List of fascist movements by country N–T

Last updated

A list of political parties, organizations, and movements adhering to various forms of fascist ideology, part of the list of fascist movements by country.

Fascist movements, sorted by country

Overview A-F G-M N-T U-Z

LogoName of movementCountry of predominant operationCame to power?Founded post-World War II?Active?General influenceFlagNotes
Dutch People's Union NetherlandsNoYes (1971)YesNeo-Nazism
Wappen NSB 1931-1936.svg General Dutch Fascist League NetherlandsNoNo (1932)NoNazism Flag of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands alternate.svg
Logo of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands NetherlandsNoNo (1931)NoNazism Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg Originated in 1931 as a fascist movement, converted to antisemitism and national-socialism in 1936-1937, never gained more than 8% of the Dutch voters
Dutch NSNAP Pin.jpg National Socialist Dutch Workers Party NetherlandsNoNo (1931)NoNazism Flag of National Socialist Dutch Workers Party.svg Broke away from NSB
General Dutch Fascist League NetherlandsNoNo (1932)NoItalian Fascism
Black Front NetherlandsNoNo (1934)No Clerical fascism
National Socialist Party of New Zealand New ZealandNoYes (1969)NoNazism
NewZealandNationalFrontLogo.png New Zealand National Front New ZealandNoYes (1968)YesNeo-NazismSplinter group of the League of Empire Loyalists, not a fascist organization
Unit 88 New ZealandNoYesNoNeo-Nazism
Nasjonal Samling ornemerke.svg Nasjonal Samling (NS)NorwayYesNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg Founded and led by Vidkun Quisling. Formed German puppet government in Norway. Banned 1945.
National Socialist Movement of Norway NorwayNoYes (1988)YesNeo-Nazism
Norwegian Front (NF)NorwayNoYes (1975)NoNeo-fascism [1] [2]
Norwegian Germanic Army NorwayNoYesNoNeo-Nazism
Vigrid NorwayNoYes (1999)YesNeo-Nazism
Brit HaBirionim Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine)NoNo (1930)NoItalian FascismFounded by of Dr. Abba Ahimeir, Uri Zvi Greenberg and Dr. Joshua Yeivin.
Accion Comunal PanamaYesNoPanameñismFounded by Dr. Arnulfo Arias
Falange Peru PeruNoYes ?Falangism official site
Logo de Union Revolucionaria.png Revolutionary Union PeruYesNo (1931)NoIndependent Bandera Union Revolucionaria.svg Founded by Peruvian President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Ganap PhilippinesYes (as part of KALIBAPI)No (1941)No Far-right nationalism, fascismCollaboratonist movement deriving from Sakdalista party
Badge of Kalibapi.svg KALIBAPI PhilippinesyesNo (1942)NoFascism [3] [4] [5] [6] Flag of Kalibapi.svg Collaborationist movement
Makapili PhilippinesYes (as part of KALIBAPI)No (1941)NoFar-right nationalism, fascism Flag of the MAKAPILI.svg Extreme nationalist, collaborationist movement, Anti-American party.
Yoke and Arrows.svg Philippine Falange PhilippinesNoNo (late 1930s)NoFalangism Bandera FE JONS.svg Branch of the Spanish Falange. Leadership positions held by influential Spanish businessmen.
Camp of Great Poland (OWP)PolandNoNo (1925)NoFar-right nationalismFounded and led by Roman Dmowski. Banned 1933
National Radical Camp (1934) (ONR)PolandNoNo (1934)NoFar-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Splinter group of the National Party (SN), led by Jan Mosdorf. Banned soon after its establishment, in 1934. Splintered into ONR-ABC and RNR-Falanga.
National Radical Camp-ABC (ONR-ABC)PolandNoNo (1935)NoNational radicalism, far-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Breakaway movement led by Henryk Rossman. During World War II ONR-ABC was transformed into a resistance movement called the "Rampart" Group.
