List of fascist movements by country N–T

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A list of political parties, organizations, and movements adhering to various forms of fascist ideology, part of the list of fascist movements by country.

Fascist movements, sorted by country

Overview A-F G-M N-T U-Z

LogoName of movementCountry of predominant operationCame to power?Founded post-World War II?Active?General influenceFlagNotes
Dutch People's Union NetherlandsNoYes (1971)YesNeo-Nazism
Wappen NSB 1931-1936.svg General Dutch Fascist League NetherlandsYesNo (1932)NoNazism Flag of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands alternate.svg
Logo of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands NetherlandsYesNo (1931)NoNazism Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg Originated in 1931 as a fascist movement, converted to antisemitism and national-socialism in 1936-1937, never gained more than 8% of the Dutch voters
Dutch NSNAP Pin.jpg National Socialist Dutch Workers Party NetherlandsNoNo (1931)NoNazism Flag of National Socialist Dutch Workers Party.svg Broke away from NSB
General Dutch Fascist League NetherlandsNoNo (1932)NoItalian Fascism
Black Front NetherlandsNoNo (1934)No Clerical fascism
National Socialist Party of New Zealand New ZealandNoYes (1969)NoNazism
NewZealandNationalFrontLogo.png New Zealand National Front New ZealandNoYes (1968)YesNeo-NazismSplinter group of the League of Empire Loyalists, not a fascist organization
Unit 88 New ZealandNoYesNoNeo-Nazism
Nasjonal Samling ornemerke.svg Nasjonal Samling (NS)NorwayYesNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg Founded and led by Vidkun Quisling. Formed German puppet government in Norway. Banned 1945.
National Socialist Movement of Norway NorwayNoYes (1988)YesNeo-Nazism
Norwegian Front (NF)NorwayNoYes (1975)NoNeo-fascism [1] [2]
Norwegian Germanic Army NorwayNoYesNoNeo-Nazism
Vigrid NorwayNoYes (1999)YesNeo-Nazism
Brit HaBirionim Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine)NoNo (1930)NoItalian FascismFounded by of Dr. Abba Ahimeir, Uri Zvi Greenberg and Dr. Joshua Yeivin.
Accion Comunal PanamaYesNoPanameñismFounded by Dr. Arnulfo Arias
Falange Peru PeruNoYes ?Falangism official site
Logo de Union Revolucionaria.png Revolutionary Union PeruYesNo (1931)NoIndependent Bandera Union Revolucionaria.svg Founded by Peruvian President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Ganap PhilippinesYes (as part of KALIBAPI)No (1941)No Far-right nationalism, fascismCollaboratonist movement deriving from Sakdalista party
Badge of Kalibapi.svg KALIBAPI PhilippinesyesNo (1942)NoFascism [3] [4] [5] [6] Flag of Kalibapi.svg Collaborationist movement
Makapili PhilippinesYes (as part of KALIBAPI)No (1941)NoFar-right nationalism, fascism Flag of the MAKAPILI.svg Extreme nationalist, collaborationist movement, Anti-American party.
Yoke and Arrows.svg Philippine Falange PhilippinesNoNo (late 1930s)NoFalangism Bandera FE JONS.svg Branch of the Spanish Falange. Leadership positions held by influential Spanish businessmen.
Philippine National Front PhilippinesNoYes (2009)YesFascismThis group is founded to promote Philippine Nationalism and Fascism and to fight the New People's Army rebellion
Camp of Great Poland (OWP)PolandNoNo (1925)NoFar-right nationalismFounded and led by Roman Dmowski. Banned 1933
National Radical Camp (1934) (ONR)PolandNoNo (1934)NoFar-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Splinter group of the National Party (SN), led by Jan Mosdorf. Banned soon after its establishment, in 1934. Splintered into ONR-ABC and RNR-Falanga.
