Towra Point Nature Reserve

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Towra Point Nature Reserve
New South Wales
Towra Point aerial.jpg
Aerial photograph of Towra Point and surrounding waters.
Australia New South Wales relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Towra Point Nature Reserve
Nearest town or city Sydney
Coordinates 34°00′23″S151°09′55″E / 34.00639°S 151.16528°E / -34.00639; 151.16528
EstablishedAugust 1982 (1982-08) [1]
Area6.03 km2 (2.3 sq mi) [1]
Managing authorities NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
Website Towra Point Nature Reserve
Footnotes
Official nameTowra Point
Designated21 February 1984
Reference no.286 [2]
See also Protected areas of
New South Wales
Aerial view of Towra Point Nature Reserve Towra Point Nature Reserve 201708.jpg
Aerial view of Towra Point Nature Reserve

The Towra Point Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located in Sutherland Shire, Southern Sydney, New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 603-hectare (1,490-acre) reserve is situated on the southern shores of Botany Bay at Kurnell, within the Sutherland Shire. [1] The reserve is protected under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance as an important breeding ground for many vulnerable, protected, or endangered species. The Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve is located in the surrounding waterways.

Contents

History

Towra Point Nature Reserve
A geoshape of Towra Point Nature Reserve

Kurnell was inhabited by the Dharawal people, and there are three middens and one relic that still remain today at the Towra Point Nature Reserve.

Captain Cook mapped Botany Bay when he landed in 1770, including Towra Point. Early European colonialists ran horses and cattle on Towra Point, despite the poor condition of the land for such a purpose. In 1827, "Towra Point" and "Towra Bay" were recorded as local names by the surveyor Robert Dixon. Another name known for the area was "Stinkpot Bay". [3] In 1861, Thomas Holt bought Towra Point, and divided it into paddocks for grazing or growing corn. Sheep grazing was particularly disastrous, and many thousands of sheep died of footrot and are buried at Towra Point. [4] In the late 1870s, Thomas Holt began oyster farming at Weeney Bay in Towra Point. [5] [6] In 1935, the Parks and Playgrounds Movement of NSW opposed an application to mine for shell at Towra Point. [7] During World War II, a radar station was established, and a causeway built. [5] [6] In 1946, Towra Point was considered as a location for a second Sydney airport. [8]

In the 1960s, movement began to preserve Towra Point led initially by the President of Sutherland Shire, Arthur Gietzelt, [9] and Tom Uren, the then Federal Minister for Urban Affairs. [10] In 1965 Ian Griffith, state MP for Cronulla, praised the idea, but was met by community backlash. [11] In March 1969, the then Prime Minister, John Gorton ruled out Towra Point as a potential site for a second airport, citing community noise problems. [12] The opening to Botany Bay was dredged in the 1970s to assist shipping, but this refracted the wave patterns in the bay, focusing them on Towra Point, causing erosion. [13] The building of the revetment wall in Port Botany was also thought to contribute to the changed wave patterns. In 1974 and 1975, the waves off Towra were so strong that teens surfed there. [14]

Following lobbying by Ray Thorburn, [15] the reserve was bought by the Government of Australia in 1975, attempting to fulfil obligations to JAMBA, which would come into force in April 1981. [1] This was the first time that the Australian Government had bought land for nature conservation purposes within a state. [16] On 10 September 1979 the oil tanker World Encouragement spilled approximately 95 tonnes (105 short tons) of crude oil into Botany Bay. Mangroves at Quibray Bay, Weeney Bay and Towra Point were impacted – 100 hectares (250 acres) of mangroves were affected, and 4.4 hectares (11 acres) died. [17]

In 1981, another oil spill occurred at the Matraville refinery, causing more damage to the mangroves. [18] In 1982, Towra Point was officially made a nature reserve. [19] In 1983 Towra was suffering from erosion – the Elephant's Trunk, a peninsula of Towra had shrunk to 3 metres wide. The seagrasses were also being eaten by sea-urchins – the population had exploded from 20,000 per hectare in 1979 to 80,000 by 1983. [20] It was declared a Ramsar site (or wetland of international importance) in 1984, at the time meeting Ramsar criteria 1, 2, 3 and 6. In 2009, Towra Point met Ramsar criteria 2, 3, 4 and 8. [19] In 1987, the Towra Point Aquatic Nature Reserve was created, covering 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres) in the waterways surrounding Towra Point. [1] Towra Point Nature Reserve also attempts to meet the Federal government's obligations to CAMBA, which came into force in 1988.[ citation needed ]

In 1990, the Elephant's Trunk was eroded so much that the tip broke off into an island. By this time, Towra Beach was so eroded that trees that were part of the forest were "tumbling into the water". [21] The Friends of Towra Point volunteer group was founded in February 1997 and they do such activities as bush regeneration, seed collection, vegetation surveys and habitat creation for the little tern. They also coordinate the annual Clean Up Australia Day activities at Towra Point. Habitat creation involves sandbagging the eroding Towra Lagoon, nest tagging, and clearing areas around nests. [22]