National Radical Movement-Falanga (RNR-Falanga)PolandNoNo (1935)NoNational radicalism, far-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Breakaway movement led by Bolesław Piasecki. Commonly known as the ONR-Falanga. During World War II RNR-Falanga was transformed into a resistance movement called the Confederation of the Nation (KN).
Logo of the Polish National Socialist Party.svg Party of National Socialists  [ pl ] (PNS)PolandNoNo (1933)NoNational socialism (non-Nazi, anti-German) pl:Narodowy socjalizm (znaczenie ogólne) , [7] [8] Polish nationalism, Pan-Slavism [7] Splinter group of The National Labour Party (NSP).
Logo of the National Radical camp.svg National Radical Camp (ONR)PolandNoYes (1993)YesFar-right nationalism Green flag with symbol of falanga.svg Nationalist movement based on the tradition of a pre-war group of the same name.
National Rebirth of Poland (NOP)PolandNoYes (1981)YesFar-right nationalism, third position Flag of National Revival of Poland.svg Led by Adam Gmurczyk. Party refers to the pre-war Polish national radical movements.
Blyskawica.png National Socialist Workers Party (Poland)  [ pl ](NSPR)PolandNoNo (1933)NoNational socialism (non-Nazi, anti-German) pl:Narodowy socjalizm (znaczenie ogólne) , [7] [8] Polish nationalism
Jungdeutsche Partei in Polen logo.svg Young German Party in Poland (JDP)PolandNoNo (1931)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
Deutscher Volksverband in Polen (pin).jpg German People's Union in Poland PolandNoNo (1924)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
DeutscheVereinigungLogo2.jpg German Union for Western Poland (DV)PolandNoNo (1934)NoNazismParty of the German minority. Ceased activity after the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
National Action Movement PortugalNoYes (1986)NoNazismInactive 1992
OrderOfCristCross.svg National Syndicalists PortugalNoNoNoindependent Flag of Ordem Nova.svg Banned by the Estado Novo
Uniao Nacional logo, 1938 version.svg National Union PortugalYesNo (1932) ?Estado Novo/Clerical Fascism Uniao Nacional Flag.svg
New Social Order PortugalNoYes (2014)No Lusitanian Integralism
Ordem Nova ("New Order")PortugalNoYes (1978)NoNazism Flag of Ordem Nova.svg Inactive 1982
Crusade of Romanianism emblem.svg Crusade of Romanianism RomaniaNoNoNoRomanian fascismInitially called the White Eagles
Guardiadehierro.svg Iron Guard RomaniaYesNo (1927)NoRomanian fascism Flag of the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael or Legionary Movement).svg Breakaway group from National-Christian Defense League; members were called "Green Shirts" because of their green uniforms[ citation needed ]
National-Christian Defense League RomaniaNoNo (1923)NoRomanian fascism Iron Guard was a breakaway group from this movement
National Christian Party swastika.svg National Christian Party RomaniaYesNo (1935)NoRomanian clerical fascism Flag of National Christian Party.svg
National Fascist Movement RomaniaNoNo (1923)NoItalian Fascism/independentUnion of NIRFM and NRF
National Italo-Rumanian Fascist Movement RomaniaNoNo (1921)NoItalian FascismLed by Elena Bacaloglu
F-swastika of the National Romanian Fascio.svg National Romanian Fascio RomaniaNoNo (1921)NoIndependentLed by Titus Vifor
I Ching tetragram 4 horizontals.svg National Socialist Party RomaniaNoNo (1932)NoNazism Flag of the Romanian Nazi Party (1932).svg
New Right RomaniaNoYesYesNeofascism
  • Flag of New Right (Romania).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative 2).svg
  • Flag of New Right (Romania, alternative 3).svg