National Radical Camp-ABC (ONR-ABC)PolandNoNo (1935)NoNational radicalism, far-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Breakaway movement led by Henryk Rossman. During World War II ONR-ABC was transformed into a resistance movement called the "Rampart" Group.
National Radical Movement-Falanga (RNR-Falanga)PolandNoNo (1935)NoNational radicalism, far-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Breakaway movement led by Bolesław Piasecki. Commonly known as the ONR-Falanga. During World War II RNR-Falanga was transformed into a resistance movement called the Confederation of the Nation (KN).
Logo of the Polish National Socialist Party.svg Party of National Socialists (PNS)PolandNoNo (1933)NoNazismSplinter group of The National Labour Party (NSP).
Logo of the National Radical camp.svg National Radical Camp (ONR)PolandNoYes (1993)YesFar-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Nationalist movement based on the tradition of a pre-war group of the same name.
National Rebirth of Poland (NOP)PolandNoYes (1981)YesFar-right nationalism, third position Flag of National Revival of Poland.svg Led by Adam Gmurczyk. Party refers to the pre-war Polish national radical movements.
Blyskawica.png National Socialist Workers Party (NSPR)PolandNoNo (1933)NoNazism
Jungdeutsche Partei in Polen logo.svg Young German Party in Poland (JDP)PolandNoNo (1931)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
Deutscher Volksverband in Polen (pin).jpg German People's Union in Poland PolandNoNo (1924)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
DeutscheVereinigungLogo2.jpg German Union for Western Poland (DV)PolandNoNo (1934)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
National Action Movement PortugalNoYes (1986)NoNazismInactive 1992
OrderOfCristCross.svg National Syndicalists PortugalNoNoNoindependent Flag of Ordem Nova.svg Banned by the Estado Novo
Uniao Nacional logo, 1938 version.svg National Union PortugalYesNo (1932) ?Estado Novo/Clerical Fascism Uniao Nacional Flag.svg
New Social Order PortugalNoYes (2014)No Lusitanian Integralism
Ordem Nova ("New Order")PortugalNoYes (1978)NoNazism Flag of Ordem Nova.svg Inactive 1982
Crusade of Romanianism emblem.svg Crusade of Romanianism RomaniaNoNoNoRomanian fascismInitially called the White Eagles
Guardiadehierro.svg Iron Guard RomaniaYesNo (1927)NoRomanian fascism Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg Breakaway group from National-Christian Defense League; members were called "Green Shirts" because of their green uniforms[ citation needed ]
National-Christian Defense League RomaniaNoNo (1923)NoRomanian fascism Iron Guard was a breakaway group from this movement
National Christian Party swastika.svg National Christian Party RomaniaYesNo (1935)NoRomanian clerical fascism Flag of National Christian Party.svg
National Fascist Movement RomaniaNoNo (1923)NoItalian Fascism/independentUnion of NIRFM and NRF
National Italo-Rumanian Fascist Movement RomaniaNoNo (1921)NoItalian FascismLed by Elena Bacaloglu
F-swastika of the National Romanian Fascio.svg National Romanian Fascio RomaniaNoNo (1921)NoIndependentLed by Titus Vifor
I Ching tetragram 4 horizontals.svg National Socialist Party RomaniaNoNo (1932)NoNazism Flag of the Romanian Nazi Party (1932).svg
Logo of New Right.svg New Right RomaniaNoYesYesNeofascism
  • Flag of New Right (Romania).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative 2).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative 3).svg
