A strongly Democratic state during the Second Party System, Illinois became Republican-leaning after the American Civil War due to a combination of strong Free Soil Party heritage amongst its Yankee northern counties with the wartime conversion of some Virginian-settled rock-ribbed Democratic Southern Illinois counties[1] to Unionist Republicanism[2] à la Appalachia.[3] Between the Civil War and World War I, partisanship in Illinois – like in the Border States – largely re-fought the war, with the result that although the Democratic Party gained at least 43 percent of the statewide vote via Southern and German Catholic support in every election up to 1900, they never gained an absolute majority and carried the state's electoral votes only in 1892.[4]
Due to the Democratic Party's growing Populist and prohibitionist leanings, a decline in Democratic support after 1900 in its German Central Illinois strongholds transformed Illinois into a powerfully Republican state at all levels.[5] Even Woodrow Wilson in 1912 when the GOP was mortally divided carried the state by only a very narrow margin. Harding's managers were always confident he would carry Illinois as all but three GOP nominees had since that party was formed.[6] However, actual polls in Illinois vacillated, with a straw ballot in The Farm Journal even placing Cox at 45 percent in this strong Republican state.[7] As election day neared, estimates of a Republican plurality of “at least 264,000” were made via a national survey of newspaper editors.[8]
As it turned out, the editorial estimate was shown extremely conservative by the very earliest reports on polling day, which showed Harding winning by three-to-one.[9] Ultimately, Harding did not finish with so large a margin as this, but nonetheless he carried Illinois by 42.30 percentage points. This constitutes the biggest margin by which Illinois has been carried in the state's presidential election history, the best performance by any Republican candidate,[4] and the third-best vote percentage overall behind Andrew Jackson’s two efforts in 1828 and 1832. Harding carried all but three counties, and was the first-ever Republican victor in the following counties: Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Effingham, Gallatin, Hamilton, Jasper, Jersey, Mason, Pike, Schuyler, Wabash and White.[10]
The total vote in the state-run primary elections (Democratic, Republican, Socialist) was 408,586.[11]
The total vote in the general election was 2,094,714.[11] Both major parties, as well as the Socialist Party, held non-binding state-run preferential primaries on April 13.[11]
The 1920 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.
The popular vote was a non-binding "beauty contest". Delegates were instead elected by direct votes by congressional district on delegate candidates.[11] Delegate candidates either were listed on the ballot with their preference on for a particular presidential candidate, or were listed as expressing no preference.[11] However, these delegates officially were uninstructed. 50 of the sate's 58 convention delegates were elected by this means, with eight further uninstructed delegates later being selected May 10 at the state party convention.[12]
The 1920 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.
The preference vote was a "beauty contest". Delegates were instead selected by direct vote in each congressional district on delegate candidates.[11] Delegate candidates either were listed on the ballot with their preference on for a particular presidential candidate, or were listed as expressing no preference.[11]
The 1920 Illinois Socialist presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Socialist Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.
Despite Illinois’ position within the core of reliable Republican states in the “System of 1896”, at the beginning of the 1920 presidential campaign former Progressive Illinois Republican Harold L. Ickes came out against Republican nominee Warren Harding and supported the Democratic nominee, Ohio GovernorJames Cox.[14] Cox would visit the state on two occasions during his national fall campaign tour, once in September[15] and once in October.[16] In the first campaign, Cox claimed that Harding wanted to fund his campaign by imposing an onerous levy upon the coal dealers of Chicago, and said the Democrats were making every effort to win the state,[15] despite it having been Charles Evans Hughes’ fifth-strongest nationwide in 1916.[17] In the second, Cox criticized Harding's stand on the League of Nations,[16] and argued that it would benefit American business and spiritual morals to enter therein.
At the end of the third week of October, another Illinois Republican leader in Morton D. Hull followed Ickes in deserting Harding and endorsing Cox, this time exclusively over the issue of the League of Nations.[18]
↑ Wells, Damon; Stephen Douglas: The Last Years, 1857–1861, p. 285 ISBN0292776357
↑ Copeland, James E.; ‘Where Were the Kentucky Unionists and Secessionists’; The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, volume 71, no. 4 (October, 1973), pp. 344-363
↑ Price, Harry N.; ‘Harding Back Home: Speaks to First Voters Today From His Front Porch’; The Washington Post, October 18, 1920, p. 1
↑ ‘Farm Vote Favors Harding: Farm Journal Poll Puts Cox Ahead, However, in Illinois and Indiana’; New York Times, October 22, 1920, p. 4
↑ ‘Harding 363 Votes, Cox 168, Is Result Obtained From Estimates by 47 Editors: Maryland, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Montana, Utah and Arizona, With Solid South, Are Only States Conceded to Democratic Candidate in Nation-Wide Canvass’; Washington Post, October 31, 1920, p. 1
↑ ‘Illinois for G.O.P. by Half a Million: Harding Gets 3 to 1 Vote Over Cox – Carries Cook County by 150,000’; Washington Post, November 3, 1920, p. 1
↑ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 180-184 ISBN0786422173
↑ Illinois State Board of Elections; Official Vote of the State of Illinois Cast at the General Election November 2, 1920 (highest elector for each slate)
↑ ‘H.L. Ickes Deserts Harding as “Unfit”: Ex-Progressive Leader and Illinois Republican Delegate Comes Out for Cox’; New York Times, August 19, 1920, p. 11
1 2 ‘Cox Gives Leads for Fund Inquiry: Charges That the Republicans Fixed $80,000 Levy for Chicago Coal Dealers Last Summer’; New York Times, September 6, 1920, p. 1
1 2 ‘Harding Is Wabbler Cox Says in Attack: Declares Senator Presents the “Most Pitiable Spectacle” in Our Political History’; New York Times, October 13, 1920, p. 3
↑ ‘Hull, Illinois Leader, Repudiates Harding: Former Congressman Announces His Support of Cox on League of Nations Issue’; New York Times, October 21, 1920, p. 1
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