Tinta (Frontul Romanesc).svg Romanian Front RomaniaNoNo (1935)NoRomanian fascismSplinter group of National Peasants' Party led by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Ethnic National Union RussiaNoYes (2018)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of the Ethnic National Union.svg
Logo of the Front of National Revolutionary Action.svg Front of National Revolutionary Action RussiaNoYes (1991)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of Front of National Revolutionary Action.svg
Flag of the Front of National Revolutionary Action (alternative).svg
Flag PNF.svg
Northern Alliance PartyRussiaNoYes (1999)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of the Northern Alliance Party.svg
Flag of the Northern Alliance Party (alternative).svg
Neo-nazis taking inspiration from collaborationist movements from World War II.
Northern Brotherhood RussiaNoYes (2006)NoNeo-Nazism
Pamyat RussiaNoYesNo Monarchist restoration, ultra-nationalism Splintered into Russian National Union and National Unity of Russia
National Bolshevik Party RussiaNoYes (1993)No National Bolshevism National Bolshevik Party flag.svg
The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov RussiaNoYes (2010)Yes National Bolshevism
Russian National Socialist Party (formerly Russian National Union)RussiaNoYes (1992)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of Russian National Union.svg Led by Konstantin Kassimovsky; became Russian National Socialist Party in 1998; splinter of Pamyat in 1992
Logo of Russian National Unity.svg
Russian National Unity Emblem.svg
Russian National Unity RussiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Russian National Unity Flag.svg
Flag of Russian National Unity.svg
SlavS.svg Slavic Union RussiaNoYes (1999)YesNeo-Nazism
Pan-Slavism
  • Flag of Slavic Union.svg
  • Flag of Slavic Union (alternative 01).svg
  • Flag of Slavic Union (alternative 02).svg
Banned in 2010
National Socialist Russian Workers' Party RussiaNoYes (1994)NoNeo-Nazism, Anti-turkism Flag of the NSDAP (1920-1945).svg
Block FACT RussiaNoYes (2010)NoAnti-Communism
Flag of National Socialist Society 01.svg National Socialist Society RussiaNoYes (2004)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of National Socialist Society 02.svg
Army for the Liberation of Rwanda RwandaNoYes (1997)No Hutu Power [9] [10] [11] Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Coalition for the Defence of the Republic RwandaNoYes (1992)NoHutu Power Flag of the CDR of Rwanda.svg
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda RwandaNoYes (2000)NoHutu Power Flagge FDLR.svg Rebel group active in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Interahamwe RwandaNoYes (1990)YesHutu Power Flag of the Rwandan Democratic Movement.svg
Coat of arms of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development RwandaYesYes (1975)NoHutu Power Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).svg
Partito Fascista Sammarinese.jpg Sammarinese Fascist Party San MarinoYesNo (1922)NoItalian FascismCollapsed in 1943, refounded as Republican Fascio of San Marino in January 1944 and subsequently banned in November
Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II) SerbiaNoNoNoFascism
Logo of Yugoslav National Movement.svg Yugoslav National Movement SerbiaNoNoNoFascism
Leviathan Movement SerbiaNoYes (2015)NoNeo-fascism
Nacionalni stroj SerbiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Flag of Nacionalni stroj.svg Neo-Nazi skinheads
Otačastveni pokret Obraz SerbiaNoYesYesClerical fascism Flag of Obraz.svg
Serbian Action SerbiaNoYes (2010)YesUltranationalism