Tinta (Frontul Romanesc).svg Romanian Front RomaniaNoNo (1935)NoRomanian fascismSplinter group of National Peasants' Party led by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Ethnic National Union RussiaNoYes (2018)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of the Ethnic National Union.svg
Logo of the Front of National Revolutionary Action.svg Front of National Revolutionary Action RussiaNoYes (1991)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of Front of National Revolutionary Action.svg
Flag of the Front of National Revolutionary Action (alternative).svg
Flag PNF.svg
Northern Alliance PartyRussiaNoYes (1999)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of the Northern Alliance Party.svg
Flag of the Northern Alliance Party (alternative).svg
Neo-nazis taking inspiration from collaborationist movements from World War II.
Northern Brotherhood RussiaNoYes (2006)NoNeo-Nazism
Pamyat RussiaNoYesNo Monarchist restoration, ultra-nationalism Splintered into Russian National Union and National Unity of Russia
National Bolshevik Party RussiaNoYes (1993)No National Bolshevism National Bolshevik Party flag.svg
The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov RussiaNoYes (2010)Yes National Bolshevism
Russian National Socialist Party (formerly Russian National Union)RussiaNoYes (1992)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of Russian National Union.svg Led by Konstantin Kassimovsky; became Russian National Socialist Party in 1998; splinter of Pamyat in 1992
Logo of Russian National Unity.svg
Russian National Unity Emblem.svg
Russian National Unity RussiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Russian National Unity Flag.svg
Flag of Russian National Unity.svg
SlavS.svg Slavic Union RussiaNoYes (1999)YesNeo-Nazism
Pan-Slavism
  • Flag of Slavic Union.svg
  • Flag of Slavic Union (alternative 01).svg
  • Flag of Slavic Union (alternative 02).svg
Banned in 2010
National Socialist Russian Workers' Party RussiaNoYes (1994)NoNeo-Nazism, Anti-turkism Flag of the NSDAP (1920-1945).svg
Block FACT RussiaNoYes (2010)NoAnti-Communism
Flag of National Socialist Society 01.svg National Socialist Society RussiaNoYes (2004)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of National Socialist Society 02.svg
Army for the Liberation of Rwanda RwandaNoYes (1997)No Hutu Power [7] [8] [9] Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Coalition for the Defence of the Republic RwandaNoYes (1992)NoHutu Power Flag of the CDR of Rwanda.svg
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda RwandaNoYes (2000)NoHutu Power Flagge FDLR.svg Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Interahamwe RwandaNoYes (1990)YesHutu Power Flag of the Rwandan Democratic Movement.svg
Coat of arms of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development RwandaYesYes (1975)NoHutu Power Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).svg
Partito Fascista Sammarinese.jpg Sammarinese Fascist Party San MarinoYesNo (1922)NoItalian FascismCollapsed in 1943, refounded as Republican Fascio of San Marino in January 1944 and subsequently banned in November
Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II) SerbiaNoNoNoFascism
Logo of Yugoslav National Movement.svg Yugoslav National Movement SerbiaNoNoNoFascism
Leviathan Movement SerbiaNoYes (2015)NoNeo-fascism
Nacionalni stroj SerbiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Flag of Nacionalni stroj.svg Neo-Nazi skinheads
Otačastveni pokret Obraz SerbiaNoYesYesClerical fascism Flag of Obraz.svg
Logo of Serbian Action.svg Serbian Action SerbiaNoYes (2010)YesUltranationalism

