A list of political parties, organizations, and movements adhering to various forms of fascist ideology, part of the list of fascist movements by country.
Logo | Name of movement | Country of predominant operation | Came to power? | Founded post-World War II? | Active? | General influence | Flag | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch People's Union | Netherlands | No | Yes (1971) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
General Dutch Fascist League | Netherlands | Yes | No (1932) | No | Nazism | |||
National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands | Netherlands | Yes | No (1931) | No | Nazism | Originated in 1931 as a fascist movement, converted to antisemitism and national-socialism in 1936-1937, never gained more than 8% of the Dutch voters | ||
National Socialist Dutch Workers Party | Netherlands | No | No (1931) | No | Nazism | Broke away from NSB | ||
General Dutch Fascist League | Netherlands | No | No (1932) | No | Italian Fascism | |||
Black Front | Netherlands | No | No (1934) | No | Clerical fascism | |||
National Socialist Party of New Zealand | New Zealand | No | Yes (1969) | No | Nazism | |||
New Zealand National Front | New Zealand | No | Yes (1968) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | Splinter group of the League of Empire Loyalists, not a fascist organization | ||
Unit 88 | New Zealand | No | Yes | No | Neo-Nazism | |||
Nasjonal Samling (NS) | Norway | Yes | No (1933) | No | Nazism | Founded and led by Vidkun Quisling. Formed German puppet government in Norway. Banned 1945. | ||
National Socialist Movement of Norway | Norway | No | Yes (1988) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Norwegian Front (NF) | Norway | No | Yes (1975) | No | Neo-fascism [1] [2] | |||
Norwegian Germanic Army | Norway | No | Yes | No | Neo-Nazism | |||
Vigrid | Norway | No | Yes (1999) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Brit HaBirionim | Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine) | No | No (1930) | No | Italian Fascism | Founded by of Dr. Abba Ahimeir, Uri Zvi Greenberg and Dr. Joshua Yeivin. | ||
Accion Comunal | Panama | Yes | No | Panameñism | Founded by Dr. Arnulfo Arias | |||
Falange Peru | Peru | No | Yes | ? | Falangism | official site | ||
Revolutionary Union | Peru | Yes | No (1931) | No | Independent | Founded by Peruvian President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro | ||
Ganap | Philippines | Yes (as part of KALIBAPI) | No (1941) | No | Far-right nationalism, fascism | Collaboratonist movement deriving from Sakdalista party | ||
KALIBAPI | Philippines | yes | No (1942) | No | Fascism [3] [4] [5] [6] | Collaborationist movement | ||
Makapili | Philippines | Yes (as part of KALIBAPI) | No (1941) | No | Far-right nationalism, fascism | Extreme nationalist, collaborationist movement, Anti-American party. | ||
Philippine Falange | Philippines | No | No (late 1930s) | No | Falangism | Branch of the Spanish Falange. Leadership positions held by influential Spanish businessmen. | ||
Philippine National Front | Philippines | No | Yes (2009) | Yes | Fascism | This group is founded to promote Philippine Nationalism and Fascism and to fight the New People's Army rebellion | ||
Camp of Great Poland (OWP) | Poland | No | No (1925) | No | Far-right nationalism | Founded and led by Roman Dmowski. Banned 1933 | ||
National Radical Camp (1934) (ONR) | Poland | No | No (1934) | No | Far-right nationalism | Splinter group of the National Party (SN), led by Jan Mosdorf. Banned soon after its establishment, in 1934. Splintered into ONR-ABC and RNR-Falanga. | ||
National Radical Camp-ABC (ONR-ABC) | Poland | No | No (1935) | No | National radicalism, far-right nationalism | Breakaway movement led by Henryk Rossman. During World War II ONR-ABC was transformed into a resistance movement called the "Rampart" Group. | ||
National Radical Movement-Falanga (RNR-Falanga) | Poland | No | No (1935) | No | National radicalism, far-right nationalism | Breakaway movement led by Bolesław Piasecki. Commonly known as the ONR-Falanga. During World War II RNR-Falanga was transformed into a resistance movement called the Confederation of the Nation (KN). | ||
Party of National Socialists (PNS) | Poland | No | No (1933) | No | Nazism | Splinter group of The National Labour Party (NSP). | ||
National Radical Camp (ONR) | Poland | No | Yes (1993) | Yes | Far-right nationalism | Nationalist movement based on the tradition of a pre-war group of the same name. | ||
