Sarmi-Jayapura | |
---|---|
Sarmi-Jayapura Bay | |
Geographic distribution | Northern Papua |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Proto-language | Proto-Sarmi–Jayapura |
Glottolog | sarm1241 |
The Sarmi-Jayapura Bay languages consist of half a dozen languages spoken on the northern coast of Papua province of Indonesia: [1]
Ross (1988) had considered Sarmi and Jayapura Bay (Kayapulau, Orma and Tobati) to be separate but related groups. Ross (1988) listed several additional Sarmi languages:
The inclusion of a supposed Yarsun language [2] appears to be due to confusion of language names with island names. No such language is attested; the island is located between that of the Anus and Podena languages, and all three islands are reported to speak dialects of a single language according to the first source to mention it. [3]
With the exception of certain Micronesian languages, the Sarmi-Jayapura languages have the westernmost distribution out of all Oceanic languages. [4]
Grace (1971:34–37) published a table of sound correspondences for the Sarmi languages, from which the following forms are gleaned. The languages are arranged from west to east.
Proto-Oceanic | Sobei | Wakde | Masimasi | Anus | Bonggo | Tarpia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*api 'fire' | yafu | yafu | yeif | af | yap | |
*isuŋ 'nose' | su- | hiu- | si- | su- | sua- | siwi- |
*susu 'breast' | sisu- | ihi- | su- | su- | ||
*ranum 'water' | rani | ranu | ranu | dein | dan | dan |
*raun 'leaf' | rau | rau | rou | dau | dau | dau |
*mapine 'woman' | mefne | mafani | mofin | mofin | mupin | |
*manuk 'bird' | maninetio | mani | mani | mein | man | man |
*pulu 'feather' | fido | firu | firo | fru | puru | |
*puaq 'fruit' | afo | afu | afo | fowo | fukwa | pawa |
*paqoRu 'new' | fefou | afafu | fofou | fieu | pipiu | |
*patu 'stone' | fati | fati | fati | feit | fiat | payaʔ |
*pat 'four' | fau | fau | fau | fau | pau | |
*tolu 'three' | tou | tou | tour | tou | tor | tor |
*taliŋa 'ear' | tidi- | tiri- | tira- | terne- | təren- | tarni- |
*taŋis 'cry' | -tan | -tan | -tan | -tein | tənian | -nsin |
*taumataq 'person' | temto | tamturi | timot | tumuat | tamuʔ | |
*kutu 'louse' | kute | witi | kut | kut | kuʔ | |
*kulit 'skin' | wadi | wari | wiri | keri | kru | kuru |
*qone 'sand' | wane | wane | wane | wen | wen | wen |
*qasawa 'spouse' | eson | ahun | sawe | sua | tawa |
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and East Timor by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship.
The approximately 450 Oceanic languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages. The area occupied by speakers of these languages includes Polynesia, as well as much of Melanesia and Micronesia. Though covering a vast area, Oceanic languages are spoken by only two million people. The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers, and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers. The Gilbertese (Kiribati), Tongan, Tahitian, Māori and Tolai languages each have over 100,000 speakers. The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic.
The Meso-Melanesian languages are a linkage of Oceanic languages spoken in the large Melanesian islands of New Ireland and the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea. Bali is one of the most conservative languages.
The North New Guinea languages of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia form a possible linkage of Western Oceanic languages. They have been in heavy contact with Papuan languages.
The Mussau-Emira language is spoken on the islands of Mussau and Emirau in the St Matthias Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago.
Anus, or Korur, is an Austronesian language spoken on an island in Jayapura Bay, east of the Tor River in Papua province of Indonesia. It is one of the Sarmi languages.
Lungalunga, frequently though ambiguously called Minigir, is spoken by a small number of the Tolai people of Papua New Guinea, who live on the Gazelle Peninsula in East New Britain Province. It is often referred to in the linguistics literature as the Tolai "dialect" with an.
The South Halmahera–West New Guinea (SHWNG) languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, found in the islands and along the shores of the Halmahera Sea in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and of Cenderawasih Bay in the provinces of Papua and West Papua. There are 38 languages.
Malcolm David Ross is an Australian linguist. He is the emeritus professor of linguistics at the Australian National University.
Vitu or Muduapa is an Oceanic language spoken by about 7,000 people on the islands northwest of the coast of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea.
Proto-Oceanic is a proto-language that historical linguists since Otto Dempwolff have reconstructed as the hypothetical common ancestor of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Oceanic is a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language (PAN), the common ancestor of the Austronesian languages.
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.
Sobei is one of the Sarmi languages spoken in three villages near the district center of Sarmi in Papua province of Indonesia. Ethnologue (2005) cites two third-party population estimates of 1,000 and 1,850, while Sterner estimates the population at 1,500 (1975) and 2,000 (1987), based on actual residence in the area.
Sarmi Regency is one of the regencies (kabupaten) in Papua Province of Indonesia. It was formed from the western districts then within Jayapura Regency with effect from 12 November 2002. It covers an area of 18,034.0 km2, and had a population of 32,971 at the 2010 Census and 41,515 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 42,233. The regency's administrative centre is at the town of Sarmi.
The Doga language is an Austronesian language spoken by about 200 people along Cape Vogel in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.
The Orya–Tor languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency, Papua, Indonesia.
Podena (Fedan) is one of the Austronesian Sarmi languages spoken on the coast of Jayapura Bay and on a nearby island in the Papua province of Indonesia.
Yamna, also known as Sunum, is an Austronesian language spoken on the coast and an island of Jayapura Bay in Papua province, Indonesia.
Loniu is an Austronesian language spoken along the southern coast of Los Negros Island in the Manus Province, immediately east of Manus Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Loniu is spoken in the villages of Loniu and Lolak, and there are estimated to be 450–500 native speakers, although some live in other Manus villages or on the mainland of Papua New Guinea.