Neo-fascism

Flag of Serbian Action.svg
Flag of Serbian Action (alternative 01).svg
Flag of Serbian Action (alternative 02).svg
Logo of the Slovak Togetherness.svg Slovak Togetherness SlovakiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Flag of Slovak Togetherness.svg Banned in 2006
Ludak Cross (1938-1945).svg Slovak People's Party Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, Austria-Hungary YesNo (1906)NoClerical fascism Flag of the Hlinka Guard.svg Formed German puppet government in Slovakia
Logo of the Kotlebists - People's Party Our Slovakia.svg People's Party Our Slovakia SlovakiaNoYesYesFascism, Neo-Nazi Flag of People's Party Our Slovakia.svg
Afrikaner StudentebondSouth AfricaNoYes ?Nazism
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging.svg Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging South AfricaNoYes (1973)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of the Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging.svg
Odal rune.svg Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging South AfricaNoYes (1985)NoNeo-Nazism
Boerestaat Party South AfricaNoYes ?ApartheidParamilitary group, the Boere Weerstandsbeweging
Economic Freedom Fighters South AfricaNoYes (2013)YesAnti-white racism, Anti-Indian racism, Black ultranationalism [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Herstigte Nasionale Party logo.png Herstigte Nasionale Party South AfricaNoYesYesApartheid, Anti-Volkstaat Herstigte Nasionale Party flag.png
National Party South AfricaYesNo (1914)NoApartheid Flag of the South African National Party (1936-1993).svg
OssewaBrandwagWapen.png Ossewabrandwag South AfricaNoNo (1939)NoApartheid
South African Christian National Socialist Movement South AfricaNoNoNazism Flag of the South African Gentile National Socialist Movement.svg Paramilitary group was the Gryshemde, “Grayshirts”
South African National Front South AfricaNoYes (1977)NoNeo-fascism
Autonomous Bases SpainNoYes ?Neo-Nazism/National Anarchism Flag of Autonomous Bases.svg
Flag of Autonomous Bases (alternative).svg
Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe SpainNoYes (1966)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of the Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe.svg Disbanded 1993
LogoEspana2000.svg España 2000 SpainNoYes (2002)Yes Patriotic, Neo-Nazi
Yoke and Arrows.svg FE y de las JONS SpainNoNo (1934)NoFalangism Bandera FE JONS.svg
Yoke and Arrows.svg FET y de las JONS SpainYesNo (1937)NoFalangism, Francoism Bandera FE JONS.svg
Falange Espanola de las JONS.png FE y de las JONS (1976) SpainNoYes (1976)YesFalangism
The Phalanx SpainNoYes (1999)YesFalangism Flag of The Phalanx.svg
Flag of The Phalanx (alternative).svg
Logotipo de Alianza Nacional.jpg National Alliance SpainNoYes (2006)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of National Alliance (Spain).svg
Flag of National Alliance (Spain, alternative).svg
National Democarcy SpainNoYes (1995)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of National Democracy.svg
Bodu Bala Sena symbol.svg Bodu Bala Sena Sri LankaNoYesYesEthno-fascism
Clerical People's Party SwedenNoNo (1930)NoClerical fascism
National Socialist Workers' Party SwedenNoNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarpartiet.svg Became Swedish Socialist Coalition (Swedish: Svensk Socialistisk Samling) in 1938
National Socialist Bloc SwedenNoNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nationalsocialistiska blocket.svg Formed from the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet and Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and, later, Nationalsocialistisk Samling
Nordic Realm Party SwedenNoYes (1956)NoNeo-Nazi Flag of the Nordic Reich Party.svg
Bap.png Swedish National Socialist Farmers' and Workers' Party SwedenNoNo (1924)NoNazism, AgrarianismMerged with the Swedish National Socialist Party
Swede1-revision1.png Swedish National Socialist Party SwedenNoNo (1936)NoNazism Flag of Svenska Nationalsocialistiska Partiet.svg
White Aryan Resistance SwedenNoYes (1991)NoNeo-NaziParamilitary group active between 1991 and 1993.
National Alliance SwedenNoYes (1993)NoNeo-NaziFounded as Young National Socialists of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms Unga Nationalsocialister (SUNS)) in 1993. Became the National Alliance in 1996.
Nationalsocialistisk front vapen.svg National Socialist Front SwedenNoYes (1994)NoNeo-Nazi Flag of Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarpartiet.svg
Flag of the National Socialist Front.svg
Disbanded in 2008
Logo of the Nordic Resistance Movement.svg Swedish Resistance Movement SwedenNoYes (1995)YesNeo-Nazi Nordic Resistance Movement Flag.svg Militant organization.
National Youth SwedenNoYes (1997)YesNeo-Nazi Flag of National Youth.svg Youth organisation of the Swedish Resistance Movement
Legion Wasa SwedenNoYes (1999)NoNeo-NaziMilitant organization
Folkfronten.svg Party of the Swedes SwedenNoYes (2008)NoEthnic nationalist, Swedish nationalist, Neo-Nazi Flag of the Party of the Swedes.svg Successor of National Socialist Front, first founded under the name People's Front (Swedish: Folkfronten). Disbanded in 2015.
Eidgenössische Sammlung SwitzerlandNoNo (1940)NoNazism Flag of Eidgenossische Sammlung.svg Successor movement to the National Front
Logo of the Swiss National Front.svg National Front SwitzerlandNoNo (1930)NoNazism/independent Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg
National Movement of Switzerland SwitzerlandNoNo (1940)NoNazism
National Union SwitzerlandNoNo (1932)NoNazism/independentFrancophone group
Swiss Nationalist Party SwitzerlandNoYes (2000)NoVölkism, Neo-Nazism
Volkspartei der Schweiz SwitzerlandNoYes (1951)NoNeo-NaziLed by Gaston-Armand Amaudruz
League of Nationalist Action SyriaNoNo (1932)NoFascismWas founded in 1932 in Syria.
Logo of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Syrian Social Nationalist Party Syria, LebanonNoNo (1932)YesFascism [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian national state, including present Syria, Lebanon, the Hatay Province of Turkey, Israel, the Palestinian territories, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, Cyprus, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait.
National Socialism Association TaiwanNoYes (2007)Yes Han ultranationalism

