List of official languages

Last updated

This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.

Contents

Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly

A

Abkhaz :

Afar :

Afrikaans :

Aja-Gbe :

Albanian :

Akuapem Twi :

Amharic :

Anii :

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):

Araona :

Armenian :

Asante Twi :

Assamese :

Aymara :

Ayoreo (Zamuco):

Azerbaijani :

B

Balanta :

Bambara :

Bariba :

Basque :

Bassari :

Baure :

Bedik :

Belarusian :

Bengali :

Berber :

Biali :

Bislama :

Boko :

Bomu :

Bosnian :

Bozo :

Buduma :

Bulgarian :

Burmese :

C

Canichana :

Cantonese :

Carolinian :

Catalan :

Cavineña :

Cayubaba :

Chácobo :

Chamorro :

Chichewa :

Chimané :

Chinese, Mandarin :

Chipewyan :

Chirbawe (Sena):

Comorian :

Corsican :

Cree :

Croatian :

Czech :

D

Dagaare :

Dagbani :

Dangme :

Danish :

Dari :

Dendi :

Dhivehi :

Dioula :

Dogon :

Dutch :

sole official language in:
co-official language in:

Dzongkha :

E

English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):

Ese Ejja :

Estonian :

Ewe-Gbe :

F

Fante :

Faroese:

Fijian :

Filipino :

Finnish :

Fon-Gbe :

Foodo :

Formosan :

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):

sole official language in:
co-official language in:
Official language in:

Fula :

G

Ga :

Gàidhlig :

Gbe :

Gen-Gbe :

Georgian :

German :

sole official language in:
Official language in 21 cantons:

Gonja :

Gourmanché :

Greek :

Guaraní :

Guarayu :

Gujarati :

Gwichʼin :

H

Haitian Creole :

Hakka :

Hassaniya :

Hausa :

Hebrew :

Hindi :

Hiri Motu :

Hungarian :

I

Igbo :

Ignaciano Moxos :

Icelandic :

Indonesian :

Inuinnaqtun :

Inuit :

Inuktitut :

Inuvialuktun :

Irish :

Italian :

Official language in:

Itene :

Itonama :

J

Japanese :

Javanese :

Jèrriais :

Jola :

K

Kabye :

Kalanga :

Kallawaya :

Kannada :

Kanuri :

Kasem :

Kazakh :

Khmer :

Kinyarwanda :

Kirundi :

Kissi :

Koisan (Tshuwau):

Korean :

Korean Sign Language :

Kpelle :

Kurdish :

Kyrgyz :

L

Lao :

Latin:

Latvian :

Leco :

Lithuanian :

Lukpa :

Luxembourgish :

M

Macedonian :

Malagasy :

Malay :

Malinke :

Maltese :

Mamara :

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):

Mandinka :

Mandjak :

Mankanya :

Manx Gaelic :

Māori :

Marshallese :

Mauritian Creole :

Mbelime :

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

Mongolian :

Montenegrin :

Mosetén :

Mossi :

Movima :

N

Nambya :

Nateni :

Nauruan :

Navajo :

Ndau :

Ndebele (Northern):

Ndebele (Southern):

Nepali :

New Zealand Sign Language :

Noon :

North Slavey :

Northern Sotho :

Norwegian :

Nzema :

O

Oniyan :

Oriya :

Oromo :

Ossetian :

P

Pakawara :

Palauan :

Papiamento :

Pashto :

Persian :

Polish :

Portuguese :

Punjabi :

Puquina :

Q

Quechua :

R

Romanian :

Romansh :

Russian :

S

Safen :

Samoan :

Sango :

Sena :

Scots :

Serbian :

Serer :

Seychellois Creole :

Shona :

Sinhala :

Sioux :

Sirionó :

Slovak :

Slovene :

Somali :

Songhay-Zarma :

Soninke :

Sonsorolese :

Sotho :

South African Sign Language :

South Slavey :

Spanish :

Susu :

Swahili :

Swati :

Swedish :

Syenara :

T

Tacana :

Taiwan Sign Language :

Taiwanese Hokkien :

Tajik :

Tagalog :

Tapieté :

Tamasheq :

Tamil :

Tammari :

Tasawaq :

Tebu :

Telugu :

Tetum :

Thai :

Tigrinya :

Tłı̨chǫ :

Tobian :

Tok Pisin :

Toma :

Tonga :

Tongan :

Toromono :

Trinitario Moxos :

