This is a list of European languages by the number of native speakers in Europe only.
Rank | Name | Native speakers | Total speakers |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Russian | 106,000,000 [1] | 160,000,000 [1] |
2 | German | 97,000,000 [2] | 170,000,000 [3] |
3 | French | 81,000,000 [4] | 210,000,000 [3] |
4 | Italian | 65,000,000 [5] | 82,000,000 [3] |
5 | English | 63,000,000 [6] | 260,000,000 [3] |
6 | Spanish | 47,000,000 [7] | 76,000,000 [3] |
7 | Polish | 38,500,000 [8] | |
8 | Ukrainian | 32,600,000 [9] | |
9 | Romanian | 24,000,000 [10] | 28,000,000 [11] |
10 | Dutch | 22,000,000 [12] | |
11 [lower-alpha 1] | Serbo-Croatian | 19,000,000 [13] | |
11 | Turkish | 15,752,673 [14] | |
12 | Bavarian | 14,000,000 [15] | |
13 | Greek | 13,500,000 [16] | |
14 | Hungarian | 13,000,000 [17] | |
15 | Swedish | 11,100,000 [18] | 13,280,000 [18] |
16 | Czech | 10,600,000 [19] | |
17 | Portuguese | 10,000,000 [20] | 11,000,000 [21] |
17 | Catalan | 10,000,000 [22] | |
18 | Serbian | 9,000,000 [23] | |
19 | Bulgarian | 7,800,000 [24] | |
20 | Albanian Arbëresh Arvanitika | 5,367,000 [25] 5,877,100 [26] (Balkans) | |
21 | Neapolitan | 5,700,000 [27] | |
22 | Croatian | 5,600,000 [28] | |
23 | Danish | 5,500,000 [29] | |
24 | Finnish | 5,400,000 [30] | |
25 | Norwegian | 5,200,000 [31] | |
Slovak | 5,200,000 [32] | ||
27 | Swiss German | 5,000,000 [33] | |
28 | Mainfränkisch | 4,900,000 [34] | |
29 | Sicilian | 4,700,000 [35] | |
30 | Tatar | 4,300,000 [36] | |
31 | Venetian | 3,800,000 [37] | |
32 | Lombard | 3,600,000 [38] | |
33 | Belarusian | 3,300,000 [39] | |
34 | Lithuanian | 3,000,000 [40] | |
35 | Bosnian | 2,500,000 [41] | |
36 | Galician | 2,400,000 [42] | |
37 | Slovene | 2,100,000 [43] | |
38 | Upper Saxon | 2,000,000 [44] | |
39 | Irish | 1,873,997 (census) [45] 240,000 [46] | |
40 | Latvian | 1,750,000 [47] | |
41 | Piedmontese | 1,600,000 [48] | |
42 | Romani | 1,500,000 [49] | |
43 | Macedonian | 1,400,000 [50] | |
Chechen | 1,400,000 [51] | ||
45 | Sardinian | 1,350,000 [52] | |
46 | Limburgish | 1,300,000 (2001) [53] | |
47 | Bashkir | 1,221,000 [54] | |
48 | Chuvash | 1,100,000 [55] | |
49 | Estonian | 1,165,400 [56] | |
50 | Low German (Low Saxon) | 1,000,000 [57] | 2,600,000 [57] |
Kazakh | 1,000,000 [58] | ||
Palatinate German | 1,000,000 [59] | ||
53 | Ripuarian (Platt) | 900,000 [60] | |
54 | Swabian German | 820,000 [61] | |
55 | Avar | 760,000 | |
56 | Basque | 750,000 [62] | |
57 | Friulan | 600,000 [63] | |
Walloon | 600,000 [64] | ||
Yiddish | 600,000 [65] | ||
60 | Welsh | 538,000 [66] 899,500 [67] | 750,000 [68] |
61 | Kabardian | 530,000 [69] | |
62 | Silesian | 522,000 [70] | |
63 | Maltese | 520,000 [71] | |
64 | Azerbaijani | 500,000 [72] | |
Ligurian | 500,000 [73] | ||
Mari | 500,000 [74] | ||
Occitan | 500,000 [75] | ||
68 | Crimean Tatar | 480,000 [76] | |
69 | Frisian | 470,000 [77] | |
70 | Kumyk | 450,000 [78] | |
Ossetian | 450,000 [79] | ||
72 | Rhaeto-Romance | 370,000 [80] | |
73 | Asturian (Astur-Leonese) | 351,791 [81] | 641,502 [81] |
74 | Udmurt | 340,000 [82] | |
75 | Luxembourgish | 336,000 [83] | 386,000 [83] |
76 | Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) | 320,000 [84] | few [85] |
77 | Icelandic | 330,000 [86] | |
78 | Karachay-Balkar | 300,000 [87] | |
Ingush | 300,000 [88] | ||
80 | Montenegrin | 240,700 [89] | |
81 | Komi | 220,000 [90] | |
Zeelandic | 220,000 [91] | ||
83 | Breton | 206,000 [92] | |
84 | Extremaduran | 200,000 [93] | |
Picard | 200,000 [94] | ||
86 | Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) | 140,000 [95] | |
Gagauz | 140,000 [96] | ||
87 | Tabasaran | 126,900 [97] | |
88 | Erzya | 120,000 [98] | |
89 | Adyghe | 117,500 [99] | |
90 | Aromanian | 114,000 [100] | |
91 | Scots | 110,000 [101] | |
92 | Võro | 87,000 [102] | |
93 | Kalmyk | 80,500 [103] | |
94 | Faroese | 66,150 [104] | |
95 | Scottish Gaelic | 57,000 [105] | |
96 | Norman | 50,000 [106] | |
Kashubian | 50,000 [107] | ||
98 | Abaza | 49,800 [108] | |
99 | Karelian | 36,000 [109] | |
100 | Corsican | 30,000 [110] | 125,000 [110] |
Tat | 30,000 [111] | ||
102 | Aragonese | 25,000 [112] | 55,000 [113] |
103 | Sami | 23,000 [114] | |
104 | Walser German | 20,000 [115] | |
Sorbian (Wendish) | 20,000 [116] | ||
Italiot Greek | 20,000 native speakers in 1981 [117] | 50,000 | |
107 | Yenish | 16,000 [118] | |
108 | Mirandese | 15,000 [119] | |
109 | Silesian German | 11,000 [120] | |
110 | Nenets | 4,000 [121] | |
111 | Megleno-Romanian | 3,000 [122] | |
112 | Kven | 2,000-8,000 | |
113 | Moksha | 2,000 [123] | |
Elfdalian | 2,000 | ||
115 | Vepsian | 1,640 [124] | |
116 | Istro-Romanian | 1,100 [125] | |
117 | Istriot | 900 [126] | |
