2-Chloroamphetamine

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2-Chloroamphetamine
2-Chloroamphetamine.svg
Clinical data
Other names2-CA; ortho-Chloroamphetamine; o-Chloroamphetamine; OCA; o-CA
Drug class Monoamine releasing agent
Identifiers
  • 1-(2-chlorophenyl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C9H12ClN
Molar mass 169.65 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC(CC1=CC=CC=C1Cl)N
  • InChI=1S/C9H12ClN/c1-7(11)6-8-4-2-3-5-9(8)10/h2-5,7H,6,11H2,1H3
  • Key:IQHHOHJDIZRBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2-Chloroamphetamine (2-CA), also known as ortho-chloroamphetamine (OCA), is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the amphetamine family related to 2-fluoroamphetamine (2-FA). [1]

Contents

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

It has been found to induce the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes with EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values of 19.1 and 62.4 nM, respectively, whereas serotonin was not reported. [1] It has been found to also induce the release of serotonin in mouse brain slices to some degree, [2] whereas it did not induce the release of serotonin in the brain in rats in vivo . [3]

In contrast to amphetamine and para-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine), 2-CA does not appear to produce hyperlocomotion in mice, and instead has been found to decrease locomotor activity. [4] However, it did potentiate the effects of levodopa similarly to amphetamine and PCA. [4] On the other hand, like amphetamine but in contrast to PCA and 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA), 2-CA did not potentiate the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). [4] Unlike PCA, 2-CA did not produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in mice. [4]

In contrast to PCA, but similarly to amphetamine, 2-CA does not appear to produce serotonergic neurotoxicity in rats or guinea pigs. [5] [6] [3] [7] While this could be attributed to rapid metabolism in the case of 3-chloroamphetamine (3-CA), 2-CA continued to lack serotonergic neurotoxicity even when its metabolism was inhibited by desipramine. [6]

Related Research Articles

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<i>para</i>-Chloroamphetamine Chemical compound

para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family. It is used in scientific research in the study of the serotonin system, as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) at lower doses to produce serotonergic effects, and as a serotonergic neurotoxin at higher doses to produce long-lasting depletions of serotonin.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoamine releasing agent</span> Class of compounds

A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serotonin releasing agent</span> Class of compounds

A serotonin releasing agent (SRA) is a type of drug that induces the release of serotonin into the neuronal synaptic cleft. A selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) is an SRA with less significant or no efficacy in producing neurotransmitter efflux at other types of monoamine neurons, including dopamine and norepinephrine neurons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serotonin–dopamine releasing agent</span> Drug that releases serotonin and dopamine in the brain

A serotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin and dopamine in the body and/or brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-Methylmethamphetamine</span> Stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine class

4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA), also known as mephedrine, is a putative stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine family. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The drug is the β-deketo analogue of mephedrone and the N-methyl analogue of 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA).

<i>para</i>-Bromoamphetamine Chemical compound

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<i>para</i>-Iodoamphetamine Chemical compound

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<i>o</i>-Phenyl-3-iodotyramine Chemical compound

o-Phenyl-3-iodotyramine (o-PIT) is a drug which acts as a selective agonist for the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). It has reasonable selectivity for TAAR1 but relatively low potency, and is rapidly metabolised in vivo, making it less useful for research than newer ligands such as RO5166017. Its EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values have been reported to be 35 nM for the mouse TAAR1, 2.4 nM at the rat TAAR1, and 9.5 nM at the human TAAR1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5-Chloro-αMT</span> Chemical compound

5-Chloro-α-methyltryptamine (5-Chloro-αMT), also known as PAL-542, is a tryptamine derivative related to α-methyltryptamine (αMT) and one of only a few known serotonin–dopamine releasing agents (SDRAs). It is also a potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and hence may be a serotonergic psychedelic. The drug has been investigated in animals as a potential treatment for cocaine dependence.

<i>para</i>-Chloromethamphetamine Chemical compound

para-Chloromethamphetamine is a stimulant that is the N-methyl derivative and prodrug of the neurotoxic drug para-chloroamphetamine (4-CA). It has been found to decrease serotonin in rats. Further investigation into the long-term effects of chloroamphetamines discovered that administration of 4-CMA caused a prolonged reduction in the levels of serotonin and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in the brain one month after injection of a single dose of the drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoaminergic activity enhancer</span> Class of compounds in the nervous system

Monoaminergic activity enhancers (MAE), also known as catecholaminergic/serotonergic activity enhancers (CAE/SAE), are a class of drugs that enhance the action potential-evoked release of monoamine neurotransmitters in the nervous system. MAEs are distinct from monoamine releasing agents (MRAs) like amphetamine and fenfluramine in that they do not induce the release of monoamines from synaptic vesicles but rather potentiate only nerve impulse propagation-mediated monoamine release. That is, MAEs increase the amounts of monoamine neurotransmitters released by neurons per electrical impulse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoamine neurotoxin</span> Compounds that damage or destroy monoaminergic neurons

A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3-Chloroamphetamine</span> Serotonergic neurotoxin

3-Chloroamphetamine, also known as meta-chloroamphetamine (MCA), is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family and a serotonergic neurotoxin related to para-chloroamphetamine.

<i>para</i>-Bromomethamphetamine Pharmaceutical compound

para-Bromomethamphetamine, also known as 4-bromomethamphetamine (4-BMA), is a monoaminergic drug of the amphetamine family related to para-chloroamphetamine. It was studied by József Knoll and colleagues in the 1970s and 1980s.

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyl-4-methylthioamphetamine Pharmaceutical compound

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References

  1. 1 2 Blough B (July 2008). "Dopamine-releasing agents" (PDF). In Trudell ML, Izenwasser S (eds.). Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology. Hoboken [NJ]: Wiley. pp. 305–320. ISBN   978-0-470-11790-3. OCLC   181862653. OL   18589888W.
  2. ↑ Ross SB, Ogren SO, Renyi AL (October 1977). "Substituted amphetamine derivatives. I. Effect on uptake and release of biogenic monoamines and on monoamine oxidase in the mouse brain". Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 41 (4): 337–352. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1977.tb02673.x. PMID   579062.
  3. 1 2 Fuller RW, Schaffer RJ, Roush BW, Molloy BB (May 1972). "Drug disposition as a factor in the lowering of brain serotonin by chloroamphetamines in the rat". Biochem Pharmacol. 21 (10): 1413–1417. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(72)90365-6. PMID   5029422.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ogren SO, Ross SB (October 1977). "Substituted amphetamine derivatives. II. Behavioural effects in mice related to monoaminergic neurones". Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 41 (4): 353–368. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1977.tb02674.x. PMID   303437.
  5. ↑ Fuller RW (May 1992). "Effects of p-chloroamphetamine on brain serotonin neurons". Neurochem Res. 17 (5): 449–456. doi:10.1007/BF00969891. PMID   1528354.
  6. 1 2 Fuller RW (June 1978). "Structure-activity relationships among the halogenated amphetamines". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 305 (1): 147–159. Bibcode:1978NYASA.305..147F. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb31518.x. PMID   152079.
  7. ↑ Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, Roush BW, Molloy BB (January 1973). "Further structure-activity studies on the lowering of brain 5-hydroxyindoles by 4-chloramphetamine". Neuropharmacology. 12 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(73)90129-9. PMID   4687274.


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