Tsonga :

Tswana :

Turkish :

Turkmen :

Tuvaluan :

U

Ukrainian :

Urdu :

Uru-Chipaya :

Uzbek :

V

Venda :

Vietnamese :

W

Waama :

Waci-Gbe :

Wamey :

Weenhayek :

Welsh :

Wolof :

X

Xhosa :

Xwela-Gbe :

Y

Yaminawa :

Yobe :

Yom :

Yoruba :

Yuki :

Yuracaré :

Z

Zimbabwean sign language :

Zulu :

List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language. [73]

LanguageNumber of countries language spoken
English 101
Arabic 60
French 51
Standard Chinese 33
Spanish 31
Persian 29
German 18
Russian 16
Malay 13
Portuguese 12

List of languages by number of countries in which they are the official language

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, although there are no precise inclusion criteria or definition of a language. An '*' (asterisk) indicates a country whose independence is disputed.

Partially recognized or de facto independent countries are denoted by an asterisk (*)

LanguageWorld Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Countries
English 5823144314 United States, [b] United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, Nigeria (See the full list) [74]
French 32242–51 France, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Madagascar, Monaco, Haiti, Vanuatu (See the full list)
Arabic 23–26*12–14*–11–12*–– Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Palestine* (See the full list)
Spanish 20118–1– Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico (See the full list) [75]
Portuguese 96111– Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor (See the full list)
German 6–––6– Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein (See the full list)
Russian 5–8*––32–5*– Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Abkhazia*, South Ossetia*, Transnistria*. (See the full list)
Swahili 55–––– Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
Serbo-Croatian 4–5*–––4–5*– Serbia (known as Serbian), Croatia (known as Croatian), Montenegro (known as Montenegrin), Bosnia and Herzegovina (known as Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian), Kosovo* (known as Serbian)
Italian 4–––4– Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City
Malay 4––4–– Malaysia (known as Malaysian), Indonesia (known as Indonesian), Singapore, Brunei
Dutch 3–1–2– Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
Persian 3––3–– Iran, Afghanistan (known as Dari), Tajikistan (known as Tajik)
Sotho 33–––– South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe
Tswana 33–––– Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Albanian 2–3*–––2–3*– Albania, Kosovo*, North Macedonia
Standard Chinese 2–3*––2–3*–– China, Singapore, Taiwan*
Romanian 2–3*–––2-3*– Romania, Moldova, Transnistria*
Somali 2–3*2–3*–––– Somalia, Ethiopia, and Somaliland*
Turkish 2–3*–––2–3*– Turkey, Northern Cyprus* and Cyprus
Aymara 2–2––– Bolivia and Peru
Berber 22–––– Algeria and Morocco
Chichewa 22–––– Malawi and Zimbabwe
Greek 2–––2– Greece and Cyprus
Guarani 2–2––– Paraguay and Bolivia
Hindi 2––2–– India, Fiji
Quechua 2–2––– Bolivia and Peru
Korean 2––2–– North Korea and South Korea
Kurdish 2––2–– Iraq and Armenia
Rwanda-Rundi 22–––– Burundi (known as Kirundi) & Rwanda (known as Kinyarwanda)
Swati 22–––– Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa
Swedish 2–––2– Sweden and Finland
Tamil 2––2–– Sri Lanka and Singapore
Tigrinya 22–––– Eritrea and Ethiopia
Venda 22–––– South Africa and Zimbabwe

Official regional and minority languages

Abaza :

Adyghe :

Aghul :

Aklanon :

Albanian :

Altay :

Arabic :

Aranesesee Occitan

Aromanian :

Assamese :

Avar :

Azeri :

Balkar :

Bashkir :

Basque :

Bengali :

Bikol :

Bosnian :

Buryat :

Cantonese Chinese :

Catalan :

Cebuano :

Chavacano :

Chechen :

Cherkess :

Cherokee :

Chipewyan :

Chukchi :

Chuvash :

Cree :

Crimean Tatar

Croatian :

Dargwa :

Dolgan :

Dutch :

English:

Erzya :

Even :

Evenki :

Faroese :

Finnish :

French :

Frisian (West) :

Friulian :

Gagauz :

Galician :

German :

Greek :

Guaraní :

Gujarati :

Gwich'in :

Hawaiian :

Hiligaynon :

Hindi :

Hungarian :

Ibanag :

Ilocano :

Ingush :

Inuinnaqtun :

Inuktitut :

Inuvialuktun :