Neo-fascism

Flag of Serbian Action.svg
Flag of Serbian Action (alternative 01).svg
Flag of Serbian Action (alternative 02).svg
Logo of the Slovak Togetherness.svg Slovak Togetherness SlovakiaNoYesYesNeo-Nazism Flag of Slovak Togetherness.svg Banned in 2006
Ludak Cross (1938-1945).svg Slovak People's Party Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, Austria-Hungary YesNo (1906)NoClerical fascism Flag of the Hlinka Guard.svg Formed German puppet government in Slovakia
Logo of the Kotlebists - People's Party Our Slovakia.svg People's Party Our Slovakia SlovakiaNoYesYesFascism, Neo-Nazi Flag of People's Party Our Slovakia.svg
Afrikaner StudentebondSouth AfricaNoYes ?Nazism
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging.svg Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging South AfricaNoYes (1973)YesNeo-Nazism Flag of the Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging.svg
Nazi Odal rune.svg Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging South AfricaNoYes (1985)NoNeo-Nazism
Boerestaat Party South AfricaNoYes ?ApartheidParamilitary group, the Boere Weerstandsbeweging
Herstigte Nasionale Party logo.png Herstigte Nasionale Party South AfricaNoYesYesApartheid, Anti-Volkstaat Herstigte Nasionale Party flag.png
National Party South AfricaYesNo (1914)NoApartheid Flag of the South African National Party (1936-1993).svg
OssewaBrandwagWapen.png Ossewabrandwag South AfricaNoNo (1939)NoApartheid
South African Christian National Socialist Movement South AfricaNoNoNazism Flag of the South African Gentile National Socialist Movement.svg Paramilitary group was the Gryshemde, “Grayshirts”
South African National Front South AfricaNoYes (1977)NoNeo-fascism
Autonomous Bases SpainNoYes ?Neo-Nazism/National Anarchism Flag of Autonomous Bases.svg
Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe SpainNoYes (1966)NoNeo-Nazism Flag of the Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe.svg Disbanded 1993
LogoEspana2000.svg España 2000 SpainNoYes (2002)Yes Patriotic, Neo-Nazi
Yoke and Arrows.svg FE y de las JONS SpainNoNo (1934)NoFalangism Bandera FE JONS.svg
Yoke and Arrows.svg FET y de las JONS SpainYesNo (1937)NoFalangism, Francoism Bandera FE JONS.svg
Falange Espanola de las JONS.png FE y de las JONS (1976) SpainNoYes (1976)YesFalangism
The Phalanx SpainNoYes (1999)YesFalangism
Flag of The Phalanx (alternative).svg
Logotipo de Alianza Nacional.jpg National Alliance SpainNoYes (2006)YesNeo-Nazism
National Democracy SpainNoYes (1995)YesNeo-Nazism
Bodu Bala Sena symbol.svg Bodu Bala Sena Sri LankaNoYesYesEthno-fascism
Clerical People's Party SwedenNoNo (1930)NoClerical fascism
National Socialist Workers' Party SwedenNoNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarpartiet.svg Became Swedish Socialist Coalition (Swedish: Svensk Socialistisk Samling) in 1938
National Socialist Bloc SwedenNoNo (1933)NoNazism Flag of Nationalsocialistiska blocket.svg Formed from the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet and Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and, later, Nationalsocialistisk Samling
Nordic Realm Party SwedenNoYes (1956)NoNeo-Nazi Flag of the Nordic Reich Party.svg
Bap.png Swedish National Socialist Farmers' and Workers' Party SwedenNoNo (1924)NoNazism, AgrarianismMerged with the Swedish National Socialist Party
SNSP badge.png Swedish National Socialist Party SwedenNoNo (1936)NoNazism Flag of Svenska Nationalsocialistiska Partiet.svg
White Aryan Resistance SwedenNoYes (1991)NoNeo-NaziParamilitary group active between 1991 and 1993.
National Alliance SwedenNoYes (1993)NoNeo-NaziFounded as Young National Socialists of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms Unga Nationalsocialister (SUNS)) in 1993. Became the National Alliance in 1996.
Nationalsocialistisk front vapen.svg National Socialist Front SwedenNoYes (1994)NoNeo-Nazi Flag of Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarpartiet.svg
Flag of the National Socialist Front.svg
Disbanded in 2008
Logo of the Nordic Resistance Movement.svg Swedish Resistance Movement SwedenNoYes (1995)YesNeo-Nazi Nordic Resistance Movement Flag.svg Militant organization.
National Youth SwedenNoYes (1997)YesNeo-Nazi Flag of National Youth.svg Youth organisation of the Swedish Resistance Movement
Legion Wasa SwedenNoYes (1999)NoNeo-NaziMilitant organization
Folkfronten.svg Party of the Swedes SwedenNoYes (2008)NoEthnic nationalist, Swedish nationalist, Neo-Nazi Flag of the Party of the Swedes.svg Successor of National Socialist Front, first founded under the name People's Front (Swedish: Folkfronten). Disbanded in 2015.
Eidgenössische Sammlung SwitzerlandNoNo (1940)NoNazism Flag of Eidgenossische Sammlung.svg Successor movement to the National Front
Logo of the Swiss National Front.svg National Front SwitzerlandNoNo (1930)NoNazism/independent Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg
National Movement of Switzerland SwitzerlandNoNo (1940)NoNazism
National Union SwitzerlandNoNo (1932)NoNazism/independentFrancophone group
Swiss Nationalist Party SwitzerlandNoYes (2000)NoVölkism, Neo-Nazism
Volkspartei der Schweiz SwitzerlandNoYes (1951)NoNeo-NaziLed by Gaston-Armand Amaudruz
League of Nationalist Action SyriaNoNo (1932)NoFascismWas founded in 1932 in Syria.
Logo of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Syrian Social Nationalist Party Syria, LebanonNoNo (1932)YesFascism [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian national state, including present Syria, Lebanon, the Hatay Province of Turkey, Israel, the Palestinian territories, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, Cyprus, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait.
National Socialism Association TaiwanNoYes (2007)Yes Han ultranationalism