In 2003, it was proposed to undertake beach nourishment at Towra Point, involving 60,000 cubic metres of sand. [23] While this had an immediate negative effect on some amphipod species, they had recovered by 2005. [24] In January 2004, 24 little tern were killed after picnickers and a dog accidentally landed on Towra Spit Island. [25] In 2004, a A$1.5 million dredging project was undertaken to cut off Towra Spit Island from the rest of Towra Point to provide a fox-free environment. [26] In around 2007, the La Perouse Aboriginal Community began sending trainees to work in the area for the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service as part of the "Towra Team", combining bush regeneration work with learning traditional Aboriginal cultural skills. [27] [28]

In 2010, artificial roosting posts were installed by the Office of Environment & Heritage to supplement the roosting habitat in the area. [29] In the 2010 breeding season, 72 little tern fledged. [30] In 2012, the site received a "Grey Globe" award of shame, given to Ramsar sites that are considered to be under threat. [31] In 2013, the Botany Bay National Park and 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of land including Towra Point Nature Reserve were to be included on the State Heritage Register. [32]

Habitats

Saltmarsh and mangroves make up a large part of Towra Point Nature Reserve. Towra Point, NSW - Salt marsh and mangroves (2018).JPG
Saltmarsh and mangroves make up a large part of Towra Point Nature Reserve.

Towra Point, atop an ancient river delta deposit, has many distinct habitats – these diverse habitats are part of why Towra Point is a Ramsar site. The habitats of the reserve are:

In 2001, the mangrove forests of Towra Point were described as varying in width between tens and hundreds of metres and largely consisting of the grey mangrove Avicennia marina with the river mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum growing in patches along the edge of the forest closest to the landward edge. [33]

Species

Towra Point Nature Reserve is home to many endangered, vulnerable, protected and exotic species. This list is from the NSW Government's Environment and Heritage department website – a comprehensive listing, including numbers, scientific names, and protection status, can be found at this link. [34]

Looking across towards Towra Point Nature Reserve from Sandringham, New South Wales. View of Towra Point Nature Reserve.jpg
Looking across towards Towra Point Nature Reserve from Sandringham, New South Wales.

Birds

Amphibians

Mammals

Reptiles

Plants

Human effects

The ecosystem surrounding Towra Point has been impacted as a result of human interaction.

Positive effects

Looking west from the air over Towra Point Towra point.jpg
Looking west from the air over Towra Point

Humans can maximise the area of healthy, functioning intertidal wetlands by minimising their impacts and by developing management strategies that protect, and where possible rehabilitate these ecosystems at risk.

The following are positive ways of trying to protect or rehabilitate intertidal wetlands.

Negative effects

Management of the reserve

Traditional

The traditional objectives for the management of wetland areas were built around the use of wetland resources for food, shelter and tools. Grey mangrove wood, for example, was used to make shields, shells were made into fishing hooks; and marine animals were used for food.

Contemporary

Care has been taken to develop management plans that are both realistic and flexible. They need to take into account scientific and technological advances, changing social and political attitudes and variations in the level of funding. Management plans also need to be consistent with Australia's international obligations under JAMBA, CAMBA and Ramsar. [38]

Applicable legislation and international environmental law

International environmental law

Ramsar Convention (1971), JAMBA (1981), Bonn Convention (1983), CAMBA (1988), ROKAMBA (2006), the Partnership for the Conservation of Migratory Waterbirds and the Sustainable Use of their Habitats in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (2006), [19] Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).

Federal environmental law

As the Towra Point area is Ramsar listed, this attracts the operation of the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and regulations. Section 17B provides that a person is guilty of a criminal offence if (a) the person takes an action [see:s.523]; and (b) the action results or will result in a significant impact on the ecological character of a wetland; and (c) the wetland is a declared Ramsar wetland. Towra Point Nature Reserve is listed a component of Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia, a critically endangered ecological community under the EPBC Act. [39]

State environmental law

In addition to land use planning law, the following Acts are applicable National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW), Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW), Fisheries Management Act 1994 (NSW), Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW) [19] and applicable SEPPs (e.g. State Environmental Planning Policy No 39—Spit Island Bird Habitat). Following a review, several SEPPs were repealed in favour of using Local Environmental Plans. [40]