National Rebirth of Poland (NOP) | Poland | No | Yes (1981) | Yes | Far-right nationalism, third position | Led by Adam Gmurczyk. Party refers to the pre-war Polish national radical movements. | ||
National Socialist Workers Party (NSPR) | Poland | No | No (1933) | No | Nazism | |||
Young German Party in Poland (JDP) | Poland | No | No (1931) | No | Nazism | Party of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939. | ||
German People's Union in Poland | Poland | No | No (1924) | No | Nazism | Party of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939. | ||
German Union for Western Poland (DV) | Poland | No | No (1934) | No | Nazism | Party of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939. | ||
National Action Movement | Portugal | No | Yes (1986) | No | Nazism | Inactive 1992 | ||
National Syndicalists | Portugal | No | No | No | independent | Banned by the Estado Novo | ||
National Union | Portugal | Yes | No (1932) | ? | Estado Novo/Clerical Fascism | |||
New Social Order | Portugal | No | Yes (2014) | No | Lusitanian Integralism | |||
Ordem Nova ("New Order") | Portugal | No | Yes (1978) | No | Nazism | Inactive 1982 | ||
Crusade of Romanianism | Romania | No | No | No | Romanian fascism | Initially called the White Eagles | ||
Iron Guard | Romania | Yes | No (1927) | No | Romanian fascism | Breakaway group from National-Christian Defense League; members were called "Green Shirts" because of their green uniforms[ citation needed ] | ||
National-Christian Defense League | Romania | No | No (1923) | No | Romanian fascism | Iron Guard was a breakaway group from this movement | ||
National Christian Party | Romania | Yes | No (1935) | No | Romanian clerical fascism | |||
National Fascist Movement | Romania | No | No (1923) | No | Italian Fascism/independent | Union of NIRFM and NRF | ||
National Italo-Rumanian Fascist Movement | Romania | No | No (1921) | No | Italian Fascism | Led by Elena Bacaloglu | ||
National Romanian Fascio | Romania | No | No (1921) | No | Independent | Led by Titus Vifor | ||
National Socialist Party | Romania | No | No (1932) | No | Nazism | |||
New Right | Romania | No | Yes | Yes | Neofascism | |||
Romanian Front | Romania | No | No (1935) | No | Romanian fascism | Splinter group of National Peasants' Party led by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod | ||
Ethnic National Union | Russia | No | Yes (2018) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Front of National Revolutionary Action | Russia | No | Yes (1991) | No | Neo-Nazism | | ||
Northern Alliance Party | Russia | No | Yes (1999) | No | Neo-Nazism | | Neo-nazis taking inspiration from collaborationist movements from World War II. | |
Northern Brotherhood | Russia | No | Yes (2006) | No | Neo-Nazism | |||
Pamyat | Russia | No | Yes | No | Monarchist restoration, ultra-nationalism | Splintered into Russian National Union and National Unity of Russia | ||
National Bolshevik Party | Russia | No | Yes (1993) | No | National Bolshevism | |||
The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov | Russia | No | Yes (2010) | Yes | National Bolshevism | |||
Russian National Socialist Party (formerly Russian National Union) | Russia | No | Yes (1992) | No | Neo-Nazism | Led by Konstantin Kassimovsky; became Russian National Socialist Party in 1998; splinter of Pamyat in 1992 | ||
| Russian National Unity | Russia | No | Yes | Yes | Neo-Nazism | | |
Slavic Union | Russia | No | Yes (1999) | Yes | Neo-Nazism Pan-Slavism | Banned in 2010 | ||
National Socialist Russian Workers' Party | Russia | No | Yes (1994) | No | Neo-Nazism, Anti-turkism | |||
Block FACT | Russia | No | Yes (2010) | No | Anti-Communism | |||
National Socialist Society | Russia | No | Yes (2004) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Army for the Liberation of Rwanda | Rwanda | No | Yes (1997) | No | Hutu Power [7] [8] [9] | Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | ||
Coalition for the Defence of the Republic | Rwanda | No | Yes (1992) | No | Hutu Power | |||
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda | Rwanda | No | Yes (2000) | No | Hutu Power | Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | ||
Interahamwe | Rwanda | No | Yes (1990) | Yes | Hutu Power | |||
National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development | Rwanda | Yes | Yes (1975) | No | Hutu Power | |||
Sammarinese Fascist Party | San Marino | Yes | No (1922) | No | Italian Fascism | Collapsed in 1943, refounded as Republican Fascio of San Marino in January 1944 and subsequently banned in November | ||
Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II) | Serbia | No | No | No | Fascism | |||