Neo-Nazism

Grey Wolves TurkeyNoYes (1968)NoIndependent Grey Wolves Gokturk Flag.svg Terrorist organization
CKMP Logo.png Republican Villagers Nation Party TurkeyYes (as part of coalition governments: 1962, 1965)Yes (1958)No Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism, third position Precursor of the Nationalist Movement Party.
National Activity and Vigorous Development TurkeyNoYes (1969)NoNeo-NaziA National Socialist group existed in 1969 in İzmir, when a group of former CKMP members (precursor party of the MHP) founded the association "Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf" (NAZİ). The club maintained two combat units. The members wore SA uniforms and used the Hitler salute. One of the leaders (Gündüz Kapancıoğlu) was re-admitted to the MHP in 1975. [19]
MHP Symbol.svg Nationalist Movement Party TurkeyYes (as part of coalition governments: 1975, 1977, 1999)Yes (1969)Yes Far-right nationalism, neo-fascism [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Flag of the Nationalist Movement Party.svg Described as a neo-fascist party linked to extremist and violent militias: Grey Wolves.

Overview A-F G-M N-T U-Z

Related Research Articles

Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, ultraconservatism, racial supremacy, right-wing populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, sometimes with economic liberal issues, as well as opposition to social democracy, parliamentarianism, Marxism, capitalism, communism, and socialism. As with classical fascism, it occasionally proposes a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism.

Neo-Nazism comprises the post-World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy, to attack racial and ethnic minorities, and in some cases to create a fascist state.

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations to pursue its specific interests. Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Far-right politics</span> Political alignment on the extreme end of right-wing politics

Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are typically marked by radical conservatism, authoritarianism, ultra-nationalism, and nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the right, distinguished from more mainstream right-wing ideologies by its opposition to liberal democratic norms and emphasis on exclusivist views. Far-right ideologies have historically included fascism, Nazism, and Falangism, while contemporary manifestations also incorporate neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacism, and various other movements characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, and theocratic or reactionary beliefs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antoun Saadeh</span> Lebanese politician, philosopher, and writer

Antoun Saadeh was a Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey Wolves (organization)</span> Turkish ultra-nationalist political organization

The Grey Wolves, officially known by the short name Idealist Hearths, is a Turkish far-right political movement and the youth wing of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Commonly described as ultranationalist, neo-fascist, Islamo-nationalist, and racist, the Grey Wolves have been described by some scholars, journalists, and governments as a death squad and a terrorist organization. Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational foundation, citing its full official name: Idealist Clubs Educational and Cultural Foundation.