118 | Cornish | 557 [127] | |
119 | Cimbrian | 400 [128] | |
120 | Judeo-Italian | 250 [129] | |
121 | Manx | 230 [130] | 2,300 [131] |
122 | Ingrian | 120 [132] | |
123 | Wymysorys | less than 20 | 70 [133] |
124 | Latin | dead | only several dozen and definitely less than 100 [134] |
unranked | Emilian | ||
Romagnol |
There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three largest phyla of the Indo-European language family in Europe are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic; they have more than 200 million speakers each, and together account for close to 90% of Europeans.
Yiddish is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originates from the 9th century Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with many elements taken from Hebrew and to some extent Aramaic. Most varieties of Yiddish include elements of Slavic languages and the vocabulary contains traces of Romance languages. Yiddish has traditionally been written using the Hebrew alphabet; however, there are variations, including the standardized YIVO orthography that employs the Latin alphabet.
The Sinti are a subgroup of Romani people. They are found mostly in Germany, France and Italy and Central Europe, numbering some 200,000 people. They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.
In 1999, the Minority Language Committee of Sweden formally declared five official minority languages: Finnish, Sámi languages, Romani, Yiddish, and Meänkieli.
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used.
Yenish is a variety of German spoken by the Yenish people, former nomads living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace and other parts of France.
Beyond the official Romanian language, multiple other languages are spoken in Romania. Laws regarding the rights of minority languages are in place, and some of them have co-official status at a local level. Although having no native speakers, French language is also a historically important language in Romania, and the country is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the 10.23 million inhabitants of the country. It is a North Germanic language and quite similar to its sister Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian, with which it maintains partial mutual intelligibility and forms a dialect continuum. A number of regional Swedish dialects are spoken across the country. In total, more than 200 languages are estimated to be spoken across the country, including regional languages, indigenous Sámi languages, and immigrant languages.
The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by 99% of the population. In addition, a number of non-official, minority languages and some Greek dialects are spoken as well. The most common foreign languages learned by Greeks are English, German, French and Italian.
Judeo-Yemeni Arabic is a variety of Arabic spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Yemen. The language is quite different from mainstream Yemeni Arabic, and is written in the Hebrew alphabet. The cities of Sana'a, Aden, al-Bayda, and Habban District and the villages in their districts each have their own dialect.
Many languages are spoken, written and signed in Norway.
The official language of North Macedonia is Macedonian, while Albanian has co-official status. Macedonian is spoken by roughly two-thirds of the population natively, and as a second language by much of the rest of the population. Albanian is the largest minority language. There are a further five national minority languages: Turkish, Romani, Serbian, Bosnian, and Aromanian. The Macedonian Sign Language is the country's official sign language.
The Intercontinental Dictionary Series is a large database of topical vocabulary lists in various world languages. The general editor of the database is Bernard Comrie of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. Mary Ritchie Key of the University of California, Irvine is the founding editor. The database has an especially large selection of indigenous South American languages and Northeast Caucasian languages.
The languages of Poland include Polish – the language of the indigenous population – and those of immigrants and their descendants. Polish is the only official language recognized by the country's constitution and the majority of the country's population speak it as a native language or use it for home communication. Deaf communities in Poland use Polish Sign Language, which belongs to the German family of Sign Languages.
The various regional and minority languages in Europe encompass four categories:
in the United Kingdom, Welsh has 750,000 speakers