Yugoslav National Movement | Serbia | No | No | No | Fascism | |||
Leviathan Movement | Serbia | No | Yes (2015) | No | Neo-fascism | |||
Nacionalni stroj | Serbia | No | Yes | Yes | Neo-Nazism | Neo-Nazi skinheads | ||
Otačastveni pokret Obraz | Serbia | No | Yes | Yes | Clerical fascism | |||
Serbian Action | Serbia | No | Yes (2010) | Yes | Ultranationalism Neo-fascism | | ||
Slovak Togetherness | Slovakia | No | Yes | Yes | Neo-Nazism | Banned in 2006 | ||
Slovak People's Party | Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, Austria-Hungary | Yes | No (1906) | No | Clerical fascism | Formed German puppet government in Slovakia | ||
People's Party Our Slovakia | Slovakia | No | Yes | Yes | Fascism, Neo-Nazi | |||
Afrikaner Studentebond | South Africa | No | Yes | ? | Nazism | |||
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging | South Africa | No | Yes (1973) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging | South Africa | No | Yes (1985) | No | Neo-Nazism | |||
Boerestaat Party | South Africa | No | Yes | ? | Apartheid | Paramilitary group, the Boere Weerstandsbeweging | ||
Economic Freedom Fighters | South Africa | No | Yes (2013) | Yes | Anti-white racism, Anti-Indian racism, Black ultranationalism [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] | |||
Herstigte Nasionale Party | South Africa | No | Yes | Yes | Apartheid, Anti-Volkstaat | |||
National Party | South Africa | Yes | No (1914) | No | Apartheid | |||
Ossewabrandwag | South Africa | No | No (1939) | No | Apartheid | |||
South African Christian National Socialist Movement | South Africa | No | No | Nazism | Paramilitary group was the Gryshemde, “Grayshirts” | |||
South African National Front | South Africa | No | Yes (1977) | No | Neo-fascism | |||
Autonomous Bases | Spain | No | Yes | ? | Neo-Nazism/National Anarchism | | ||
Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe | Spain | No | Yes (1966) | No | Neo-Nazism | Disbanded 1993 | ||
España 2000 | Spain | No | Yes (2002) | Yes | Patriotic, Neo-Nazi | |||
FE y de las JONS | Spain | No | No (1934) | No | Falangism | |||
FET y de las JONS | Spain | Yes | No (1937) | No | Falangism, Francoism | |||
FE y de las JONS (1976) | Spain | No | Yes (1976) | Yes | Falangism | |||
The Phalanx | Spain | No | Yes (1999) | Yes | Falangism | | ||
National Alliance | Spain | No | Yes (2006) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | | ||
National Democarcy | Spain | No | Yes (1995) | Yes | Neo-Nazism | |||
Bodu Bala Sena | Sri Lanka | No | Yes | Yes | Ethno-fascism | |||
Clerical People's Party | Sweden | No | No (1930) | No | Clerical fascism | |||
National Socialist Workers' Party | Sweden | No | No (1933) | No | Nazism | Became Swedish Socialist Coalition (Swedish: Svensk Socialistisk Samling) in 1938 | ||
National Socialist Bloc | Sweden | No | No (1933) | No | Nazism | Formed from the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet and Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and, later, Nationalsocialistisk Samling | ||
Nordic Realm Party | Sweden | No | Yes (1956) | No | Neo-Nazi | |||
Swedish National Socialist Farmers' and Workers' Party | Sweden | No | No (1924) | No | Nazism, Agrarianism | Merged with the Swedish National Socialist Party | ||
Swedish National Socialist Party | Sweden | No | No (1936) | No | Nazism | |||
White Aryan Resistance | Sweden | No | Yes (1991) | No | Neo-Nazi | Paramilitary group active between 1991 and 1993. | ||
National Alliance | Sweden | No | Yes (1993) | No | Neo-Nazi | Founded as Young National Socialists of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms Unga Nationalsocialister (SUNS)) in 1993. Became the National Alliance in 1996. | ||
National Socialist Front | Sweden | No | Yes (1994) | No | Neo-Nazi | | Disbanded in 2008 | |
Swedish Resistance Movement | Sweden | No | Yes (1995) | Yes | Neo-Nazi | Militant organization. | ||
National Youth | Sweden | No | Yes (1997) | Yes | Neo-Nazi | Youth organisation of the Swedish Resistance Movement | ||
Legion Wasa | Sweden | No | Yes (1999) | No | Neo-Nazi | Militant organization | ||
Party of the Swedes | Sweden | No | Yes (2008) | No | Ethnic nationalist, Swedish nationalist, Neo-Nazi | Successor of National Socialist Front, first founded under the name People's Front (Swedish: Folkfronten). Disbanded in 2015. | ||
Eidgenössische Sammlung | Switzerland | No | No (1940) | No | Nazism | Successor movement to the National Front | ||
National Front | Switzerland | No | No (1930) | No | Nazism/independent | |||
