Borna disease virus

Last updated
Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Bornaviridae
Genus: Orthobornavirus
Species:
Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus
Borna disease virus 1 G protein
Identifiers
SymbolBDV_G
Pfam PF06208
InterPro IPR009344
Borna disease virus 1 P10 protein
Identifiers
SymbolBDV_P10
Pfam PF06515
InterPro IPR009485
Borna disease virus 1 P40 protein
PDB 1n93 EBI.jpg
crystal structure of the borna disease virus 1 nucleoprotein
Identifiers
SymbolBDV_P40
Pfam PF06407
InterPro IPR009441
SCOP2 1n93 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Borna disease virus 1 P24 protein
Identifiers
SymbolBDV_P24
Pfam PF06595
InterPro IPR009517

The Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and cause Borna disease in mammals.

Contents

Virology

Genome

BoDV-1/2 have the smallest genome (8.9 kilobases) of any Mononegavirales member and are unique within that order in their ability to replicate within the host cell nucleus.

BoDV-1 was isolated from a diseased horse in the 1970s, but the virus particles were difficult to characterise. Nonetheless, the virus' genome has been characterised. It is a linear negative-sense single stranded RNA virus in the order Mononegavirales .

Several of the proteins encoded by the BoDV-1 genome have been characterised. The G glycoprotein is important for viral entry into the host cell. [1] [2]

It has been suggested that the p10, or X, protein plays a role in viral RNA synthesis or ribonucleoprotein transport. [3]

The P40 nucleoprotein from BoDV-1 is multi-helical in structure and can be divided into two subdomains, each of which has an alpha-bundle topology. [4] The nucleoprotein assembles into a planar homotetramer, with the RNA genome either wrapping around the outside of the tetramer or possibly fitting within the charged central channel of the tetramer .

P24 (phosphoprotein 24) is an essential component of the RNA polymerase transcription and replication complex. P24 is encoded by open reading frame II (ORF-II) and undergoes high rates of mutation in humans. It [binds amphoterin-HMGB1, a multifunctional protein, directly and may cause deleterious effects in cellular functions by interference with HMGB1. [5] Horse and human P24 have no species-specific amino acid residues, suggesting that the two viruses are related. [6] [7] Numerous interactions of the immune system with the central nervous system have been described. Mood and psychotic disorders, such as severe depression and schizophrenia, are both heterogeneous disorders regarding clinical symptomatology, the acuity of symptoms, the clinical course and the treatment response. [8] BoDV-1 p24 RNA has been detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of psychiatric patients with such conditions. [7] Some studies find a significant difference in the prevalence of BDV p24 RNA in patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia, [9] whilst others find no difference between patients and control groups. [7] Consequently, debate about the role of BDV in psychiatric diseases remains alive.

Replication

Bornaviruses enter host cells by endocytosis. The viral genome and associated viral proteins is released into the cytoplasm following fusion of the viral envelope and the endosome membrane. [10] Replication of bornaviruses occurs inside the nucleus. These are the only animal viruses within the order Mononegavirales to do this. Many plant rhabdoviruses replicate in the nucleus.

Bornaviruses have negative sense RNA genomes [11] The negative sense RNA is copied to make a positive sense RNA template. This template is then used to synthesise many copies of the negative sense RNA genome. This is like making copies of a mold, and then using these molds to make many more viruses.

Endogenous provirus

Endogenous viral elements homologous to the nucleoprotein gene of BoDV-1 have been shown to exist in the genomes of several mammalian species, including humans and non-human primates. [12]

Evolution

A Bayesian analysis of Borna disease virus 1 suggests that the current strains diversified ~300 years ago and that avian-host bornaviruses evolved considerably earlier than this. [13] The ancestral virus seems likely to have been a high AT content virus.

History

Borna disease was first described in 1885 as "heated head disease" of cavalry horses in 1885 in the town of Borna, Germany. [14]

Related Research Articles

<i>Paramyxoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include measles, mumps, and respiratory tract infections. The family has four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 78 species, three genera of which are unassigned to a subfamily.

<i>Filoviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales

Filoviridae is a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers.

