List of human hormones

Last updated

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage uses [ citation needed ] estrogen and gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favours the earlier spelling gonadotrophin.

Contents

Hormones listing

SNNameAbbr.TypeTissueCellsReceptorTarget tissueEffect
1 Adrenaline

(or epinephrine)

EPIAmino acid derivative adrenal gland Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine adrenergic receptor nearly all tissuesincrease systolic blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis , increase cardiac output, influence goosebumps, etc.
2 Melatonin MTAmino acid derivative pineal gland Pinealocyte / Tryptophan melatonin receptor CNS and peripheral tissue sleep–wake cycle
3Noradrenaline

(or norepinephrine)

NEAmino acid derivative adrenal gland Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine noradrenergic receptor nearly all tissuesincreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis increases metabolism, etc.
4 Triiodothyronine T3Amino acid derivativeperipheral tissue of thyroid gland Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine thyroid hormone receptor nearly every cell in the bodyincreased metabolism
5 Thyroxine T4Amino acid derivative thyroid gland Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine thyroid hormone receptor nearly every cell in the bodyControl carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism and control physical, mental growth of body
6 Dopamine DAAmino acid derivative substantia nigra (mainly) Phenylalanine / Tyrosine D1 and D2 system-wideregulation of cellular cAMP levels, prolactin antagonist
7 Prostaglandins PGEicosanoidAll nucleated cells prostaglandin receptor vasodilation
8 Leukotrienes LTEicosanoid Blood white blood cells G protein-coupled receptors increase vascular permeability
9 Prostacyclin PGI2Eicosanoid prostacyclin receptor vasodilation, platelet activation inhibitor
10 Thromboxane TXA2Eicosanoid Blood platelets thromboxane receptor vasoconstriction, Platelet Aggregation
11 Amylin

(or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide)

IAPPPeptide pancreas pancreatic β-cells amylin receptor slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake
12 Anti-Müllerian hormone

(or Müllerian-inhibiting factor/hormone)

AMH (or MIF or MIH)Peptide testes Sertoli cell AMHR2 Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary
13 Adiponectin Acrp30Peptide adipose tissue adiponectin receptors regulating glucose levels
14 Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(or corticotropin)

ACTHPeptide anterior pituitary corticotrope ACTH receptor → cAMPsynthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
15 Angiotensinogen and

Angiotensin

AGTPeptide liver angiotensin receptor → IP3 vasoconstriction

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

16 Antidiuretic hormone

(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)

ADHPeptide posterior pituitary Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary
AVPRs, VACM-1 Renal tubules of nephrons of Kidneys (mainly)reabsorption of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
increase permeability of diastal tubule of nephrons (in Kidneys) to water
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary
17 Atrial natriuretic peptide

(or atriopeptin)

ANPPeptide heart ANP receptorcGMP increase sodium and GFR excretion, antagonize venal constriction, inhibit renin secretion
18 Brain natriuretic peptide BNPPeptide heart [ dubious discuss ] Cardiac myocytes NPR (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:

reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

19 Calcitonin CTPeptide thyroid gland parafollicular cell CT receptor → cAMPConstruct bone, reduce blood Ca2+
20 Cholecystokinin CCKPeptide duodenum CCK receptor Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder
Hunger suppressant
21 Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRHPeptide hypothalamus CRF1 → cAMPRelease ACTH from anterior pituitary
22 Cortistatin CORTPeptide cerebral cortex inhibitory neurons Somatostatin receptor depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin
23 Enkephalin Peptide Kidney Chromaffin cells Opioid receptor Regulate pain
24 Endothelin Peptide Vascular endothelium Endothelial cells ET receptor Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels
25 Erythropoietin EPOPeptide kidney Extraglomerular mesangial cells EpoR Stimulate erythrocyte production
26 Follicle-stimulating hormone FSHPeptide anterior pituitary gonadotrope FSH receptor → cAMPIn female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes

27 Galanin GALPeptidecentral nervous system and gastrointestinal tract GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons
28 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIPPeptidemucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum K cell GIPR Induces insulin secretion
29 Gastrin GASPeptide stomach, duodenum G cell CCK2 Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
30 Ghrelin Peptide stomach P/D1 cell ghrelin receptor Stimulate appetite,

secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

31 Glucagon GCGPeptide pancreas alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon receptor → cAMP glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver , activates lipase enzyme in adipose tissue cells , increases blood glucose level , inhibits storage of triglyceride in liver
32 Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP1Peptide ileum L cells GLP1R, GLP2R pancreatic beta cells of Islets of Langerhans Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin
33 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRHPeptide hypothalamus GnRH receptor → IP3pituitary glandRelease of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
34 Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone GHRHPeptide hypothalamus GHRH receptor → IP3pituitary glandRelease GH from anterior pituitary
35 Hepcidin HAMPPeptide liver ferroportin inhibits iron export from cells
36 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCGPeptide placenta syncytiotrophoblast cells LH receptor → cAMPpromote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy,Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo , serves as the basis of early pregnancy test
37 Human placental lactogen HPLPeptide placenta increase production of insulin and IGF-1

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

38 Growth hormone GH or hGHPeptide anterior pituitary somatotropes GH receptor stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

39 Inhibin Peptide testes, ovary, fetus Sertoli cells of testes
granulosa cells of ovary
trophoblasts in foetus
anterior pituitary Inhibit production of FSH
40 Insulin also called hypoglycemic hormone and anti ketogenic hormonePeptide pancreas beta cells of Islets of Langerhans insulin receptor, IGF-1, IGF-2 Intake of glucose, promotes glycogenesis, prevents glycogenolysis and neoglucogenesis,

intake of lipids , synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes , helps in oxidation of sugar through Krebs cycle , inhibits production of ketone bodies, inactivates phosphorylase enzyme , Other anabolic effects

41 Insulin-like growth factor

(or somatomedin)

IGFPeptide liver Hepatocytes insulin receptor, IGF-1 insulin-like effects

regulate cell growth and development

42 Leptin LEPPeptide adipose tissue LEP-R decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
43 Lipotropin LPHPeptide anterior pituitary Corticotropes lipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
44 Luteinizing hormone LHPeptide anterior pituitary gonadotropes LHR → cAMPIn female: ovulation

In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

45 Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH or α-MSHPeptide anterior pituitary/pars intermedia Melanotroph melanocortin receptor → cAMP melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair
46 Motilin MLNPeptide Small intestine Motilin receptor stimulates gastric activity
47 Orexin Peptide hypothalamus OX1, OX2 wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite
48 Osteocalcin OCNPeptide Skeleton Osteoblasts Gprc6a Muscle Brain Pancreas Testes Favors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure [1]
49 Oxytocin

(or pitocin)

OXTPeptide posterior pituitary Magnocellular neurosecretory cells OXT receptor → IP3release breast milk

Stimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people, [2] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness). [3]

50 Pancreatic polypeptide Peptide Pancreas PP cells pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.
51 Parathyroid hormone PTHPeptide parathyroid gland parathyroid chief cell PTH receptor → cAMPincrease blood Ca2+:

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

  • (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
  • activate vitamin D )
52 Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide PACAPPeptidemultiple ADCYAP1R1, VIPR1, VIPR2 Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells
53 Prolactin

(or leuteotropic hormone)

PRLPeptide anterior pituitary, uterus lactotrophs of anterior pituitary
Decidual cells of uterus
PRL receptor milk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts
54 Prolactin-releasing hormone PRLHPeptide hypothalamus Release prolactin from anterior pituitary
55 Relaxin RLNPeptide Corpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary gland Decidual cells RLN receptor Relaxation of muscle and ligament tissues in female humans as preparation for menstruation. Anticipatory release for ductus deferens in males. Cardiac vasodilator.
56 Renin Peptide Kidney Juxtaglomerular cells Activates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
57 Secretin SCTPeptide duodenum S cell SCT receptor Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice

58 Somatostatin

(or growth hormone–inhibiting hormone or

growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone or

somatotropin release–inhibiting factor or somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone)

GHIH or GHRIH or SRIF or SRIHPeptide hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system delta cells in islets
Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
Somatostatin receptor Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [4]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells [5]
Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells [5]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

59 Thrombopoietin TPOPeptide liver, kidney, striated muscle Myocytes TPO receptor megakaryocytes produce platelets [6]
60 Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(or thyrotropin)

TSHPeptide anterior pituitary thyrotropes Thyrotropin receptor → cAMP thyroid gland secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
61 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRHPeptide hypothalamus Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons TRHR → IP3 anterior pituitary Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release
62 Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIPPeptide gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder
63 Guanylin GNPeptidegut guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)regulates  electrolyte  and  water  transport in  intestinal   epithelia.
64 Uroguanylin UGNPeptiderenal tissues guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)regulates  electrolyte  and  water  transport in  renal epithelia.