National Movement of Switzerland | Switzerland | No | No (1940) | No | Nazism | |||
National Union | Switzerland | No | No (1932) | No | Nazism/independent | Francophone group | ||
Swiss Nationalist Party | Switzerland | No | Yes (2000) | No | Völkism, Neo-Nazism | |||
Volkspartei der Schweiz | Switzerland | No | Yes (1951) | No | Neo-Nazi | Led by Gaston-Armand Amaudruz | ||
League of Nationalist Action | Syria | No | No (1932) | No | Fascism | Was founded in 1932 in Syria. | ||
Syrian Social Nationalist Party | Syria, Lebanon | No | No (1932) | Yes | Fascism [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] | Advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian national state, including present Syria, Lebanon, the Hatay Province of Turkey, Israel, the Palestinian territories, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, Cyprus, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait. | ||
National Socialism Association | Taiwan | No | Yes (2007) | Yes | Han ultranationalism Neo-Nazism | |||
Grey Wolves | Turkey | No | Yes (1968) | No | Independent | Terrorist organization | ||
Republican Villagers Nation Party | Turkey | Yes (as part of coalition governments: 1962, 1965) | Yes (1958) | No | Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism, third position | Precursor of the Nationalist Movement Party. | ||
National Activity and Vigorous Development | Turkey | No | Yes (1969) | No | Neo-Nazi | A National Socialist group existed in 1969 in İzmir, when a group of former CKMP members (precursor party of the MHP) founded the association "Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf" (NAZİ). The club maintained two combat units. The members wore SA uniforms and used the Hitler salute. One of the leaders (Gündüz Kapancıoğlu) was re-admitted to the MHP in 1975. [27] | ||
Nationalist Movement Party | Turkey | Yes (as part of coalition governments: 1975, 1977, 1999) | Yes (1969) | Yes | Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] | Described as a neo-fascist party linked to extremist and violent militias: Grey Wolves. | ||
Great Unity Party | Turkey | No | Yes (1993) | Yes | Islamofascism (clerical fascism) | Islamist splinter group separated from the Nationalist Movement Party. |
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Neo-fascism is a post–World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to liberal democracy, social democracy, parliamentarianism, liberalism, Marxism, capitalism, communism, and socialism. As with classical fascism, it proposes a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism.
Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy, to attack racial and ethnic minorities, and in some cases to create a fascist state.
Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations to pursue its specific interests. Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime. The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.
Far-right politics, or right-wing extremism, is a spectrum of political thought that tends to be radically conservative, ultra-nationalist, and authoritarian, often also including nativist tendencies. The name derives from the left–right political spectrum, with the "far right" considered further from center than the standard political right.
Antoun Saadeh was a Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
The Grey Wolves, officially known by the short name Idealist Hearths, is a Turkish far-right paramilitary organization and political movement affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Commonly described as ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist, Islamo-nationalist, and racist, it is a youth organization that has been characterized as the MHP's paramilitary or militant wing. Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational foundation, as per its full official name: Idealist Clubs Educational and Cultural Foundation.
Pērkonkrusts was a Latvian ultranationalist, anti-German, anti-Slavic, and antisemitic political party founded in 1933 by Gustavs Celmiņš, borrowing elements of German nationalism—but being unsympathetic to Nazism at the time—and Italian Fascism. It was outlawed in 1934, its leadership arrested, and Celmiņš eventually exiled in 1937. Still-imprisoned members were persecuted under the first Soviet occupation; some collaborated with subsequently invading Nazi Germany forces in perpetrating the Holocaust. Pērkonkrusts continued to exist in some form until 1944, when Celmiņš, who had initially returned to work in the occupying German administration, was imprisoned.