Neo-Nazism

Grey Wolves TurkeyNoYes (1968)NoIndependent Grey Wolves Gokturk Flag.svg Terrorist organization
CKMP Logo.png Republican Villagers Nation Party TurkeyYes (as part of coalition governments: 1962, 1965)Yes (1958)No Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism, third position Precursor of the Nationalist Movement Party.
National Activity and Vigorous Development TurkeyNoYes (1969)NoNeo-NaziA National Socialist group existed in 1969 in İzmir, when a group of former CKMP members (precursor party of the MHP) founded the association "Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf" (NAZİ). The club maintained two combat units. The members wore SA uniforms and used the Hitler salute. One of the leaders (Gündüz Kapancıoğlu) was re-admitted to the MHP in 1975. [27]
MHP Symbol.svg Nationalist Movement Party TurkeyYes (as part of coalition governments: 1975, 1977, 1999)Yes (1969)Yes Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] Flag of the Nationalist Movement Party.svg Described as a neo-fascist party linked to extremist and violent militias: Grey Wolves.
Great Unity Party TurkeyNoYes (1993)Yes Islamofascism (clerical fascism)Islamist splinter group separated from the Nationalist Movement Party.

Overview A-F G-M N-T U-Z

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fascism</span> Far-right, authoritarian ultranationalistic political ideology

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

Neo-fascism is a post–World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to liberal democracy, social democracy, parliamentarianism, liberalism, Marxism, capitalism, communism, and socialism. As with classical fascism, it proposes a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism.

Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy, to attack racial and ethnic minorities, and in some cases to create a fascist state.

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations to pursue its specific interests. Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime. The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Far-right politics</span> Political alignment on the extreme end of right-wing politics

Far-right politics, or right-wing extremism, is a spectrum of political thought that tends to be radically conservative, ultra-nationalist, and authoritarian, often also including nativist tendencies. The name derives from the left–right political spectrum, with the "far right" considered further from center than the standard political right.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antoun Saadeh</span> Lebanese politician, philosopher, and writer

Antoun Saadeh was a Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey Wolves (organization)</span> Turkish ultra-nationalist political organization

The Grey Wolves, officially known by the short name Idealist Hearths, is a Turkish far-right paramilitary organization and political movement affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Commonly described as ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist, Islamo-nationalist, and racist, it is a youth organization that has been characterized as the MHP's paramilitary or militant wing. Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational foundation, as per its full official name: Idealist Clubs Educational and Cultural Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pērkonkrusts</span> Latvian political party

