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The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) are air pollution standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The standards, authorized by the Clean Air Act, are for pollutants not covered by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. [1]
The standards for a particular source category require the maximum degree of emission reduction that the EPA determines to be achievable, which is known as the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. [2] These standards are authorized by Section 112 of the 1970 Clean Air Act and the regulations are published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). [3]
EPA regulates the following hazardous air pollutants with the MACT standards.
| CAS Number | Chemical Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 75-07-0 | Acetaldehyde | |
| 60-35-5 | Acetamide | |
| 75-05-8 | Acetonitrile | |
| 98-86-2 | Acetophenone (Methyl Phenyl Ketone) | |
| 53-96-3 | 2-Acetylaminofluorene | |
| 107-02-8 | Acrolein | |
| 79-06-1 | Acrylamide | |
| 79-10-7 | Acrylic acid | |
| 107-13-1 | Acrylonitrile | |
| 107-05-1 | Allyl chloride (3-Chloropropene) | |
| 92-67-1 | 4-Aminobiphenyl | |
| 62-53-3 | Aniline | |
| 90-04-0 | o-Anisidine | |
| 1332-21-4 | Asbestos | |
| 71-43-2 | Benzene | including benzene from gasoline |
| 92-87-5 | Benzidine | |
| 98-07-7 | Benzotrichloride | |
| 100-44-7 | Benzyl chloride | |
| 92-52-4 | Biphenyl | |
| 117-81-7 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | |
| 542-88-1 | Bis(chloromethyl)ether | |
| 75-25-2 | Bromoform (Tribromomethane) | |
| 106-99-0 | 1,3-Butadiene | |
| 156-62-7 | Calcium cyanamide | |
| 105-60-2 | Caprolactam | Delisted on June 18, 1996 |
| 133-06-2 | Captan | |
| 63-25-2 | Carbaryl | |
| 75-15-0 | Carbon disulfide | |
| 56-23-5 | Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane) | |
| 463-58-1 | Carbonyl sulfide | |
| 120-80-9 | Catechol | |
| 133-90-4 | Chloramben | |
| 57-74-9 | Chlordane | |
| 7782-50-5 | Chlorine | |
| 79-11-8 | Chloroacetic acid | |
| 532-27-4 | 2-Chloroacetophenone | |
| 108-90-7 | Chlorobenzene | |
| 510-15-6 | Chlorobenzilate | |
| 67-66-3 | Chloroform (Trichloromethane) | |
| 107-30-2 | Chloromethyl methyl ether | |
| 126-99-8 | Chloroprene | |
| 1319-77-3 | Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and mixture) | |
| 95-48-7 | o-Cresol | |
| 108-39-4 | m-Cresol | |
| 106-44-5 | p-Cresol | |
| 98-82-8 | Cumene | |
| 94-75-7 | 2,4-D, salts and esters | |
| 3547-04-4 | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) | |
| 334-88-3 | Diazomethane | |
| 132-64-9 | Dibenzofurans | |
| 96-12-8 | 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | |
| 84-74-2 | Dibutylphthalate | |
| 106-46-7 | 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-Dichlorobenzene) | |
| 91-94-1 | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine | |
| 111-44-4 | Dichloroethyl ether (Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether) | |
| 542-75-6 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | |
| 62-73-7 | Dichlorvos | |
| 111-42-2 | Diethanolamine | |
| 64-67-5 | Diethyl sulfate | |
| 119-90-4 | 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine | |
| 60-11-7 | Dimethyl aminoazobenzene | |
| 119-93-7 | 3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine | |
| 79-44-7 | Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride | |
| 68-12-2 | Dimethyl formamide | |
| 57-14-7 | 1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine | |
| 131-11-3 | Dimethyl phthalate | |
| 77-78-1 | Dimethyl sulfate | |
| 121-69-7 | N,N-Dimethylaniline | Clean Air Act erroneously lists N,N-Diethylaniline |
| 534-52-1 | 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and salts | |
| 51-28-5 | 2,4-Dinitrophenol | |
| 121-14-2 | 2,4-Dinitrotoluene | |
| 123-91-1 | 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide) | |
| 122-66-7 | 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine | |
| 106-89-8 | Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane) | |
| 106-88-7 | 1,2-Epoxybutane | |
| 140-88-5 | Ethyl acrylate | |
| 100-41-4 | Ethyl benzene | |