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine. It advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent, including present-day Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Palestine, Cyprus, Sinai, Hatay Province, and Cilicia, based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share. It has also been active in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, for example in South America, and is the second-largest political party in the pro-Assad National Progressive Front – Syrian Ba'ath Party.
The Nationalist Movement Party is a Turkish far-right, ultranationalist political party. The group is often described as neo-fascist, and has been linked to violent paramilitaries and organized crime groups. Its leader is Devlet Bahçeli.
The history of fascist ideology is long and it draws on many sources. Fascists took inspiration from sources as ancient as the Spartans for their focus on racial purity and their emphasis on rule by an elite minority. Fascism has also been connected to the ideals of Plato, though there are key differences between the two. Fascism styled itself as the ideological successor to Rome, particularly the Roman Empire. From the same era, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's view on the absolute authority of the state also strongly influenced fascist thinking. The French Revolution was a major influence insofar as the Nazis saw themselves as fighting back against many of the ideas which it brought to prominence, especially liberalism, liberal democracy and racial equality, whereas on the other hand, fascism drew heavily on the revolutionary ideal of nationalism. The prejudice of a "high and noble" Aryan culture as opposed to a "parasitic" Semitic culture was core to Nazi racial views, while other early forms of fascism concerned themselves with non-racialized conceptions of the nation.
Turkish nationalism is a political ideology that promotes and glorifies the Turkish people, as either national or ethnic definition. Turkish nationalism is associated with Turkification as a series of cultural and linguistic practices to promote the Turkish language and culture. It also has a complicated relationship with Islam, Pan-Turkism, and Turanism.
The Iron Front was a German paramilitary organization in the Weimar Republic which consisted of social democrats, trade unionists, and democratic socialists. Its main goal was to defend democratic socialism and liberal democracy against what was viewed as totalitarian ideologies on the far-right and far-left. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the Sturmabteilung (SA) wing of the Nazi Party and the Antifaschistische Aktion wing of the Communist Party of Germany. Formally independent, it was intimately associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Three Arrows, originally designed for the Iron Front, became a well-known social democratic symbol representing resistance against monarchism, Nazism, and Marxism-Leninism during the parliamentary elections in November 1932. The Three Arrows were later adopted by the SPD itself.
Fascism in Canada consists of a variety of movements and political parties in Canada during the 20th century. Largely a fringe ideology, fascism has never commanded a large following amongst the Canadian people, and it was most popular during the Great Depression. At the outbreak of World War II, most Canadian fascist leaders were interned under the Defence of Canada Regulations and in the post-war period, fascism never recovered its former small influence.
Fascist movements in Europe were the set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which are identified as ideological origins of fascism in Europe are the combining of a traditional national unity and revolutionary anti-democratic rhetoric which was espoused by the integral nationalist Charles Maurras and the revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel.
The German Strafgesetzbuch in section § 86a outlaws "use of symbols of unconstitutional and terrorist organizations" outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to outlaw fascist, Nazi, communist, Islamic extremist and Russian militarist symbols. The law, adopted during the Cold War, most notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956, the Socialist Reich Party, which was banned in 1952, and several small far-right parties.
Fascist movements gained popularity in many countries in Asia during the 1920s.
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP-L) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Lebanon. The Lebanese section of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party advocates subsuming Lebanon into a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent.
The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a South African Marxist–Leninist and black nationalist political party. It was founded by expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema, and his allies, in 2013. Malema is President of the EFF, heading the Central Command Team which serves as the central structure of the party. It is currently the third-largest party in both houses of the South African Parliament. The party is also the official opposition in three of South Africa's nine provincial legislatures.
Turkish–Islamic synthesis is a type of Turkish nationalism which has an Islamist leaning instead of secular. It is often associated with the Idealist ideology, although it is not always the case as many Idealists are secular, while many Turkish Islamonationalists are not Idealist.
The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.
[The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.
The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
[The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.
Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.
[The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.
The US also established contacts with the neofascist Nationalist Movement Party and its militants, the Grey Wolves.
A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.
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