Pērkonkrusts was a Latvian ultranationalist, anti-German, anti-Slavic, and antisemitic political party founded in 1933 by Gustavs Celmiņš, borrowing elements of German nationalism—but being unsympathetic to Nazism at the time—and Italian Fascism. It was outlawed in 1934, its leadership arrested, and Celmiņš eventually exiled in 1937. Still-imprisoned members were persecuted under the first Soviet occupation; some collaborated with subsequently invading Nazi Germany forces in perpetrating the Holocaust. Pērkonkrusts continued to exist in some form until 1944, when Celmiņš, who had initially returned to work in the occupying German administration, was imprisoned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</span> Syrian nationalist political party

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine. It advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent, including present-day Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Palestine, Cyprus, Sinai, Hatay Province, and Cilicia, based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share. It has also been active in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, for example in South America, and is the second-largest political party in the pro-Assad National Progressive Front – Syrian Ba'ath Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationalist Movement Party</span> Turkish political party

The Nationalist Movement Party is a Turkish far-right, ultranationalist political party. The group is often described as neo-fascist, and has been linked to violent paramilitaries and organized crime groups. Its leader is Devlet Bahçeli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fascism and ideology</span> History of fascist ideology

The history of fascist ideology is long and it draws on many sources. Fascists took inspiration from sources as ancient as the Spartans for their focus on racial purity and their emphasis on rule by an elite minority. Fascism has also been connected to the ideals of Plato, though there are key differences between the two. Fascism styled itself as the ideological successor to Rome, particularly the Roman Empire. From the same era, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's view on the absolute authority of the state also strongly influenced fascist thinking. The French Revolution was a major influence insofar as the Nazis saw themselves as fighting back against many of the ideas which it brought to prominence, especially liberalism, liberal democracy and racial equality, whereas on the other hand, fascism drew heavily on the revolutionary ideal of nationalism. The prejudice of a "high and noble" Aryan culture as opposed to a "parasitic" Semitic culture was core to Nazi racial views, while other early forms of fascism concerned themselves with non-racialized conceptions of the nation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish nationalism</span> Nationalism of the country of Turkey or Turks

Turkish nationalism is a political ideology that promotes and glorifies the Turkish people, as either national or ethnic definition. Turkish nationalism is associated with Turkification as a series of cultural and linguistic practices to promote the Turkish language and culture. It also has a complicated relationship with Islam, Pan-Turkism, and Turanism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Front</span> German paramilitary organization

The Iron Front was a German paramilitary organization in the Weimar Republic which consisted of social democrats, trade unionists, and democratic socialists. Its main goal was to defend democratic socialism and liberal democracy against what was viewed as totalitarian ideologies on the far-right and far-left. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the Sturmabteilung (SA) wing of the Nazi Party and the Antifaschistische Aktion wing of the Communist Party of Germany. Formally independent, it was intimately associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Three Arrows, originally designed for the Iron Front, became a well-known social democratic symbol representing resistance against monarchism, Nazism, and Marxism-Leninism during the parliamentary elections in November 1932. The Three Arrows were later adopted by the SPD itself.

Fascism in Canada consists of a variety of movements and political parties in Canada during the 20th century. Largely a fringe ideology, fascism has never commanded a large following amongst the Canadian people, and it was most popular during the Great Depression. At the outbreak of World War II, most Canadian fascist leaders were interned under the Defence of Canada Regulations and in the post-war period, fascism never recovered its former small influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fascism in Europe</span>

Fascist movements in Europe were the set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which are identified as ideological origins of fascism in Europe are the combining of a traditional national unity and revolutionary anti-democratic rhetoric which was espoused by the integral nationalist Charles Maurras and the revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel.

The German Strafgesetzbuch in section § 86a outlaws "use of symbols of unconstitutional and terrorist organizations" outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to outlaw fascist, Nazi, communist, Islamic extremist and Russian militarist symbols. The law, adopted during the Cold War, most notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956, the Socialist Reich Party, which was banned in 1952, and several small far-right parties.