Fascist symbolism is the use of certain images and symbols which are designed to represent aspects of fascism. These include national symbols of historical importance, goals, and political policies. The best-known are the fasces, which was the original symbol of fascism, and the swastika of Nazism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</span> Syrian nationalist political party

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. It advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent, including present-day Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Cyprus, Sinai, Hatay Province, and Cilicia, based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share. It has also been active in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, for example in South America. Until the fall of Ba'athist Syria it was an ally of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, being the second-ranking party in the National Progressive Front.

Wolfsangel or Crampon is a heraldic charge from mainly Germany and eastern France, which was inspired by medieval European wolf traps that consisted of a Z-shaped metal hook that was hung by a chain from a crescent-shaped metal bar. The stylized symbol of the Z-shape can include a central horizontal bar to give a Ƶ-symbol, which can be reversed and/or rotated; it is sometimes mistaken as being an ancient rune due to its similarity to the "gibor rune" of the pseudo Armanen runes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationalist Movement Party</span> Turkish far-right ultranationalist political party

The Nationalist Movement Party is a Turkish far-right, ultranationalist political party. The group is often described as neo-fascist, and has been linked to violent paramilitaries and organized crime groups. Its leader is Devlet Bahçeli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fascism and ideology</span> History of fascist ideology

The history of fascist ideology is long and it draws on many sources. Fascists took inspiration from sources as ancient as the Spartans for their focus on racial purity and their emphasis on rule by an élite minority. Researchers have also seen links between fascism and the ideals of Plato, though there are key differences between the two. Italian Fascism styled itself as the ideological successor to Ancient Rome, particularly the Roman Empire. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's view on the absolute authority of the state also strongly influenced fascist thinking. The 1789 French Revolution was a major influence insofar as the Nazis saw themselves as fighting back against many of the ideas which it brought to prominence, especially liberalism, liberal democracy and racial equality, whereas on the other hand, fascism drew heavily on the revolutionary ideal of nationalism. The prejudice of a "high and noble" Aryan culture as opposed to a "parasitic" Semitic culture was core to Nazi racial views, while other early forms of fascism concerned themselves with non-racialized conceptions of their respective nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian nationalism</span> Nationalism of the region of Syria

Syrian nationalism, also known as Pan-Syrian nationalism, refers to the nationalism of the region of Syria, as a cultural or political entity known as "Greater Syria".

This is a list of topics related to racism:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish nationalism</span>

Turkish nationalism is nationalism among the people of Turkey and individuals whose national identity is Turkish. Turkish nationalism consists of political and social movements and sentiments prompted by a love for Turkish culture, Turkish languages and history, and a sense of pride in Turkey and Turkish people. While national consciousness in Turkish nation can be traced back centuries, nationalism has been a predominant determinant of Turkish attitudes mainly since the 20th century. Modern Turkish nationalism rose during the Tanzimat era. It also has a complicated relationship with Muslim identity, Pan-Turkism, and Turanism.

The German Strafgesetzbuch in section § 86a outlaws use of symbols of "unconstitutional organizations" and terrorism outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to supress fascist, Nazi, communist, Islamic extremist and Russian militarist symbols. The law, adopted during the Cold War, most notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956; the Socialist Reich Party, which was banned in 1952; and several small far-right parties.

Fascist movements gained popularity in many countries in Asia during the 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon</span> Lebanese branch of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP-L) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Lebanon. The Lebanese section of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party advocates subsuming Lebanon into a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eagles of the Whirlwind</span> Armed wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

The Eagles of the Whirlwind is the armed wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Around 6,000 to 8,000 men strong, they participated in many battles and operations throughout the Syrian Civil War fighting alongside the Syrian government and its allies.