Irish :

Italian :

Ivatan :

Japanese :

Kabardian :

Kalaallisut :

Kalmyk :

Kannada :

Kapampangan :

Karachay :

Karelian :

Kashmiri :

Kazakh :

Khakas :

Khanty :

Kinaray-a :

Komi :

Komi-Permyak :

Korean :

Kumyk :

Kyrgyz :

Lak :

Lezgian :

Macedonian

Maguindanao :

Malayalam :

Mansi :

Maranao :

Marathi :

Mari (Hill and Meadow):

Mayan :

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

Mi'kmaq :

Moksha :

Mongolian :

Náhuatl :

Nenets :

Nepali :

Nogai :

Occitan :

Odia :

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):

Pangasinan :

Portuguese :

Punjabi :

Romanian :

Russian . Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:

Rusyn :

Rutul :

Sakha :

Sambal :

Sami :

Sanskrit :

Saraiki

Sarikoli :

Selkup :

Serbian :

Sindhi :

North and South Slavey :

Slovak :

Slovene :

Spanish :

Surigaonon :

Tabasaran :

Tagalog :

Tahitian :

Tamil :

Tat :

Tatar :

Tausug :

Telugu :

Tibetan :

Tłįchǫ :

Tsakhur :

Tswana :

Turkish :

Tuvan :

Udmurt :

Urdu :

Uyghur :

Veps :

Vietnamese :

Waray :

Welsh :

Yakan :

Yiddish :

Yukaghir :

Zhuang :

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The sovereignty of Kosovo is disputed. See International recognition of Kosovo.
  2. ↑ In the United States of America, English is the language of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States and is the working language of the federal government. It was first declared the official language by Executive Order 14224 in 2025. [40] Some states - such as Arizona, California, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas - provide official documents in both Spanish and English. Attempts to designate English as the official language of the federal government of the United States by act of Congress have not succeeded. See also Languages of the United States.