<i>Henipavirus</i> Genus of RNA viruses

Henipavirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing six established species, and numerous others still under study. Henipaviruses are naturally harboured by several species of small mammals, notably pteropid fruit bats, microbats of several species, and shrews. Henipaviruses are characterised by long genomes and a wide host range. Their recent emergence as zoonotic pathogens capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans is a cause of concern.

<i>Morbillivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the order Mononegavirales, in the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans, dogs, cats, cattle, seals, and cetaceans serve as natural hosts. This genus includes seven species. Diseases in humans associated with viruses classified in this genus include measles; in animals, they include acute febrile respiratory tract infection.

<i>Rhabdoviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales

Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi and protozoans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses. The name is derived from Ancient Greek rhabdos, meaning rod, referring to the shape of the viral particles. The family has 40 genera, most assigned to three subfamilies.

<i>Mononegavirales</i> Order of viruses

Mononegavirales is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some common members of the order are Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in humans. Many other important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also in the group. The order includes eleven virus families: Artoviridae, Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Lispiviridae, Mymonaviridae, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Sunviridae, and Xinmoviridae.

Borna disease, also known as sad horse disease, is an infectious neurological syndrome of warm-blooded animals, caused by Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1/2). BoDV-1/2 are neurotropic viruses of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus, and members of the Bornaviridae family within the Mononegavirales order.

<i>Bornaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Bornaviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Horses, sheep, cattle, rodents, birds, reptiles, and humans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with bornaviruses include Borna disease, a fatal neurologic disease of mammals restricted to central Europe; and proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in birds. Bornaviruses may cause encephalitis in mammals like horses or sheep. The family includes 11 species assigned to three genera.

<i>Polyomaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds. As of 2020, there are six recognized genera and 117 species, five of which are unassigned to a genus. 14 species are known to infect humans, while others, such as Simian Virus 40, have been identified in humans to a lesser extent. Most of these viruses are very common and typically asymptomatic in most human populations studied. BK virus is associated with nephropathy in renal transplant and non-renal solid organ transplant patients, JC virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and Merkel cell virus with Merkel cell cancer.

<i>Lassa mammarenavirus</i> Type of viral hemorrhagic fever

Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa mammarenavirus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year.

Nucleoprotein Type of protein

Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins.

<i>Alphavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. This is in contrast to typical DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, which all organisms use to catalyze the transcription of RNA from a DNA template.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virus</span> Infectious agent that replicates in cells

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.

In 2008, by pyrosequencing of cDNA from the brains of several parrots suffering from proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), Honkavuori et al. identified the presence of a novel bornavirus.

The species Lloviu cuevavirus is the taxonomic home of a virus that forms filamentous virion, Lloviu virus (LLOV). The species is included in the genus Cuevavirus. LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

<i>Nyamiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Nyamiviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Ecdysozoa and birds serve as natural hosts. The name is a portmanteau of Nyamanini Pan and Midway Atoll and the suffix -viridae used to denote a virus family. There are seven genera in this family.

Perhabdovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Fish serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with viruses of this genus include: breathing and swimming problems.

<i>Pneumoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Pneumoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Humans, cattle, and rodents serve as natural hosts. Respiratory tract infections are associated with member viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus. There are five species in the family which are divided between the genera Metapneumovirus and Orthopneumovirus. The family used to be considered as a sub-family of Paramyxoviridae, but has been reclassified as of 2016.

Feline morbillivirus comes from the genus Morbillivirus, specifically influencing wild and domestic cats. The first report of a Feline morbillivirus outbreak occurred in Hong Kong in 2012. Approximately 10% of stray cats in Hong Kong and mainland China were reported to possess the virus at the time with additional infections found in Japan as well. 40% of cats tested in Japan were Fmo-PV positive and exhibited early symptoms of kidney failure. While the first cases of Feline morbillivirus were found in China, Hong Kong and Japan, the virus can also be found in Italy, Germany, and the United States. Feline morbillivirus exhibits a substantial amount of genetic diversity, yet cases in Japan and Hong Kong proved to have identical nucleotide sequences. It is also hypothesized that the morbillivirus has high adaptability due to its presence in multiple species. It is often found in dogs, cats, cattle, whales, dolphins, porpoises, and even humans. It likely originated from an ancestral version and underwent viral evolution to adapt to transmission in different species. Other common morbilliviruses include measles, rinderpest virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus.