| 51-79-6 | Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) | |
| 75-00-3 | Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane) | |
| 106-93-4 | Ethylene dibromide (1,2-Dibromoethane) | |
| 107-06-2 | Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) | |
| 107-21-1 | Ethylene glycol | |
| 151-56-4 | Ethylene imine (Aziridine) | |
| 75-21-8 | Ethylene oxide | |
| 96-45-7 | Ethylene thiourea | |
| 75-34-3 | Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane) | |
| 50-00-0 | Formaldehyde | |
| 76-44-8 | Heptachlor | |
| 118-74-1 | Hexachlorobenzene | |
| 87-68-3 | Hexachlorobutadiene | |
| 77-47-4 | Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | |
| 67-72-1 | Hexachloroethane | |
| 822-06-0 | Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate | |
| 680-31-9 | Hexamethylphosphoramide | |
| 110-54-3 | Hexane | |
| 302-01-2 | Hydrazine | |
| 7647-01-0 | Hydrochloric acid | |
| 7664-39-3 | Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid) | |
| 7783-06-4 | Hydrogen sulfide | Delisted on December 4, 1991 |
| 123-31-9 | Hydroquinone | |
| 78-59-1 | Isophorone | |
| 58-89-9 | Lindane (all isomers) | |
| 108-31-6 | Maleic anhydride | |
| 67-56-1 | Methanol | |
| 72-43-5 | Methoxychlor | |
| 74-83-9 | Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) | |
| 74-87-3 | Methyl chloride (Chloromethane) | |
| 71-55-6 | Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) | |
| 78-93-3 | Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone or MEK) | Delisted on December 19, 2005 |
| 60-34-4 | Methyl hydrazine | |
| 74-88-4 | Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) | |
| 108-10-1 | Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone or MIBK) | currently under review for delisting |
| 624-83-9 | Methyl isocyanate | |
| 80-62-6 | Methyl methacrylate | |
| 1634-04-4 | Methyl tert-butyl ether | |
| 101-14-4 | 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) | |
| 75-09-2 | Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane) | |
| 101-68-8 | Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) | currently under review for delisting |
| 101-77-9 | 4,4'-Methylenedianiline | |
| 91-20-3 | Naphthalene | |
| 98-95-3 | Nitrobenzene | |
| 92-93-3 | 4-Nitrobiphenyl | |
| 100-02-7 | 4-Nitrophenol | |
| 79-46-9 | 2-Nitropropane | |
| 684-93-5 | N-Nitroso-N-methylurea | |
| 62-75-9 | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | |
| 59-89-2 | N-Nitrosomorpholine | |
| 56-38-2 | Parathion | |
| 82-68-8 | Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene) | |
| 87-86-5 | Pentachlorophenol | |
| 108-95-2 | Phenol | |
| 106-50-3 | p-Phenylenediamine | |
| 75-44-5 | Phosgene | |
| 7803-51-2 | Phosphine | |
| 7723-14-0 | Phosphorus | |
| 85-44-9 | Phthalic anhydride | |
| 1336-36-3 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors) | |
| 1120-71-4 | 1,3-Propane sultone | |
| 57-57-8 | beta-Propiolactone | |
| 123-38-6 | Propionaldehyde | |
| 114-26-1 | Propoxur (Baygon) | |
| 78-87-5 | Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane) | |
| 75-56-9 | Propylene oxide | |
| 75-55-8 | 1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methyl aziridine) | |
| 91-22-5 | Quinoline | |
| 106-51-4 | Quinone | |
| 100-42-5 | Styrene | |
| 96-09-3 | Styrene oxide | |
| 1746-01-6 | 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin | |
| 79-34-5 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | |
| 127-18-4 | Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) | |
| 7550-45-0 | Titanium tetrachloride | |
| 108-88-3 | Toluene | |
| 95-80-7 | 2,4-Toluene diamine | |
| 584-84-9 | 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate | |
| 95-53-4 | o-Toluidine | |
| 8001-35-2 | Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) | |
| 120-82-1 | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | |
| 79-00-5 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | |
| 79-01-6 | Trichloroethylene | |
| 95-95-4 | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol | |
| 88-06-2 | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | |
| 121-44-8 | Triethylamine | |
| 1582-09-8 | Trifluralin | |
| 540-84-1 | 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | |
| 108-05-4 | Vinyl acetate | |
| 593-60-2 | Vinyl bromide (Bromoethene) | |
| 75-01-4 | Vinyl chloride (Chloroethene) | |
| 75-35-4 | Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene) | |
| 1330-20-7 | Xylenes (isomers and mixture) | |
| 95-47-6 | o-Xylenes | |
| 108-38-3 | m-Xylenes | |
| 106-42-3 | p-Xylenes | |
| n/a | Antimony Compounds | |
| n/a | Arsenic Compounds | inorganic including arsine |
| n/a | Beryllium Compounds | |
| n/a | Cadmium Compounds | |
| n/a | Chromium Compounds | |
| n/a | Cobalt Compounds | |
| n/a | Coke Oven Emissions | |
| n/a | Cyanide Compounds 1 | |
| n/a | Glycol ethers 2 | |
| n/a | Lead Compounds | |
| n/a | Manganese Compounds | |
| n/a | Mercury Compounds | |
| n/a | Fine mineral fibers 3 | |
| n/a | Nickel Compounds | |
| n/a | Polycylic Organic Matter 4 | |
| n/a | Radionuclides 5 | including radon |
| n/a | Selenium Compounds |
For all listings above which contain the word "compounds" and for glycol ethers, the following applies: Unless otherwise specified, these listings are defined as including any unique chemical substance that contains the named chemical (i.e., antimony, arsenic, etc.) as part of that chemical's infrastructure.
Most air toxics originate from human-made sources, including mobile sources (e.g., cars, trucks, buses) and stationary sources (e.g., factories, oil refineries, power plants), as well as indoor sources (e.g., building materials and activities such as cleaning). There are two types of stationary sources that generate routine emissions of air toxics:
EPA published its initial list of source categories in 1992. [5] Subsequently the agency issued several revisions and updates to the list and the regulatory promulgation schedule. For each listed source category, EPA indicates whether the sources are considered to be major sources or area sources. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments direct EPA to set standards for all major sources of air toxics, and for some area sources that are of particular concern. EPA is required to review all source category regulations every eight years. [6]
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values. Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in the environment in the long term. However, the degradation products of some pollutants are themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced from the degradation of DDT.
Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills, and mining operations. Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, semi-solid or liquid in form. It may be hazardous waste or non-hazardous waste. Industrial waste may pollute the nearby soil or adjacent water bodies, and can contaminate groundwater, lakes, streams, rivers or coastal waters. Industrial waste is often mixed into municipal waste, making accurate assessments difficult. An estimate for the US goes as high as 7.6 billion tons of industrial waste produced annually, as of 2017. Most countries have enacted legislation to deal with the problem of industrial waste, but strictness and compliance regimes vary. Enforcement is always an issue.
The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards are limits on atmospheric concentration of six pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act, NAAQS is applied for outdoor air throughout the country.
2-Butoxyethanol is an organic compound with the chemical formula BuOC2H4OH (Bu = CH3CH2CH2CH2). This colorless liquid has a sweet, ether-like odor, as it derives from the family of glycol ethers, and is a butyl ether of ethylene glycol. As a relatively nonvolatile, inexpensive solvent, it is used in many domestic and industrial products because of its properties as a surfactant. It is a known respiratory irritant and can be acutely toxic, but animal studies did not find it to be mutagenic, and no studies suggest it is a human carcinogen. A study of 13 classroom air contaminants conducted in Portugal reported a statistically significant association with increased rates of nasal obstruction and a positive association below the level of statistical significance with a higher risk of obese asthma and increased child BMI.