Fascist movements gained popularity in many countries in Asia during the 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon</span> Lebanese branch of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP-L) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Lebanon. The Lebanese section of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party advocates subsuming Lebanon into a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic Freedom Fighters</span> Far-left political party in South Africa

The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a South African Marxist–Leninist and black nationalist political party. It was founded by expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema, and his allies, in 2013. Malema is President of the EFF, heading the Central Command Team which serves as the central structure of the party. It is currently the third-largest party in both houses of the South African Parliament. The party is also the official opposition in three of South Africa's nine provincial legislatures.

Turkish–Islamic synthesis is a type of Turkish nationalism which has an Islamist leaning instead of secular. It is often associated with the Idealist ideology, although it is not always the case as many Idealists are secular, while many Turkish Islamonationalists are not Idealist.

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  17. Haffajee, Ferial (2020-09-13). "ANALYSIS: From schoolyard bullies to emerging fascists: The EFF's unstoppable politics of violence". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  18. "Democracy, fascism and the future of the EFF". www.news.uct.ac.za. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  19. Satgar, Vishwas (2019). "Black Neofascism? The Economic Freedom Fighters in South Africa". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. 56 (4): 580–605. doi:10.1111/cars.12265. PMID   31692263. S2CID   207894048 via ResearchGate.
  20. Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East . Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN   0-02-896011-4. The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.
  21. Ya’ari, Ehud (June 1987). "Behind the Terror". Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.
  22. Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-506022-9. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
  23. Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. Nova Publishers. ISBN   1-59033-871-5. [The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.
  24. Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. ISBN   1-86064-715-4. Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.
  25. Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN   0-297-78547-8. [The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.
  26. Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674862364.
  27. Jürgen Roth and Kamil Taylan: Die Türkei – Republik unter Wölfen. Bornheim-Merten, p. 119.
  28. Sullivan, Colleen (2011). "Grey Wolves". In Martin, Gus (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. pp.  236–7.
  29. Karasapan, Omer (1989). "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost". Middle East Report . 17 (160): 587–606. doi:10.2307/3013440. JSTOR   260523. The US also established contacts with the neofascist Nationalist Movement Party and its militants, the Grey Wolves.
  30. Aslan, Fikret; Bozay, Kemal, eds. (2012). Graue Wölfe heulen wieder: Türkische Faschisten und ihre Vernetzung in Deutschland [Grey wolves howl again: Turkish fascists and their networks in Germany] (in German) (3rd. ed.). Unrast Verlag. ISBN   978-3-89771-035-1.
  31. Canefe, Nergis; Bora, Tanıl [in Turkish] (2004). "Intellectual Roots of Anti-European Sentiments in Turkish Politics: The Case of Radical Turkish Nationalism". In Çarkoğlu, Ali; Rubin, Barry (eds.). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p.  125, 129. ISBN   978-1-135-76120-2.
  32. Cooley, John K. (2002). Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. p.  195. ISBN   978-0-7453-1917-9. A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.
  33. Jacoby, Tim (2012). Fascism, Civility and the Crisis of the Turkish State. Routledge. p. 112.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  34. Arıkan, E. Burak (1999). The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?. Frank Cass. pp. 122–125.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  35. Political Terrorism, by Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 674
  36. Annual of Power and Conflict, by Institute for the Study of Conflict, National Strategy Information Center, 1982, p. 148
  37. The Nature of Fascism, by Roger Griffin, Routledge, 1993, p. 171
  38. Political Parties and Terrorist Groups, by Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger, Routledge, 2003, p. 45
  39. The Inner Sea: The Mediterranean and Its People, by Robert Fox, 1991, p. 260
  40. Martin A. Lee "On the Trail of Turkey's Terrorist Grey Wolves" The Consortium, 1997
  41. "Crime of the Century". The Weekly Standard. 7 April 2005.