Steroid

NameChemical ClassAbbreviationTissueCellsReceptorTarget TissueEffect
Testosterone androgen testes, ovary Leydig cells AR libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,

Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

Dehydroepiandrosterone androgen DHEA testes, ovary, kidney Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney
theca cells of ovary
Leydig cells of testes
AR Virilization, anabolic
Androstenedione androgen adrenal glands, gonads AR Substrate for estrogen
Dihydrotestosterone androgen DHTmultiple AR 5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-dht to produce the physiological effects.
Aldosterone mineralocorticoid adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) MR Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)

Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.

Estradiol estrogen E2females: ovary, males testes females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell ER Females:

Structural:

Coagulation:

Fluid balance:

Gastrointestinal tract:

  • reduce bowel motility
  • increase cholesterol in bile

Lung function:

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells [8]

Estrone estrogen ovary granulosa cells, Adipocytes ER
Estriol estrogen E3 placenta syncytiotrophoblast ER
Cortisol glucocorticoid adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) GR Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

Progesterone progestogen ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) Granulosa cells theca cells of ovary PR Support pregnancy: [9]

Other:

Calcitriol secosteroid (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) skin/proximal tubule of kidneys VDR Active form of vitamin D3

Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH

Calcidiol secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) skin/proximal tubule of kidneys VDR Inactive form of vitamin D3

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endocrine system</span> Hormone-producing glands of a body

The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hormone</span> Biological signalling molecule

A hormone is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Due to the broad definition of a hormone, numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are eicosanoids, steroids, amino acid derivatives, protein or peptides, and gases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrogen</span> Primary female sex hormone

Estrogen is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progesterone</span> Sex hormone

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the major progestogen in the body. Progesterone has a variety of important functions in the body. It is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids, including the sex hormones and the corticosteroids, and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luteinizing hormone</span> Gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis

Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The production of LH is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. In females, an acute rise of LH known as an LH surge, triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somatostatin</span> Peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone. Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and Vitamin D, and a variety of other receptors for various ligands, such as fatty acids and prostaglandins. Hormone receptors are of mainly two classes. Receptors for peptide hormones tend to be cell surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membrane receptors. An example of this is Actrapid. Receptors for steroid hormones are usually found within the protoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors, such as testosterone. Upon hormone binding, the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately leads to changes in the behavior of the target cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrin</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endocrine gland</span> Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones to blood

The Endocrine system is a network of glands and organs located throughout the body. It’s similar to the nervous system in that it plays a vital role in controlling and regulating many of the body’s functions. Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are neuroendocrine organs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrogen receptor</span> Proteins activated by the hormone estrogen

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells. They are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol). Two classes of ER exist: nuclear estrogen receptors, which are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular receptors, and membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), which are mostly G protein-coupled receptors. This article refers to the former (ER).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motilin</span>

Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene.

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. The nervous and endocrine systems often act together in a process called neuroendocrine integration, to regulate the physiological processes of the human body. Neuroendocrinology arose from the recognition that the brain, especially the hypothalamus, controls secretion of pituitary gland hormones, and has subsequently expanded to investigate numerous interconnections of the endocrine and nervous systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pancreatic polypeptide</span> Protein produced by the endocrine pancreas

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain endocrine tumours.

The periventricular nucleus is a thin sheet of small neurons located in the wall of the third ventricle, a composite structure of the hypothalamus. It functions in analgesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enteroendocrine cell</span> Cell that produces gastrointestinal hormones

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product, acetate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somatostatin receptor 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Somatostatin receptor type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estrogen-related receptor alpha</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), also known as NR3B1, is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ESRRA gene. ERRα was originally cloned by DNA sequence homology to the estrogen receptor alpha, but subsequent ligand binding and reporter-gene transfection experiments demonstrated that estrogens did not regulate ERRα. Currently, ERRα is considered an orphan nuclear receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somatostatin receptor 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Somatostatin receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR1 gene.

Benita S. Katzenellenbogen née Schulman is an American physiologist and cell biologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She has studied cancer, endocrinology, and women's health, focusing on nuclear receptors. She also dedicated efforts to focusing on improving the effectiveness of endocrine therapies in breast cancer.

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  9. 1 2 Placental Hormones
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