References

  1. ↑ Schneider PA, Hatalski CG, Lewis AJ, Lipkin WI (January 1997). "Biochemical and functional analysis of the Borna disease virus G protein". Journal of Virology. 71 (1): 331–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.71.1.331-336.1997. PMC   191055 . PMID   8985354.
  2. ↑ Perez M, Watanabe M, Whitt MA, de la Torre JC (August 2001). "N-terminal domain of Borna disease virus G (p56) protein is sufficient for virus receptor recognition and cell entry". Journal of Virology. 75 (15): 7078–85. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.15.7078-7085.2001. PMC   114436 . PMID   11435588.
  3. ↑ Wolff T, Pfleger R, Wehner T, Reinhardt J, Richt JA (April 2000). "A short leucine-rich sequence in the Borna disease virus p10 protein mediates association with the viral phospho- and nucleoproteins". The Journal of General Virology. 81 (Pt 4): 939–47. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-939 . PMID   10725419.
  4. ↑ Planz O, Stitz L (February 1999). "Borna disease virus nucleoprotein (p40) is a major target for CD8(+)-T-cell-mediated immune response". Journal of Virology. 73 (2): 1715–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.2.1715-1718.1999. PMC   104005 . PMID   9882386.
  5. ↑ Zhang G, Kobayashi T, Kamitani W, Komoto S, Yamashita M, Baba S, Yanai H, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K (November 2003). "Borna disease virus phosphoprotein represses p53-mediated transcriptional activity by interference with HMGB1". Journal of Virology. 77 (22): 12243–51. doi:10.1128/jvi.77.22.12243-12251.2003. PMC   254253 . PMID   14581561.
  6. ↑ Kishi M, Arimura Y, Ikuta K, Shoya Y, Lai PK, Kakinuma M (January 1996). "Sequence variability of Borna disease virus open reading frame II found in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells". Journal of Virology. 70 (1): 635–40. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.1.635-640.1996. PMC   189858 . PMID   8523585.
  7. 1 2 3 Iwata Y, Takahashi K, Peng X, Fukuda K, Ohno K, Ogawa T, Gonda K, Mori N, Niwa S, Shigeta S (December 1998). "Detection and sequence analysis of borna disease virus p24 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mood disorders or schizophrenia and of blood donors". Journal of Virology. 72 (12): 10044–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.12.10044-10049.1998. PMC   110530 . PMID   9811743.
  8. ↑ Nunes SO, Itano EN, Amarante MK, Reiche EM, Miranda HC, de Oliveira CE, Matsuo T, Vargas HO, Watanabe MA (2008). "RNA from Borna disease virus in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective patients, and in their biological relatives". Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 22 (4): 314–20. doi:10.1002/jcla.20261. PMC   6649126 . PMID   18623121.
  9. ↑ Miranda HC, Nunes SO, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MA (January 2006). "Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients". Journal of Affective Disorders. 90 (1): 43–7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008. PMID   16324750.
  10. ↑ Schwemmle, M. and Lipkin, W.I. (2004) Models and mechanisms of Bornavirus pathogenesis. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 1(2):211–216
  11. ↑ Tomonaga K, Kobayashi T, Ikuta K (April 2002). "Molecular and cellular biology of Borna disease virus infection". Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 4 (4): 491–500. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01564-2. PMID   11932200.
  12. ↑ Horie M, Honda T, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi Y, Daito T, Oshida T, Ikuta K, Jern P, Gojobori T, Coffin JM, Tomonaga K (January 2010). "Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements in mammalian genomes". Nature. 463 (7277): 84–7. doi:10.1038/nature08695. PMC   2818285 . PMID   20054395.
  13. ↑ He, Mei; An, Tie-Zhu; Teng, Chun-Bo (2014). "Evolution of mammalian and avian bornaviruses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 385–91. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.006. PMID   25046276.
  14. ↑ "Evolutionary Surprise: Eight Percent of Human Genetic Material Comes from a Virus". ScienceDaily. 2010-01-08.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.