Towra Point Nature Reserve has been listed as being part of the Coastal Dune Littoral Rainforest ecological community, an endangered ecological community under the TSC Act.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Towra Point Nature Reserve: Park management". Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales . Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "Towra Point". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  3. ↑ "Origin of the names of suburbs and other places" (PDF). Sutherland Shire Council. May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2014.
  4. ↑ Molloy, Fran (20 March 2000). "Kurnell Sands Demand Shift in Attitude". The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 26 January 2003. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Entrance of Endeavour River, in New South Wales" (1773) [Map]. Collections. State Library of Queensland.
  6. 1 2 "Towra Point Nature Reserve". Sutherland Shire. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  7. ↑ "Parks and Playgrounds". The Sydney Morning Herald . 10 May 1935. p. 5. Retrieved 4 June 2014– via National Library of Australia.
  8. ↑ "Second Sydney Airport — A Chronology" (PDF) (PDF). Department of the Parliamentary Library; Government of Australia. 2002. ISSN   1328-746X . Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  9. ↑ "Federation Chamber: Condolences: Gietzelt, Hon. Arthur Thomas, AO". Parliament of Australia. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  10. ↑ "Looking back: biodiversity legislation". National Parks Journal. April 2005. Archived from the original on 4 July 2005.
  11. ↑ Trembath, Murray (12 October 2018). "Flashback Friday Photos | People power stops airport at Towra Point". St George & Sutherland Shire Leader. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  12. ↑ "Tasmania: Sydney Airport: Towra Point Development (Question No. 1918)". Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  13. ↑ "Rough ride for bay's fragile beauty". The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 July 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  14. ↑ Glascott, Joseph (4 June 1983). "Bird haven threatened, say ecologists". The Sydney Morning Herald . The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 5.
  15. ↑ "Death Of Mr Ray William Thorburn". Parliament of Australia. 11 February 1986. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  16. ↑ "Mangrove area to be reserve". The Canberra Times . 21 March 1975. p. 3. Retrieved 9 May 2014– via National Library of Australia.
  17. ↑ "World Encouragement, Botany Bay, September 1979". Australian Maritime Safety Authority . Government of Australia. 10 September 1979. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  18. ↑ Glascott, Joseph (7 April 1982). "Oil spill killing vital bird sanctuary, say scientists". The Sydney Morning Herald . The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 16.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Towra Point ECD" (PDF). Local Land Services: Greater Sydney (PDF). Government of New South Wales.
  20. ↑ Glascott, Joseph (17 September 1983). "The 'Old Man' of Botany: Bernie's fight to save the bay". The Sydney Morning Herald . The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 33.
  21. ↑ Bailey, Paul (28 April 1990). "The Bay, no place for botany now". The Sydney Morning Herald . The Sydney Morning Herald Archives. p. 1.
  22. ↑ Archived 16 June 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Towra Beach Nourishment
  24. ↑ Jones, Alan R.; Murray, Anna; Lasiak, Theresa A.; Marsh, Robin E. (July 2008). "The effects of beach nourishment on the sandy-beach amphipod Exoediceros fossor: impact and recovery in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia". Marine Ecology. 29 (s1): 28–36. Bibcode:2008MarEc..29S..28J. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00197.x.
  25. ↑ Lillian, Saleh. "Bob's Good Tern – Cost To Save Each Bird? $12,500." Daily Telegraph, The (Sydney) (n.d.): Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
  26. ↑ "It's the call of the mild – one good tern deserves a little help". The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 December 2004. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  27. ↑ The Towra Team – Fact Sheets – Gardening Australia – GARDENING AUSTRALIA
  28. ↑ Towra Team: NSW - YouTube
  29. ↑ Curtin, Jennie (31 March 2010). "Towra Point wetlands". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  30. ↑ Carr, Kate (30 December 2011). "Little terns rule the roosts at reserve". St George & Sutherland Shire Leader– via Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre.
  31. ↑ Trembath, Murray (10 July 2014). "Towra bird habitat in decline". St George & Sutherland Shire Leader. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  32. ↑ "Botany Bay National Park bound for heritage register". The Sydney Morning Herald . 24 November 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  33. ↑ Minchinton, Todd E. (October 2001). "Canopy and substratum heterogeneity influence recruitment of the mangrove Avicennia marina". Journal of Ecology . 89 (5): 888–902. doi:10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00599.x.
  34. ↑ "Environment & Heritage | NSW BioNet". Environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  35. ↑ "Towra Point Nature Reserve" (PDF). Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (PDF). Ramsar. April 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  36. ↑ "Water Management Report: Appendix E: Water and Wastewater Management" (PDF). Environmental Impact Statement (PDF). Caltex Australia. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  37. ↑ Hickey, Deanne; Bruce, Eleanor (January 2010). "Examining Tidal Inundation and Salt Marsh Vegetation Distribution Patterns using Spatial Analysis (Botany Bay, Australia)". Journal of Coastal Research. 261: 94–102. doi:10.2112/08-1089.1. S2CID   130728822.
  38. ↑ Towra Point Nature Reserve: Plan of Management (PDF) (PDR). Government of New South Wales. July 2001. ISBN   0-7313-6208-X . Retrieved 2 October 2014.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ "Coastal Dune Littoral Rainforest S_RF06" (pp.21-23) in Office of Environment and Heritage (2013) 'The Native Vegetation of the Sydney Metropolitan Area Volume 2: Vegetation Community Profiles.' Sydney
  40. ↑ "State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPP) review". www.planning.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 5 February 2019.

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