president general of the Peace Movement of Ethiopia was jailed along with other religious leaders. The raid, which occurred in October 1942, also included members of two other pro-Japanese African-American organizations: the Brotherhood of Liberty for the Black Man of America and the Temple of Islam. [12] [13] It also included members from the World Wide Friends of Africa. [13] Gordon said she had four million followers, and they were all taught that they are citizens of Liberia, and therefore are not subject to Selective Service. [14]
When the organization dissolved, many members joined the Nation of Islam, another African-American organization. [5]
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa. Ideologically a black nationalist and Pan-Africanist, his ideas came to be known as Garveyism.
Theodore Gilmore Bilbo was an American politician who twice served as governor of Mississippi and later was elected a U.S. Senator (1935–1947). A lifelong Democrat, he was a filibusterer whose name was synonymous with white supremacy – like many Southern Democrats of his era, Bilbo believed that black people were inferior; he defended segregation, and was a member of the Ku Klux Klan, the US's most notable white supremacist terrorist organization. He also published a pro-segregation work, Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization.
The Pan-African flag is a tri-color flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands of red, black, and green. The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) formally adopted it on August 13, 1920, in Article 39 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Variations of the flag can and have been used in various countries and territories in the Americas to represent Garveyist ideologies.
The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican immigrant to the United States, and Amy Ashwood Garvey. The Pan-African organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, and was influential prior to Garvey's deportation to Jamaica in 1927. After that its prestige and influence declined, but it had a strong influence on African-American history and development. The UNIA was said to be "unquestionably, the most influential anticolonial organization in Jamaica prior to 1938," according to Honor Ford-Smith.
Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, racial and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. The ideology of Garveyism centers on the unification and empowerment of African-descended men, women and children under the banner of their collective African descent, and the repatriation of the descendants of enslaved Africans and profits to the African continent.
The Black Dragon Society, or the Amur River Society, was a prominent paramilitary, ultranationalist group in Japan.
Henrietta Vinton Davis was an elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator. In addition to being "the premier actress of all nineteenth-century black performers on the dramatic stage", Davis was proclaimed by Marcus Garvey to be the "greatest woman of the Negro race today".
Thomas Watson Harvey was President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) from 1956 to 1978.
The African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption (ABB) was a U.S. black liberation organization established in 1919 in New York City by journalist Cyril Briggs. The group was established as a propaganda organization built on the model of the secret society. The group's socialist orientation caught the attention of the fledgling American communist movement and the ABB soon evolved into a propaganda arm of the Communist Party of America. The group was terminated in the early 1920s.
The Pacific Movement of the Eastern World (PMEW) was a 1930s North American based pro-Japanese movement of African Americans which promoted the idea that Japan was the champion of all non-white peoples.
The Rastafari Movement in the United States is the manifestation of the Rastafari Movement, founded in Jamaica, in the United States.
The back-to-Africa movement was based on the widespread belief among some European Americans in the 18th and 19th century United States that African Americans would want to return to the continent of Africa. In general, the political movement was an overwhelming failure; very few former slaves wanted to move to Africa. The small number of freed slaves who did settle in Africa—some under duress—initially faced brutal conditions, due to diseases to which they no longer had biological resistance. As the failure became known in the United States in the 1820s, it spawned and energized the abolitionist movement. In the 20th century, the Jamaican political activist and black nationalist Marcus Garvey, members of the Rastafari movement, and other African Americans supported the concept, but few actually left the United States.
The history of African-American settlement in Africa extends to the beginnings of ex-slave repatriation to Africa from European colonies in the Americas.
Carlos A. Cooks was a politician from Dominican Republic.
Earnest Sevier Cox was an American Methodist preacher, political activist and white supremacist. He is best known for his political campaigning for stricter segregation between blacks and whites in the United States through tougher anti-miscegenation laws, for his advocacy for "repatriation" of African Americans to Africa, and for his book White America. He is also noted for having mediated collaboration between white southern segregationists and African American separatist organizations such as UNIA and the Peace Movement of Ethiopia to advocate for repatriation legislation, and for having been a personal friend of black racial separatist Marcus Garvey.
Maymie de Mena was an American-born activist who became one of the highest-ranking officers in the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). She has been credited with keeping the organization alive after Marcus Garvey's conviction for mail fraud and deportation from the United States.
Mittie Maude Lena Gordon was an American black nationalist who established the Peace Movement of Ethiopia. The organization advocated black emigration to West Africa in response to racial discrimination and white supremacy.
Henry Vinton Plummer, Jr. was an American lawyer, real estate agent, civil rights activist, and black nationalist. In the 1920s he became involved in Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), leading the organizations publicity and propaganda wings, Garvey's secret service, and its militia.
Claude Albert Barnett was an American journalist, publisher, entrepreneur, philanthropist, civic activist, Pan-Africanist, and founder of the Associated Negro Press (ANP). He started the first international news agency for black newspapers. He was an advocate against segregation in the military and blood supply. He was an activist force in journalism. He promoted Pan-Africanism. The (ANP) documented the Civil Rights Movement in the United States of America, and struggles for independence in Africa. Associated Negro Press was a Pan-African news service. Claude Barnett, Robert S. Abbott, and John H. Johnson were three of the most influential African-American media entrepreneurs in the 20th century. They were based in Chicago, Illinois. Barnett is said to have advanced the role of the Black Press in press coverage, news sharing, advertising, public relations, and professionalism.
The Rastafari movement developed out of the legacy of the Atlantic slave trade, in which over ten million Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Once there, they were sold to European planters and forced to work on the plantations. Around a third of these transported Africans were relocated in the Caribbean, with under 700,000 being settled in Jamaica. In 1834, slavery in Jamaica was abolished after the British government passed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Racial prejudice nevertheless remained prevalent across Jamaican society. The overwhelming majority of Jamaica's legislative council was white throughout the 19th century, and those of African descent were treated as second-class citizens.