Turkish–Islamic synthesis is a type of Turkish nationalism which has an Islamist leaning instead of secular.

The relationship between Islam and nationalism, from the beginnings of Islam until today, has often been tense, with both Islam and nationalism generally opposing each other.

References

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  2. Ó Maoláin, Ciarán (1987). The radical right: a world directory. Longman. p. 215. ISBN   9780874365146.
  3. Peter de Mendelssohn, Japan's Political Welfare, Taylor & Francis US, 2010, p. 121
  4. David Bernstein, The Philippine Story, READ BOOKS, 2007, p. 163
  5. Felixberto G. Bustos, And Now Comes Roxas: The Story of the First President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Occupation, C. Z. Bustos, 1945, p. 187
  6. Augusto V. de Viana, Kulaboretor!: The Issue of Political Collaboration During World War II, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2003, p. 46
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  9. Christian P. Scherrer, Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution. Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options. Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution, 1998. Pp. 83.
  10. Front Cover Dina Temple-Raston. Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption. Simon and Schuster, 2005. Pp. 170.
  11. Raymond Verdier, Emmanuel Decaux, Jean-Pierre Chrétien (editors). "Situation judiciare au Rwanda" by Alphonse Marie Nkubito, Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle. Editions L'Harmattan, 1995. Pp. 223.
  12. Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East . Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN   0-02-896011-4. The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.
  13. Ya’ari, Ehud (June 1987). "Behind the Terror". Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.
  14. Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-506022-9. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
  15. Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. Nova Publishers. ISBN   1-59033-871-5. [The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.
  16. Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. ISBN   1-86064-715-4. Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.
  17. Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN   0-297-78547-8. [The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.
  18. Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674862364.
  19. Jürgen Roth and Kamil Taylan: Die Türkei – Republik unter Wölfen. Bornheim-Merten, p. 119.
  20. Sullivan, Colleen (2011). "Grey Wolves". In Martin, Gus (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. pp.  236–7.
  21. Karasapan, Omer (1989). "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost". Middle East Report . 17 (160): 587–606. doi:10.2307/3013440. JSTOR   260523. The US also established contacts with the neofascist Nationalist Movement Party and its militants, the Grey Wolves.
  22. Aslan, Fikret; Bozay, Kemal, eds. (2012). Graue Wölfe heulen wieder: Türkische Faschisten und ihre Vernetzung in Deutschland [Grey wolves howl again: Turkish fascists and their networks in Germany] (in German) (3rd. ed.). Unrast Verlag. ISBN   978-3-89771-035-1.
  23. Canefe, Nergis; Bora, Tanıl [in Turkish] (2004). "Intellectual Roots of Anti-European Sentiments in Turkish Politics: The Case of Radical Turkish Nationalism". In Çarkoğlu, Ali; Rubin, Barry (eds.). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics. Routledge. p.  125, 129. ISBN   978-1-135-76120-2.
  24. Cooley, John K. (2002). Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. p.  195. ISBN   978-0-7453-1917-9. A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.
  25. Jacoby, Tim (2012). Fascism, Civility and the Crisis of the Turkish State. Routledge. p. 112.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  26. Arıkan, E. Burak (1999). The Programme of the Nationalist Action Party: An Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove?. Frank Cass. pp. 122–125.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  27. Political Terrorism, by Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 674
  28. Annual of Power and Conflict, by Institute for the Study of Conflict, National Strategy Information Center, 1982, p. 148
  29. The Nature of Fascism, by Roger Griffin, Routledge, 1993, p. 171
  30. Political Parties and Terrorist Groups, by Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger, Routledge, 2003, p. 45
  31. The Inner Sea: The Mediterranean and Its People, by Robert Fox, 1991, p. 260
  32. Martin A. Lee "On the Trail of Turkey's Terrorist Grey Wolves" The Consortium, 1997
  33. "Crime of the Century". The Weekly Standard. 7 April 2005. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005.