References

  1. 1 2 (in Russian) Статья 4. Конституция Республики Южная Осетия Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "President Cyril Ramaphosa: Signing ceremony of South African Sign Language Bill" – via gov.za.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Section 6. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ "Article 14. Albanian Constitution". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  5. ↑ Article 5. Kosovo Constitution Archived 21 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ "Albanian becomes the official language in Montenegro". KOHA. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  7. ↑ "Albanian becomes the second official language in Macedonia". European Western Balkans. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Article 5. Ethiopian Constitution
  9. 1 2 Article 4. Constitution of Iraq Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 Article 5. Constitution du Maroc Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Artículo 5. Constitución Política del Estado
  13. ↑ "Armenian Constitution (article 20, English Translation)".
  14. 1 2 3 "Artículo 48. Constitución Política del Perú". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  15. ↑ Article 21. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  16. 1 2 Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ 3. The state language. Constitution of Bangladesh Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "How Bengali became an official language in Sierra Leone". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  19. ↑ "Why Bangla is an official language in Sierra Leone". Dhaka Tribune. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  20. ↑ Loi no02-03 du 27 Moharram 1423 correspondant au 10 avril 2002 portant révision constitutionnelle Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine .
  21. 1 2 3 "Article 3. Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 Hilary Footitt; Michael Kelly (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. p.  108. ISBN   978-0-230-36877-4.
  23. ↑ Article 3. Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
  24. ↑ Article 450. Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
  25. ↑ Article 2. La Constitució del Principat d’Andorra
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Africatime.com, 22 March 2013
  27. 1 2 3 4 Articles 44, 53, 123. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
  28. 1 2 3 4 Yeh, Sophia; Low, Y.F. (19 July 2017). "President lauds efforts in transitional justice for indigenous people". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "National Languages Development Act clears Legislative Yuan". Ministry of Culture, R.O.C. (Taiwan). 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Cheng, Hung-ta; Chung, Jake (30 December 2017). "Hakka made an official language". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  31. ↑ "Article 12. Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  32. 1 2 3 "Article 16. Constitution of Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  33. ↑ Article 11. Constitution of the Republic of Maldives
  34. ↑ Article 1. Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  35. 1 2 3 Section 4. Fiji Constitution
  36. 1 2 "Article 8. Constitution of Ireland 1937" (PDF). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012.
  37. ↑ Article 152 – National Language and Other Languages, Constitution of Malaysia
  38. 1 2 Article 49. Constitution of Mauritius Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Namibia – Constitution, servat.unibe.ch/icl (International Constitutional Law collection), 1990, retrieved 2 May 2008 (Article 3)
  40. 1 2 Vivian Ho; Rachel Pannett (1 March 2025). "A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean?". The Washington Post .
  41. ↑ "U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language". us-english.org. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  42. 1 2 "Article 18. Constitution de la République Centrafricaine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  43. 1 2 Article 5. La Constitution de la République d’Haïti
  44. 1 2 3 4 "CC 101 Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, Art. 4 National languages" (official site). Bern, Switzerland: The federal Council. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  45. 1 2 "Languages – gov.scot". gov.scot. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  46. 1 2 Article 8. Constitution of Georgia
  47. 1 2 3 (in Russian) Статья 4. Конституция Республики Южная Осетия Archived 11 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  48. 1 2 "App. D., Part 1, Art. 3. Constitution of Cyprus". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  49. 1 2 Artículo 140. Constituciones de la Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine ública del Paraguay
  50. 1 2 3 Article 55. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
  51. ↑ "Axis Translations". Axis Translations. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  52. ↑ "Part XVII. Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  53. ↑ Article H. Fundamental Law of Hungary
  54. 1 2 Article 36. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ "States agree to promote Jèrriais". Jersey: States Assembly. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  56. 1 2 Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ Article 5. Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
  58. 1 2 Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN   978-1-61069-018-8.
  59. 1 2 (in Russian) Статья 10. Конституция Кыргызской Республики
  60. ↑ "'Make Navajo cool again': Diné Bizaad adopted as Navajo Nation's official language". 30 December 2024.
  61. ↑ "Diné Bizaad becomes the official language of Navajo Nation". 30 December 2024.
  62. ↑ Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages". Africa News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  63. 1 2 3 "Article 2. Constitution of Tajikistan". Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  64. ↑ "Survista dal Grischun".
  65. ↑ Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation
  66. 1 2 Article 12. Constitution of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica [ usurped ]
  67. ↑ Kaczke, Lisa (25 March 2019). "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader . Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  68. ↑ Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) „Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
  69. ↑ "Constitution of Paraguay 1992" (PDF).
  70. ↑ Section 3. Spanish Constitution
  71. ↑ Article 7. The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Archived 4 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ↑ "Welsh Language Act 1993". legislation.gov.uk. The Crown. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  73. ↑ "The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts". The Washington Post . 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
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  75. ↑ "Spanish-Speaking Countries". Berges Institute. Retrieved 27 May 2023. Spanish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and it is an official language, either de facto (in practice) or de jure (by law) in 20 countries. Spanish is also an official language in Puerto Rico, Gibraltar, the United Nations, the African Union, and the Organization of American States.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 Article 11 of the Constitution of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
  77. 1 2 Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. 13 July 2013.
  80. 1 2 Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Altay
  81. 1 2 3 Article 76 of the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
  82. 1 2 Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan
  83. 1 2 Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia
  84. ↑ Article 108 of the Statute of the Zabaykalsky Krai
  85. 1 2 Article 10 of the Constitution of the Chechen Republic
  86. ↑ "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 "Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) On languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  88. 1 2 Article 8 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic
  89. 1 2 3 Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia
  90. 1 2 3 Law of the Republic of Karelia On state support of Karelian, Veps and Finnish languages in the Republic of Karelia Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  91. 1 2 Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia
  92. 1 2 Article 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kalmykia
  93. ↑ Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Altay On languages Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  94. 1 2 Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
  95. 1 2 3 "Law of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug On the languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North living within the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  96. 1 2 3 "Law of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug On native languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North within the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  97. 1 2 Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Komi
  98. ↑ Article 42 of the Statute of the Perm Krai Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  99. 1 2 Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mari El
  100. 1 2 Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia—Alania
  101. ↑ Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia
  102. 1 2 Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
  103. 1 2 Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan
  104. 1 2 Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tyva
  105. 1 2 Article 8 of the Constitution of the Udmurt Republic
  106. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Treće izvješće Republike Hrvatske o primjeni Europske povelje o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima" (PDF). Government of Croatia. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Government of Croatia. "NAPUTAK ZA DOSLJEDNU PROVEDBU ZAKONA O UPORABI JEZIKA I PISMA NACIONALNIH MANJINA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ". Narodne novine . Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  108. 1 2 3 "Registar Geografskih Imena Nacionalnih Manjina Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  109. ↑ "Bilingual Border Cities Contest Movement to Make English the Official Language". HuffPost . 2 February 2012.
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