A State Implementation Plan (SIP) is a United States state plan for complying with the federal Clean Air Act, administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The SIP, developed by a state agency and approved by EPA, consists of narrative, rules, technical documentation, and agreements that an individual state will use to control and clean up polluted areas.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The term is used in the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 (CAA) to refer to air pollution emission standards, and in the Clean Water Act (CWA) referring to standards for water pollution discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters.
Effluent Guidelines are U.S. national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues Effluent Guideline regulations for categories of industrial sources of water pollution under Title III of the Clean Water Act (CWA). The standards are technology-based, i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies. Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.
Design for the Environment (DfE) is a design approach to reduce the overall human health and environmental impact of a product, process or service, where impacts are considered across its life cycle. Different software tools have been developed to assist designers in finding optimized products or processes/services. DfE is also the original name of a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program, created in 1992, that works to prevent pollution, and the risk pollution presents to humans and the environment. The program provides information regarding safer chemical formulations for cleaning and other products. EPA renamed its program "Safer Choice" in 2015.
Title 40 is a part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40 arranges mainly environmental regulations that were promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based on the provisions of United States laws. Parts of the regulation may be updated annually on July 1.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the United States' primary federal air quality law, intended to reduce and control air pollution nationwide. Initially enacted in 1963 and amended many times since, it is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws.
To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.
The environmental effects of paper are significant, which has led to changes in industry and behaviour at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper became a relatively cheap commodity, which led to a high level of consumption and waste. The rise in global environmental issues such as air and water pollution, climate change, overflowing landfills and clearcutting have all lead to increased government regulations. There is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry as it moves to reduce clear cutting, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption and clean up its influence on local water supplies and air pollution.
Air quality laws govern the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere. A specialized subset of air quality laws regulate the quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are often designed specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are designed to address broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect the ozone layer, and emissions trading programs to address acid rain or climate change. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorising air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and dictating necessary or appropriate mitigation technologies.
Water quality laws govern the protection of water resources for human health and the environment. Water quality laws are legal standards or requirements governing water quality, that is, the concentrations of water pollutants in some regulated volume of water. Such standards are generally expressed as levels of a specific water pollutants that are deemed acceptable in the water volume, and are generally designed relative to the water's intended use - whether for human consumption, industrial or domestic use, recreation, or as aquatic habitat. Additionally, these laws provide regulations on the alteration of the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments. Water quality laws provides the foundation for regulations in water standards, monitoring, required inspections and permits, and enforcement. These laws may be modified to meet current needs and priorities.
Mercury regulation in the United States limit the maximum concentrations of mercury (Hg) that is permitted in air, water, soil, food and drugs. The regulations are promulgated by agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as a variety of state and local authorities. EPA published the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) regulation in 2012; the first federal standards requiring power plants to limit emissions of mercury and other toxic gases.
Mobile source air pollution includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines and equipment that can be moved from one location to another. Many of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have negative effects on human health. To prevent unnecessary damage to human health and the environment, environmental regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have established policies to minimize air pollution from mobile sources. Similar agencies exist at the state level. Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile sources are regulated differently from stationary sources, such as power plants. Instead of monitoring individual emitters, such as an individual vehicle, mobile sources are often regulated more broadly through design and fuel standards. Examples of this include corporate average fuel economy standards and laws that ban leaded gasoline in the United States. The increase in the number of motor vehicles driven in the U.S. has made efforts to limit mobile source pollution challenging. As a result, there have been a number of different regulatory instruments implemented to reach the desired emissions goals.
There are many exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law: the oil and gas industries are exempt or excluded from certain sections of a number of the major federal environmental laws. These laws range from protecting clean water and air, to preventing the release of toxic substances and chemicals into the environment: the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund.
Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency, 573 U.S. 302 (2014), was a US Supreme Court case regarding the Environmental Protection Agency's regulation of air pollution under the Clean Air Act.
Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency, 576 U.S. 743 (2015), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court analyzed whether the Environmental Protection Agency must consider costs when deciding to regulate, rather than later in the process of issuing the regulation.